Geometric mean: Difference between revisions
en>ClueBot NG m Reverting possible vandalism by 70.59.111.111 to version by DrMicro. False positive? Report it. Thanks, ClueBot NG. (1175468) (Bot) |
en>Donner60 Reverted 1 edit by 24.245.90.168 (talk): Unconstructive. (TW) |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Infobox programming language | |||
|name = GW-BASIC | |||
|logo = [[Image:GW-BASIC 3.23.png|200px|GW-BASIC 3.23]] | |||
|paradigm = | |||
|year = 1983 | |||
|designer = | |||
|developer = [[Microsoft]] (for [[Compaq]]) | |||
|latest_release_version = 3.23 | |||
|latest_release_date = 1988 | |||
|typing = | |||
|implementations = | |||
|dialects = | |||
|influenced_by = [[IBM Cassette BASIC]], [[IBM Disk BASIC]], [[IBM BASICA]] | |||
|influenced = [[QBasic]], [[QuickBasic]], [[MSX BASIC]] | |||
|current version = | |||
|operating_system = [[DOS]] | |||
|license = | |||
|website = | |||
}} | |||
'''GW-BASIC''' is a dialect of the [[programming language]] [[BASIC]] developed by [[Microsoft]] from [[IBM BASICA|BASICA]], originally for [[Compaq]]. It is otherwise identical to Microsoft/[[IBM]] [[IBM BASICA|BASICA]], but is a fully self-contained executable and does not need the [[read-only memory|ROM]] BASIC. It was bundled with [[MS-DOS]] [[operating system]]s on [[IBM PC compatible]]s by Microsoft. Microsoft also sold a BASIC [[compiler]], BASCOM, compatible with GW-BASIC, for programs needing more speed. The language is suitable for simple games, business programs and the like. Since it was included with most versions of MS-DOS, it was also a low cost way for many would-be [[programmer]]s to learn the fundamentals of [[computer programming]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/KindlyRat/GWBASIC.html|title=GW-BASIC|date=|accessdate=2009-11-10|author="KindlyRat"|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050726081451/http://www.geocities.com/KindlyRat/GWBASIC.html | |||
|archivedate=2005-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/dos11basic/index.htm|title=GWBASIC Games & Other Programs|date=|accessdate=2009-11-10|author="Leon"|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20091026132941/http://geocities.com/dos11basic/index.htm|archivedate=2009-10-26}}</ref> With the release of MS-DOS 5.0, GW-BASIC's place was eventually taken by [[QBasic]], the interpreter part of the separately available [[QuickBASIC]] compiler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emsps.com/oldtools/msbasv.htm#qbasic|title=Microsoft BASIC version information|accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> | |||
== Syntax == | |||
IBM BASICA and GW-BASIC are direct ports of Microsoft's BASIC-80 (also known as MBASIC) designed for 8080/Z80 machines, but added features specifically for the IBM PC hardware. Common features of BASIC-80 and BASICA/GW-BASIC include: | |||
*CLS command to clear the screen | |||
*Double-precision variables | |||
*True integer support | |||
*PRINT USING statement for formatted display output | |||
*LPRINT for outputting to printers | |||
*WHILE...WEND loops | |||
*The ability to save programs in three formats (ordinary tokenized binary, ASCII, or a "protected" token format that cannot be LISTed) | |||
*"Ok" as the BASIC prompt | |||
*DEFINT statement to set all variables beginning with the specified characters as one type, eliminating the need to put type indicators in front of them | |||
*INKEY$ function to read key presses | |||
*An advanced editor which included statements for renumbering program lines and deleting them in blocks | |||
*Hexadecimal number support (performed by preceding numbers with &H) | |||
*The REM statement can be abbreviated as ' | |||
*Statements that have quoted text (e.g. PRINT) do not require a second quote mark at the end unless other arguments follow | |||
*IN/OUT instructions for I/O | |||
*Error trapping features | |||
Conversely, BASIC-80/BASICA/GWBASIC does not allow the line crunching in 6502 versions (where no spaces are required on a program line) | |||
MBASIC programs not using PEEK/POKE statements would run under GWBASIC. BASICA added a large number of features for the IBM PC such as sound, graphics, and memory commands. | |||
Microsoft did not offer a generic version of MS-DOS until v3.20 in 1986 and before then, all variants of the OS were OEM ones. Depending on the OEM, BASIC was distributed as either BASICA.EXE or GWBASIC.EXE. The former should not be confused with IBM BASICA, which always came as a .COM file. Some variants of BASIC had extra features to support a particular machine (for example, the AT&T and Tandy versions of DOS included a special GWBASIC that supported their enhanced sound and graphics capabilities). | |||
The initial version of GW-BASIC was the one included with Compaq DOS 1.13 (released with the Compaq Portable in 1983) and was analogous to IBM BASICA 1.10. It used the CP/M-derived file control blocks for disk access and did not support subdirectories. Later versions added this feature and improved graphics and other capabilities. | |||
GW-BASIC 3.20 (1986) added EGA graphics support (no version of BASICA or GWBASIC had VGA support) and was in effect the last new version released before it was superseded by QBASIC. | |||
Buyers of [[Hercules Graphics Card]]s received a special version of GWBASIC on the card's utility disk that was called HBASIC and which added support for its 720x348 monochrome graphics (other versions of BASICA/GWBASIC only allowed graphics on Hercules cards if SIMCGA was loaded) | |||
GW-BASIC has a [[command line]]-based [[integrated development environment]] (IDE) based on [[Dartmouth BASIC]]. Using the cursor movement keys, any line displayed on screen can be edited. It also includes [[function key]] shortcuts at the bottom of the screen. Like other early [[microcomputer]] versions of BASIC, GW-BASIC lacked many of the structures needed for [[structured programming]] such as local variables, and GW-BASIC programs executed relatively slowly, because it was an [[interpreted programming language]]. All program lines must be numbered; all non-numbered lines are considered to be commands in direct mode to be executed immediately. Program source files are normally saved in binary compressed format with [[token (parser)|token]]s replacing commands, with an option to save in [[ASCII]] text form.<ref name="DocUtil">{{cite web|url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~hwiegman/gwbasic.html |title=GW-BASIC Documentation and Utilities |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071217161146/http://www.xs4all.nl/~hwiegman/gwbasic.html |archivedate = 2007-12-17}}</ref> | |||
The GW-BASIC command-line environment has commands to <code>RUN,LOAD,SAVE,LIST</code> the current program, or quit to the operating <code>SYSTEM</code>; these commands can also be used as program statements. There is little support for [[structured programming]] in GW-BASIC. All <code>IF/THEN/ELSE</code> [[conditional (programming)|conditional statements]] must be written on one line, although <code>WHILE/WEND</code> statements may group multiple lines. [[subroutine|Functions]] can only be defined using the single line <code>[[User-defined_function#BASIC_language|DEF FN]]f(x)=</code><mathematical function of x> statement (e.g., <code>DEF FNLOG(base,number)=LOG(number)/LOG(base)</code>). The data type of [[variable (programming)|variable]]s can be specified with a character at the end of the variable name: <code>A$</code> is a [[string (computer science)|string]] of characters, <code>A%</code> is an [[integer]], etc. Groups of variables can also be set to default types based on the initial letter of their name by use of the <code>DEFINT, DEFSTR</code>, etc., statements. The default type for undeclared variables not identified by such typing statements, is single-precision [[floating point]].<ref name="Guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~hwiegman/gw-man/index.html|title=GW-BASIC User's Guide|year=1987|accessdate=2008-06-28|author=}}</ref> | |||
GW-BASIC allowed use of [[joystick]] and [[light pen]] input devices. GW-BASIC can read from and write to files and [[serial port|COM port]]s; it can also do event trapping for ports. Since the [[compact cassette|cassette]] port interface of the original IBM PC was never implemented on compatibles, cassette operations are not supported. GW-BASIC can play simple music using the <code>PLAY</code> statement, needing a string of notes represented in a [[music macro language]] (e.g. <code>PLAY "edcdeee2dfedc4"</code>). More [[low-level]] control is possible with the <code>SOUND</code> statement, which takes the arguments of a [[frequency]] in [[hertz]] and a length in clock ticks for the standard internal [[PC speaker]] in IBM machines. Consequently sound is limited to single channel beeps and whistles as befits a 'business' machine. Home-based PCs such as the [[Tandy 1000]] allowed up to three channels of sound for the <code>SOUND</code> and <code>PLAY</code> commands.<ref name="Guide"/> | |||
== Name == | |||
There are several theories on what the initials "GW" stand for. [[Greg Whitten]], an early [[Microsoft]] employee who developed the standards in the company's BASIC compiler line, says [[Bill Gates]] picked the name GW-BASIC. Whitten refers to it as ''Gee-Whiz'' BASIC and is unsure if Gates named the program after him.<ref name="Whitten">{{cite web|url=http://www.classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctech/2005-April/042999.html|title=GW-BASIC|date=2005-04-13|accessdate=2008-06-29|author=Gregory Whitten}}</ref> The ''Microsoft User Manual'' from [[Microsoft Press]] also refers to it by this name.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} It may have also been [[nickname]]d ''Gee-Whiz'' because it had a large number of [[2D computer graphics|graphics]] commands.<ref name="Whitten"/> Other common theories as to the initials' origins include "Graphics and Windows", "[[Bill Gates|Gates, William]]" (Microsoft's president at the time), or "Gates-Whitten" (the two main designers of the program).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Dictionary/html/g.html|title=Linux Dictionary:G|date=|accessdate=2008-06-28|author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctech/2005-April/042967.html|title=GW-BASIC|date=2005-04-13|accessdate=2008-06-28|author=}}</ref> | |||
== References == | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==External links== | |||
* [http://www.moorecad.com/classicbasic/index.html Classic Basic Games Page], a resource for BASIC games and other programs | |||
* [http://peyre.x10.mx/GWBASIC/index.htm Back to BASICs], another BASIC resource site | |||
* {{Wayback |url=http://geocities.com/KindlyRat/GWBASIC.html |title=GW-BASIC interpreter program and files download site |date=20091027112638 }} | |||
* [http://hwiegman.home.xs4all.nl/gw-man/index.html GW-BASIC User's Manual] | |||
* [http://www.garybeene.com/qbasic/qb-hist.htm Gary Beene's Information Center] regarding BASIC, with timeline dates for DOS, Windows and BASIC dialects | |||
* [http://www.gw-basic.com GW-BASIC - Gee Whiz!] Neil C. Obremski’s site devoted to GW-BASIC. | |||
{{BASIC}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gw-Basic}} | |||
[[Category:Discontinued Microsoft BASICs]] | |||
[[Category:Programming languages created in 1983]] | |||
[[Category:BASIC interpreters]] |
Revision as of 02:46, 14 January 2014
Template:Infobox programming language
GW-BASIC is a dialect of the programming language BASIC developed by Microsoft from BASICA, originally for Compaq. It is otherwise identical to Microsoft/IBM BASICA, but is a fully self-contained executable and does not need the ROM BASIC. It was bundled with MS-DOS operating systems on IBM PC compatibles by Microsoft. Microsoft also sold a BASIC compiler, BASCOM, compatible with GW-BASIC, for programs needing more speed. The language is suitable for simple games, business programs and the like. Since it was included with most versions of MS-DOS, it was also a low cost way for many would-be programmers to learn the fundamentals of computer programming.[1][2] With the release of MS-DOS 5.0, GW-BASIC's place was eventually taken by QBasic, the interpreter part of the separately available QuickBASIC compiler.[3]
Syntax
IBM BASICA and GW-BASIC are direct ports of Microsoft's BASIC-80 (also known as MBASIC) designed for 8080/Z80 machines, but added features specifically for the IBM PC hardware. Common features of BASIC-80 and BASICA/GW-BASIC include:
- CLS command to clear the screen
- Double-precision variables
- True integer support
- PRINT USING statement for formatted display output
- LPRINT for outputting to printers
- WHILE...WEND loops
- The ability to save programs in three formats (ordinary tokenized binary, ASCII, or a "protected" token format that cannot be LISTed)
- "Ok" as the BASIC prompt
- DEFINT statement to set all variables beginning with the specified characters as one type, eliminating the need to put type indicators in front of them
- INKEY$ function to read key presses
- An advanced editor which included statements for renumbering program lines and deleting them in blocks
- Hexadecimal number support (performed by preceding numbers with &H)
- The REM statement can be abbreviated as '
- Statements that have quoted text (e.g. PRINT) do not require a second quote mark at the end unless other arguments follow
- IN/OUT instructions for I/O
- Error trapping features
Conversely, BASIC-80/BASICA/GWBASIC does not allow the line crunching in 6502 versions (where no spaces are required on a program line)
MBASIC programs not using PEEK/POKE statements would run under GWBASIC. BASICA added a large number of features for the IBM PC such as sound, graphics, and memory commands.
Microsoft did not offer a generic version of MS-DOS until v3.20 in 1986 and before then, all variants of the OS were OEM ones. Depending on the OEM, BASIC was distributed as either BASICA.EXE or GWBASIC.EXE. The former should not be confused with IBM BASICA, which always came as a .COM file. Some variants of BASIC had extra features to support a particular machine (for example, the AT&T and Tandy versions of DOS included a special GWBASIC that supported their enhanced sound and graphics capabilities).
The initial version of GW-BASIC was the one included with Compaq DOS 1.13 (released with the Compaq Portable in 1983) and was analogous to IBM BASICA 1.10. It used the CP/M-derived file control blocks for disk access and did not support subdirectories. Later versions added this feature and improved graphics and other capabilities.
GW-BASIC 3.20 (1986) added EGA graphics support (no version of BASICA or GWBASIC had VGA support) and was in effect the last new version released before it was superseded by QBASIC.
Buyers of Hercules Graphics Cards received a special version of GWBASIC on the card's utility disk that was called HBASIC and which added support for its 720x348 monochrome graphics (other versions of BASICA/GWBASIC only allowed graphics on Hercules cards if SIMCGA was loaded)
GW-BASIC has a command line-based integrated development environment (IDE) based on Dartmouth BASIC. Using the cursor movement keys, any line displayed on screen can be edited. It also includes function key shortcuts at the bottom of the screen. Like other early microcomputer versions of BASIC, GW-BASIC lacked many of the structures needed for structured programming such as local variables, and GW-BASIC programs executed relatively slowly, because it was an interpreted programming language. All program lines must be numbered; all non-numbered lines are considered to be commands in direct mode to be executed immediately. Program source files are normally saved in binary compressed format with tokens replacing commands, with an option to save in ASCII text form.[4]
The GW-BASIC command-line environment has commands to RUN,LOAD,SAVE,LIST
the current program, or quit to the operating SYSTEM
; these commands can also be used as program statements. There is little support for structured programming in GW-BASIC. All IF/THEN/ELSE
conditional statements must be written on one line, although WHILE/WEND
statements may group multiple lines. Functions can only be defined using the single line DEF FNf(x)=
<mathematical function of x> statement (e.g., DEF FNLOG(base,number)=LOG(number)/LOG(base)
). The data type of variables can be specified with a character at the end of the variable name: A$
is a string of characters, A%
is an integer, etc. Groups of variables can also be set to default types based on the initial letter of their name by use of the DEFINT, DEFSTR
, etc., statements. The default type for undeclared variables not identified by such typing statements, is single-precision floating point.[5]
GW-BASIC allowed use of joystick and light pen input devices. GW-BASIC can read from and write to files and COM ports; it can also do event trapping for ports. Since the cassette port interface of the original IBM PC was never implemented on compatibles, cassette operations are not supported. GW-BASIC can play simple music using the PLAY
statement, needing a string of notes represented in a music macro language (e.g. PLAY "edcdeee2dfedc4"
). More low-level control is possible with the SOUND
statement, which takes the arguments of a frequency in hertz and a length in clock ticks for the standard internal PC speaker in IBM machines. Consequently sound is limited to single channel beeps and whistles as befits a 'business' machine. Home-based PCs such as the Tandy 1000 allowed up to three channels of sound for the SOUND
and PLAY
commands.[5]
Name
There are several theories on what the initials "GW" stand for. Greg Whitten, an early Microsoft employee who developed the standards in the company's BASIC compiler line, says Bill Gates picked the name GW-BASIC. Whitten refers to it as Gee-Whiz BASIC and is unsure if Gates named the program after him.[6] The Microsoft User Manual from Microsoft Press also refers to it by this name.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. It may have also been nicknamed Gee-Whiz because it had a large number of graphics commands.[6] Other common theories as to the initials' origins include "Graphics and Windows", "Gates, William" (Microsoft's president at the time), or "Gates-Whitten" (the two main designers of the program).[7][8]
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
External links
- Classic Basic Games Page, a resource for BASIC games and other programs
- Back to BASICs, another BASIC resource site
- The minimal educational requirement to take the REA or RES examination is four GCE "" level passes or equal. When you have taken the obligatory preparatory course offered by a CEA Authorised Course Supplier and want to apply for the exam, please click on right here.
In an ordinary Singapore Tenancy Agreement, there is usually the reimbursement clause together with the diplomatic clause. This clause states that in the event you train the diplomatic clause, you will have to reimburse a part of the commission the landlord had paid to his agent. Figures additionally show that the number of property agents registered with the Council for Estate Companies (CEA) The property company watchdog mentioned property agents who did not continue with their registration were part timers Tuas South Road 5 Industrial Website on the market So the right way to be a Real Estate Agent in Singapore? Be registered with just one Licensed Estate Agent (Actual Estate Firm) Abroad Property Analysis Experiences Region Property Consultancy & Management Providers Pte Ltd UE Square (D09) – Residence For Hire
final January. There are also fewer property companies in business, down by 5% to lower than 1,500. Other than passing a compulsory examination, registered property brokers also have to endure six hours of Some business players stated new agents face a tough time juggling this and shutting property deals. With a purpose to make the TA a sound authorized document to be honoured by all parties involved, it must be stamped by the Singapore Inland Revenue Authority (IRA). The costs for this process, a so-known as "stamp obligation", are to be borne by the tenant. Softening in residential property costs proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Area Freehold improvement in the prestigious Ardmore Park / Claymore district with potential for en bloc sale
An expert property agent in Singapore will assist you and defend your interest all through the purchase, secure the provide for you at the best possible price. With a a lot better data of Singapore, the agent can be in a greater position to recommend and recommendation on the selection of property. He may even ensure that all documents are in order and you might be coping with the rightful owner of the property. Singapore 529508 Contact Leon in OrangeTee or click here to read more if you wish to be property agent – Singapore Real Property Salesperson. Rental estate agent for condominiums, bungalows, semi-detached or public apartments in Singapore. Luxurious condo close to Somerset MRT Condominium For Sale – St Thomas Suites (D09) Singapore Contractors Affiliation Ltd Search
Freehold Condo near Orchard The Edge on Cairnhill – Condominium For Sale One-cease service for expatriate and foreign patrons. Collection of properties for lease and for sale in Singapore. Property brokers for sale or rental of properties assisting property house owners and those searching for properties to rent or buy. Residences, homes and HDB's. Blk 138 Lorong Ah Soo, Singapore 530138. Commercial and residential property real property agents. 31 Scotts Road, Dean's Property Centre, Singapore 228225. Excessive-end apartment in singapore close to Orchard Road Condominium For Sale – Paterson Residence (D09) Property agent / real estate agent coping with leasing, rental, sale and buy of business and residential properties Meet the Manager Singapore Glass Affiliation REMAX Singapore New Launches
Property companies embrace buy, sell or hire properties, financial planning, pattern forecasts, relocation, interior design and actual estate planning. Condominium For Lease – The Balmoral (D10) Shopping for a house is a large funding that calls for much consideration and research. The same applies for selling or renting a property, the place a lot effort and time should be spent in negotiating for supreme prices. To watch itemizing and transacted prices Our mistake was that we didn't have our personal agent. One that could have defined all this to us, why it was needed and so forth. But we still did not realise this at the moment, we just assumed that this agent (named A) was serving to us. Little did we know "A" was truly the homeowners agent and we had no 'declare' on him in any respect.
Vendor Pays the Buyer's Dealer Commission via his itemizing agent. Underneath a Purchaser's Broker arrangement, the named brokerage and agent represent the customer. The price paid to the broker mostly is paid by the vendor. Some buyer dealer agreements include clauses that will compensate the brokerage for the price it's due less the quantity paid by the vendor. When I managed to sell a property for my shopper at double fast time and at a really good worth. The worth was higher than most models being bought at the moment. It was a lot of onerous work and naturally Luck performed an enormous part. The Consumer was very very grateful. Sellers pay a 2% commission. May be decrease for more expensive properties. CONTACTING ME We Will Achieve Your Wants And Desires In Actual Estate - GW-BASIC User's Manual
- Gary Beene's Information Center regarding BASIC, with timeline dates for DOS, Windows and BASIC dialects
- GW-BASIC - Gee Whiz! Neil C. Obremski’s site devoted to GW-BASIC.