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{{about|connections on vector bundles|other types of connections in mathematics|connection (mathematics)}}


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In [[mathematics]], a '''connection''' on a [[fiber bundle]] is a device that defines a notion of [[parallel transport]] on the bundle; that is, a way to "connect" or identify fibers over nearby points. If the fiber bundle is a [[vector bundle]], then the notion of parallel transport must be [[linear]]. Such a connection is equivalently specified by a ''[[covariant derivative]]'', which is an operator that can differentiate [[section (fiber bundle)|sections]] of that bundle along [[tangent vector|tangent directions]] in the base manifold. Connections in this sense generalize, to arbitrary vector bundles, the concept of a [[linear connection]] on the [[tangent bundle]] of a [[smooth manifold]], and are sometimes known as '''linear connections'''.  [[Ehresmann connection|Nonlinear connections]] are connections that are not necessarily linear in this sense.
 
Connections on vector bundles are also sometimes called '''Koszul connections''' after [[Jean-Louis Koszul]], who gave an algebraic framework for describing them {{harv|Koszul|1950}}.
 
==Formal definition==
Let ''E'' &rarr; ''M'' be a smooth [[vector bundle]] over a [[differentiable manifold]] ''M''. Denote the space of smooth [[Section (fiber bundle)|sections]] of ''E'' by &Gamma;(''E''). A '''connection''' on ''E'' is an ℝ-[[linear map]]
:<math>\nabla : \Gamma(E) \to \Gamma(E\otimes T^*M)</math>
such that the [[product rule|Leibniz rule]]
:<math>\nabla(\sigma f) = (\nabla\sigma)f + \sigma\otimes df</math>
holds for all [[smooth functions]] ''f'' on ''M'' and all smooth sections &sigma; of ''E''.
 
If ''X'' is a tangent vector field on ''M'' (i.e. a section of the [[tangent bundle]] ''TM'') one can define a '''covariant derivative along ''X'''''
:<math>\nabla_X : \Gamma(E) \to \Gamma(E)</math>
by contracting ''X'' with the resulting covariant index in the connection &nabla; (i.e. &nabla;<sub>''X''</sub>&sigma; = (&nabla;&sigma;)(''X'')). The covariant derivative satisfies the following properties:
:<math>\begin{align}&\nabla_X(\sigma_1 + \sigma_2) = \nabla_X\sigma_1 + \nabla_X\sigma_2\\
&\nabla_{X_1 + X_2}\sigma = \nabla_{X_1}\sigma + \nabla_{X_2}\sigma\\
&\nabla_{X}(f\sigma) = f\nabla_X\sigma + X(f)\sigma\\
&\nabla_{fX}\sigma = f\nabla_X\sigma.\end{align}</math>
Conversely, any operator satisfying the above properties defines a connection on ''E'' and a connection in this sense is also known as a '''covariant derivative''' on ''E''.
 
==Vector-valued forms==
 
Let ''E'' &rarr; ''M'' be a vector bundle. An [[vector-valued form|''E''-valued differential form]] of degree ''r'' is a section of the [[tensor product]] bundle ''E''&thinsp;&otimes;&thinsp;&Lambda;<sup>''r''</sup>''T''*''M''. The space of such forms is denoted by
:<math>\Omega^r(E) = \Gamma(E\otimes\textstyle\bigwedge^rT^*M).</math>
An ''E''-valued 0-form is just a section of the bundle ''E''. That is,
:<math>\Omega^0(E) = \Gamma(E).\,</math>
 
In this notation a connection on  ''E'' &rarr; ''M'' is a linear map
:<math>\nabla:\Omega^0(E) \to \Omega^1(E).</math>
A connection may then be viewed as a generalization of the [[exterior derivative]] to vector bundle valued forms. In fact, given a connection &nabla; on ''E'' there is a unique way to extend &nabla; to a [[covariant exterior derivative]] or exterior covariant derivative
:<math>d^{\nabla}: \Omega^r(E) \to \Omega^{r+1}(E).</math>
Unlike the ordinary exterior derivative one need not have (''d''<sup>&nabla;</sup>)<sup>2</sup> = 0. In fact, (''d''<sup>&nabla;</sup>)<sup>2</sup> is directly related to the curvature of the connection &nabla; (see [[#Curvature|below]]).
 
==Affine properties==
 
Every vector bundle admits a connection. However, connections are not unique. If &nabla;<sub>1</sub> and &nabla;<sub>2</sub> are two connections on ''E'' &rarr; ''M'' then their difference is a [[Smooth function|''C''<sup>&infin;</sup>]]-linear operator. That is,
:<math>(\nabla_1 - \nabla_2)(f\sigma) = f(\nabla_1\sigma - \nabla_2\sigma)</math>
for all smooth functions ''f'' on ''M'' and all smooth sections &sigma; of ''E''. It follows that the difference &nabla;<sub>1</sub> &minus; &nabla;<sub>2</sub> is induced by a one-form on ''M'' with values in the endomorphism bundle End(''E'') = ''E''{{unicode|&otimes;}}''E''*:
:<math>(\nabla_1 - \nabla_2) \in \Omega^1(M; \mathrm{End}\,E).</math>
Conversely, if &nabla; is a connection on ''E'' and ''A'' is a one-form on ''M'' with values in End(''E''), then &nabla;+''A'' is a connection on ''E''.
 
In other words, the space of connections on ''E'' is an [[affine space]] for &Omega;<sup>1</sup>(End ''E'').
 
==Relation to principal and Ehresmann connections==
 
Let ''E'' &rarr; ''M'' be a vector bundle of rank ''k'' and let F(''E'') be the [[principal bundle|principal]] [[frame bundle]] of ''E''. Then a [[connection (principal bundle)|(principal) connection]] on F(''E'') induces a connection on ''E''. First note that sections of ''E'' are in one-to-one correspondence with [[equivariant|right-equivariant]] maps F(''E'') &rarr; '''R'''<sup>''k''</sup>. (This can be seen by considering the [[pullback bundle|pullback]] of ''E'' over F(''E'') &rarr; ''M'', which is isomorphic to the trivial bundle F(''E'') &times; '''R'''<sup>''k''</sup>.) Given a section &sigma; of ''E'' let the corresponding equivariant map be &psi;(&sigma;). The covariant derivative on ''E'' is then given by
:<math>\psi(\nabla_X\sigma) = X^H(\psi(\sigma))</math>
where ''X''<sup>''H''</sup> is the horizontal lift of ''X'' (recall that the horizontal lift is determined by the connection on F(''E'')).
 
Conversely, a connection on ''E'' determines a connection on F(''E''), and these two constructions are mutually inverse.
 
A connection on ''E'' is also determined equivalently by a [[Ehresmann connection#Vector bundles and covariant derivatives|linear Ehresmann connection]] on ''E''. This provides one method to construct the associated principal connection.
 
==Local expression==
 
Let ''E'' &rarr; ''M'' be a vector bundle of rank ''k'', and let ''U'' be an open subset of ''M'' over which ''E'' is trivial. Given a local [[smooth frame]] (''e''<sub>1</sub>, &hellip;,''e''<sub>''k''</sub>)  of ''E'' over ''U'', any section &sigma; of ''E'' can be written as <math>\sigma = \sigma^\alpha e_\alpha</math> ([[Einstein notation]] assumed). A connection on ''E'' restricted to ''U'' then takes the form
:<math>\nabla\sigma = (\mathrm d\sigma^\alpha + \omega^\alpha\!{}_\beta \sigma^\beta)e_{\alpha}</math>
where
:<math>\omega^\alpha\!{}_\beta\,e_\alpha = \nabla e_\beta.</math>
Here &omega;<sup>&alpha;</sup><sub>&beta;</sub> defines a ''k'' &times; ''k'' matrix of one-forms on ''U''. In fact, given any such matrix the above expression defines a connection on ''E'' restricted to ''U''. This is because &omega;<sup>&alpha;</sup><sub>&beta;</sub> determines a one-form &omega; with values in End(''E'') and this expression defines &nabla; to be the connection d+&omega;, where d is the ''trivial connection'' on ''E'' over ''U'' defined by differentiating the components of a section using the local frame. In this context &omega; is sometimes called the '''[[connection form]]''' of &nabla; with respect to the local frame.
 
If ''U'' is a coordinate neighborhood with coordinates (''x''<sup>''i''</sup>) then we can write
:<math>\omega^\alpha\!{}_\beta = {\omega_i}^\alpha\!{}_\beta\,\mathrm dx^i.</math>
Note the mixture of coordinate and fiber indices in this expression. The coefficient functions &omega;<sub>''i''</sub><sup>&alpha;</sup><sub>&beta;</sub> are tensorial in the index ''i'' (they define a one-form) but not in the indices &alpha; and &beta;. The transformation law for the fiber indices is more complicated. Let (''f''<sub>1</sub>, &hellip;,''f''<sub>''k''</sub>) be another smooth local frame over ''U'' and let the change of coordinate matrix be denoted ''t'' (i.e. ''f''<sub>&alpha;</sub> = ''e''<sub>&beta;</sub>''t''<sup>&beta;</sup><sub>&alpha;</sub>). The connection matrix with respect to frame (''f''<sub>&alpha;</sub>) is then given by the matrix expression
 
:<math>\varpi = t^{-1}\omega t + t^{-1}\mathrm dt.</math>
 
Here d''t'' is the matrix of one-forms obtained by taking the exterior derivative of the components of ''t''.
 
The covariant derivative in the local coordinates and with respect to the local frame field (''e''<sub>&alpha;</sub>) is given by the expression
:<math>\nabla_X\sigma = X^i(\partial_i\,\sigma^\alpha + {\omega_i}^\alpha\!{}_\beta\sigma^\beta)e_{\alpha}.</math>
 
==Parallel transport and holonomy==
 
A connection &nabla; on a vector bundle ''E'' &rarr; ''M'' defines a notion of [[parallel transport]] on ''E'' along a curve in ''M''. Let &gamma; : [0,&nbsp;1] &rarr; ''M'' be a smooth [[path (topology)|path]] in ''M''. A section &sigma; of ''E'' along &gamma; is said to be '''parallel''' if
:<math>\nabla_{\dot\gamma(t)}\sigma = 0</math>
for all ''t'' &isin; [0,&nbsp;1]. More formally, one can consider the [[pullback bundle]] &gamma;*''E'' of ''E'' by &gamma;. This is a vector bundle over [0,&nbsp;1] with fiber ''E''<sub>&gamma;(''t'')</sub> over ''t'' &isin; [0,&nbsp;1]. The connection &nabla; on ''E'' pulls back to a connection on &gamma;*''E''. A section &sigma; of  &gamma;*''E'' is parallel if and only if &gamma;*&nabla;(&sigma;) = 0.
 
Suppose &gamma; is a path from ''x'' to ''y'' in ''M''. The above equation defining parallel sections is a first-order [[ordinary differential equation]] (cf. [[#Local_expression|local expression]] above) and so has a unique solution for each possible initial condition. That is, for each vector ''v'' in ''E''<sub>''x''</sub> there exists a unique parallel section &sigma; of &gamma;*''E'' with &sigma;(0) = ''v''. Define a '''parallel transport map'''
:<math>\tau_\gamma : E_x \to E_y\,</math>
by &tau;<sub>&gamma;</sub>(''v'') = &sigma;(1). It can be shown that &tau;<sub>&gamma;</sub> is a [[linear isomorphism]].
 
Parallel transport can be used to define the [[holonomy group]] of the connection &nabla; based at a point ''x'' in ''M''. This is the subgroup of GL(''E''<sub>''x''</sub>) consisting of all parallel transport maps coming from [[loop (topology)|loop]]s based at ''x'':
:<math>\mathrm{Hol}_x = \{\tau_\gamma : \gamma \text{ is a loop based at } x\}.\,</math>
The holonomy group of a connection is intimately related to the curvature of the connection {{harv|AmbroseSinger|1953}}.
 
==Curvature==
 
The '''curvature''' of a connection &nabla; on ''E'' &rarr; ''M'' is a 2-form ''F''<sup>&nabla;</sup> on ''M'' with values in the endomorphism bundle End(''E'') = ''E''{{unicode|&otimes;}}''E''*. That is,
:<math>F^\nabla \in \Omega^2(\mathrm{End}\,E) = \Gamma(\mathrm{End}\,E\otimes\Lambda^2T^*M).</math>
It is defined by the expression
:<math>F^\nabla(X,Y)(s) = \nabla_X\nabla_Y s- \nabla_Y\nabla_X s- \nabla_{[X,Y]}s</math>
where ''X'' and ''Y'' are tangent vector fields on ''M'' and ''s'' is a section of ''E''. One must check that ''F''<sup>&nabla;</sup> is [[Smooth function|''C''<sup>&infin;</sup>]]-linear in both ''X'' and ''Y'' and that it does in fact define a bundle endomorphism of ''E''.
 
As mentioned [[#Vector-valued_forms|above]], the covariant exterior derivative ''d''<sup>&nabla;</sup> need not square to zero when acting on ''E''-valued forms. The operator (''d''<sup>&nabla;</sup>)<sup>2</sup> is, however, strictly tensorial (i.e. ''C''<sup>&infin;</sup>-linear). This implies that it is induced from a 2-form with values in End(''E''). This 2-form is precisely the curvature form given above. For an ''E''-valued form &sigma; we have
:<math>(d^\nabla)^2\sigma = F^\nabla\wedge\sigma.</math>
 
A '''flat connection''' is one whose curvature form vanishes identically.
 
==Examples==
 
*A classical [[covariant derivative]] or [[affine connection]] defines a connection on the [[tangent bundle]] of ''M'', or more generally on any [[tensor bundle]] formed by taking tensor products of the tangent bundle with itself and its dual.
*The [[Levi-Civita connection]] is a connection on the tangent bundle of a [[Riemannian manifold]].
*The [[exterior derivative]] is a flat connection on ''E'' = ''M'' &times; '''R''' (the trivial line bundle over ''M'').
*More generally, there is a canonical flat connection on any [[flat vector bundle]] (i.e. a vector bundle whose transition functions are all constant) which is given by the exterior derivative in any trivialization.
 
==See also==
* [[D-module]]
* [[Connection (mathematics)]]
 
==References==
 
* {{citation|last=Chern|first=Shiing-Shen|authorlink=Shiing-Shen Chern|title=Topics in Differential Geometry|series=Institute for Advanced Study, mimeographed lecture notes|year=1951}}
*{{citation | first = R. W. R. | last = Darling | title = Differential Forms and Connections | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-521-46800-0}}
*{{citation | first1 = Shoshichi | last1 = Kobayashi | first2 =Katsumi|last2=Nomizu | title = [[Foundations of Differential Geometry]], Vol. 1 | series = Wiley Classics Library | publisher = [[Wiley Interscience]] | location = New York | year = 1996 | origyear = 1963 | isbn = 0-471-15733-3}}
* {{citation| last = Koszul | first = J. L. | title = Homologie et cohomologie des algebres de Lie | journal = Bulletin de la Société Mathématique | volume = 78 | year = 1950 | pages = 65–127}}
* {{citation|last=Wells|first=R.O.|authorlink=Raymond O. Wells, Jr.|title=Differential analysis on complex manifolds|year=1973|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=0-387-90419-0}}
* {{citation|last1=Ambrose|first1=W.|last2=Singer|first2=I.M.|title=A theorem on holonomy|year=1953|journal=Transactions of the American Mathematical Society|volume=75|pages=428–443}}
 
[[Category:Connection (mathematics)]]
[[Category:Vector bundles]]

Latest revision as of 23:27, 3 October 2013

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In mathematics, a connection on a fiber bundle is a device that defines a notion of parallel transport on the bundle; that is, a way to "connect" or identify fibers over nearby points. If the fiber bundle is a vector bundle, then the notion of parallel transport must be linear. Such a connection is equivalently specified by a covariant derivative, which is an operator that can differentiate sections of that bundle along tangent directions in the base manifold. Connections in this sense generalize, to arbitrary vector bundles, the concept of a linear connection on the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold, and are sometimes known as linear connections. Nonlinear connections are connections that are not necessarily linear in this sense.

Connections on vector bundles are also sometimes called Koszul connections after Jean-Louis Koszul, who gave an algebraic framework for describing them Template:Harv.

Formal definition

Let EM be a smooth vector bundle over a differentiable manifold M. Denote the space of smooth sections of E by Γ(E). A connection on E is an ℝ-linear map

:Γ(E)Γ(ET*M)

such that the Leibniz rule

(σf)=(σ)f+σdf

holds for all smooth functions f on M and all smooth sections σ of E.

If X is a tangent vector field on M (i.e. a section of the tangent bundle TM) one can define a covariant derivative along X

X:Γ(E)Γ(E)

by contracting X with the resulting covariant index in the connection ∇ (i.e. ∇Xσ = (∇σ)(X)). The covariant derivative satisfies the following properties:

X(σ1+σ2)=Xσ1+Xσ2X1+X2σ=X1σ+X2σX(fσ)=fXσ+X(f)σfXσ=fXσ.

Conversely, any operator satisfying the above properties defines a connection on E and a connection in this sense is also known as a covariant derivative on E.

Vector-valued forms

Let EM be a vector bundle. An E-valued differential form of degree r is a section of the tensor product bundle E ⊗ ΛrT*M. The space of such forms is denoted by

Ωr(E)=Γ(ErT*M).

An E-valued 0-form is just a section of the bundle E. That is,

Ω0(E)=Γ(E).

In this notation a connection on EM is a linear map

:Ω0(E)Ω1(E).

A connection may then be viewed as a generalization of the exterior derivative to vector bundle valued forms. In fact, given a connection ∇ on E there is a unique way to extend ∇ to a covariant exterior derivative or exterior covariant derivative

d:Ωr(E)Ωr+1(E).

Unlike the ordinary exterior derivative one need not have (d)2 = 0. In fact, (d)2 is directly related to the curvature of the connection ∇ (see below).

Affine properties

Every vector bundle admits a connection. However, connections are not unique. If ∇1 and ∇2 are two connections on EM then their difference is a C-linear operator. That is,

(12)(fσ)=f(1σ2σ)

for all smooth functions f on M and all smooth sections σ of E. It follows that the difference ∇1 − ∇2 is induced by a one-form on M with values in the endomorphism bundle End(E) = EPROPERTY builders did not have the simplest year, what with the cooling measures imposed in January and the loan curbs in June, but some still managed to do effectively while others made their first foray abroad.

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(12)Ω1(M;EndE).

Conversely, if ∇ is a connection on E and A is a one-form on M with values in End(E), then ∇+A is a connection on E.

In other words, the space of connections on E is an affine space for Ω1(End E).

Relation to principal and Ehresmann connections

Let EM be a vector bundle of rank k and let F(E) be the principal frame bundle of E. Then a (principal) connection on F(E) induces a connection on E. First note that sections of E are in one-to-one correspondence with right-equivariant maps F(E) → Rk. (This can be seen by considering the pullback of E over F(E) → M, which is isomorphic to the trivial bundle F(E) × Rk.) Given a section σ of E let the corresponding equivariant map be ψ(σ). The covariant derivative on E is then given by

ψ(Xσ)=XH(ψ(σ))

where XH is the horizontal lift of X (recall that the horizontal lift is determined by the connection on F(E)).

Conversely, a connection on E determines a connection on F(E), and these two constructions are mutually inverse.

A connection on E is also determined equivalently by a linear Ehresmann connection on E. This provides one method to construct the associated principal connection.

Local expression

Let EM be a vector bundle of rank k, and let U be an open subset of M over which E is trivial. Given a local smooth frame (e1, …,ek) of E over U, any section σ of E can be written as σ=σαeα (Einstein notation assumed). A connection on E restricted to U then takes the form

σ=(dσα+ωαβσβ)eα

where

ωαβeα=eβ.

Here ωαβ defines a k × k matrix of one-forms on U. In fact, given any such matrix the above expression defines a connection on E restricted to U. This is because ωαβ determines a one-form ω with values in End(E) and this expression defines ∇ to be the connection d+ω, where d is the trivial connection on E over U defined by differentiating the components of a section using the local frame. In this context ω is sometimes called the connection form of ∇ with respect to the local frame.

If U is a coordinate neighborhood with coordinates (xi) then we can write

ωαβ=ωiαβdxi.

Note the mixture of coordinate and fiber indices in this expression. The coefficient functions ωiαβ are tensorial in the index i (they define a one-form) but not in the indices α and β. The transformation law for the fiber indices is more complicated. Let (f1, …,fk) be another smooth local frame over U and let the change of coordinate matrix be denoted t (i.e. fα = eβtβα). The connection matrix with respect to frame (fα) is then given by the matrix expression

ϖ=t1ωt+t1dt.

Here dt is the matrix of one-forms obtained by taking the exterior derivative of the components of t.

The covariant derivative in the local coordinates and with respect to the local frame field (eα) is given by the expression

Xσ=Xi(iσα+ωiαβσβ)eα.

Parallel transport and holonomy

A connection ∇ on a vector bundle EM defines a notion of parallel transport on E along a curve in M. Let γ : [0, 1] → M be a smooth path in M. A section σ of E along γ is said to be parallel if

γ˙(t)σ=0

for all t ∈ [0, 1]. More formally, one can consider the pullback bundle γ*E of E by γ. This is a vector bundle over [0, 1] with fiber Eγ(t) over t ∈ [0, 1]. The connection ∇ on E pulls back to a connection on γ*E. A section σ of γ*E is parallel if and only if γ*∇(σ) = 0.

Suppose γ is a path from x to y in M. The above equation defining parallel sections is a first-order ordinary differential equation (cf. local expression above) and so has a unique solution for each possible initial condition. That is, for each vector v in Ex there exists a unique parallel section σ of γ*E with σ(0) = v. Define a parallel transport map

τγ:ExEy

by τγ(v) = σ(1). It can be shown that τγ is a linear isomorphism.

Parallel transport can be used to define the holonomy group of the connection ∇ based at a point x in M. This is the subgroup of GL(Ex) consisting of all parallel transport maps coming from loops based at x:

Holx={τγ:γ is a loop based at x}.

The holonomy group of a connection is intimately related to the curvature of the connection Template:Harv.

Curvature

The curvature of a connection ∇ on EM is a 2-form F on M with values in the endomorphism bundle End(E) = EPROPERTY builders did not have the simplest year, what with the cooling measures imposed in January and the loan curbs in June, but some still managed to do effectively while others made their first foray abroad.

As a public-listed company and a pioneer in the improvement of landed properties in Singapore, we have now been constructing some of Singapore's nicely-recognized, established residential estates for over 50 years. Our many developments in Singapore are an affidavit of our steady want to create not just high quality houses however communities for you and your family members Hotel Properties Limited (HPL) was listed on the Inventory Trade of Singapore in 1982. Beginning with simply the Hilton Lodge in Singapore, HPL has expanded rapidly through the years. As we speak HPL has pursuits in 19 resorts with almost 4000 rooms in 8 countries. An Choice or Settlement/Contract for the Buy of a Home or Flat will be formedin many ways e.g. A gaggle of persons, whether in partnership or otherwise

Certainly one of Asia's premier property firms, Keppel Land is recognised for its sterling portfolio of award-profitable residential developments and funding-grade business properties as well as excessive requirements of company governance and transparency. Keppel Land is without doubt one of the largest listed property corporations by total assets on the Singapore Change. The Group's total assets amounted to about $13.eight billion as at 31 March 2014. Additionally it is a component of a number of stock indices including the FTSE ST Real Property Index, FTSE ST China Prime Index, FTSE All-World Index, FTSE Asia Pacific ex-Japan Index, FTSE EPRA/NAREIT World Real Estate Index and EPRA/NAREIT Index. WOODSVALE PERSONAL CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM WOODSVALE CLOSE, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT thirteen) Industrial

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The Singapore Property Awards recognise excellence in actual estate development initiatives or individual properties in terms of design, aesthetics, functionality, contribution to the constructed atmosphere and neighborhood at massive. It represents an outstanding achievement which developers, professionals and property house owners aspire to achieve. It bestows upon the winner the correct to use the coveted award emblem recognised extensively throughout the FIABCI network.

ADRIA NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM DERBYSHIRE HIGHWAY, THOMSON ROAD, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT eleven) AMBER RESIDENCES (PREPARED HOUSES) PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM RESIDENCE AMBER STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 15) ARC AT TAMPINES GOVERNMENT CONDOMINIUM APARTMENT TAMPINES AVENUE 8, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 18) ARDMORE RESIDENCE NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM CONDO ARDMORE PARK, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 10) ARISTO @ AMBER , THE PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM AMBER STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 15) ASPEN LINQ NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM RESIDENCE INSTITUTION HILL, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 09) BARTLEY RESIDENCES NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM HOUSE BARTLEY HIGHWAY, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 19) BEACON HEIGHTS PERSONAL CONDOMINIUM CONDO MAR THOMA STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRCT 12) title searches and authorized requisitions on the property; and

Hongkong Land is a number one property funding, administration and growth group with a serious portfolio in Hong Kong and different property pursuits in Asia. As considered one of Singapore's largest property gamers, Singapore Land (SingLand) is synonymous with premier property developments in both prime and suburban areas. YHS made its first foray into property improvement with Tivoli Gardens, a 59-unit landed estate in District 19. This was adopted by the launch of The Sterling, a freehold condominium in Bukit Timah, and landed projects resembling Tai Keng Villas, Parry Inexperienced, Chuan Villas and Princeton Vale. Its newest growth is JARDIN, an exclusive property nestled alongside Bukit Timah/Dunearn Highway Learn More Can Singapore safely deflate its property market?

GPS Funding Sales operates like an entrepreneur group drawing on wealth of experiences with in depth insight locally and having a global perspective. We are in a position to provide investment methods that tailor-made to the clients profile. Our purchasers starting from Wealth Fund managers, Multinational Companies, Small Medium Enterprise companies, Property Developers and Ultra Networth Individual. En-bloc Sales Department Sustainability, property growth, sustainability initiatives, tripple backside line, measuring sustainability, reporting, metrics and benchmarks When you've loved what you've got read thus far why not sign up for our FREE property alert and online journal PropertyWire Confidential. District 23, ninety nine years Leasehold condominium BUILD TO ALTERE*. That is,

FΩ2(EndE)=Γ(EndEΛ2T*M).

It is defined by the expression

F(X,Y)(s)=XYsYXs[X,Y]s

where X and Y are tangent vector fields on M and s is a section of E. One must check that F is C-linear in both X and Y and that it does in fact define a bundle endomorphism of E.

As mentioned above, the covariant exterior derivative d need not square to zero when acting on E-valued forms. The operator (d)2 is, however, strictly tensorial (i.e. C-linear). This implies that it is induced from a 2-form with values in End(E). This 2-form is precisely the curvature form given above. For an E-valued form σ we have

(d)2σ=Fσ.

A flat connection is one whose curvature form vanishes identically.

Examples

See also

References

  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010