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| {{About|the Filipino president|grandson|Mar Roxas|the municipality|Pres. Manuel A. Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte|other places that now bear his name|Roxas (disambiguation)}}
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| {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2011}}
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| {{Infobox Officeholder
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| |name = Manuel Roxas
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| |image = Manuel A Roxas.jpg
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| |office = [[List of Presidents of the Philippines|5th]] [[President of the Philippines]] <br><small>[[Commonwealth of the Philippines|3rd President of the Commonwealth]] <br>[[Third Republic of the Philippines|1st president of the Third Republic]]</small>
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| |vicepresident = [[Elpidio Quirino]]
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| |term_start = May 28, 1946
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| |term_end = April 15, 1948
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| |predecessor = [[Sergio Osmeña]]
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| |successor = [[Elpidio Quirino]]
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| |office2 = [[Senate President of the Philippines#List of Senate Presidents|2nd]] [[President of the Senate of the Philippines]]
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| |president2 = [[Sergio Osmeña]]
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| |term_start2 = July 9, 1945
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| |term_end2 = May 25, 1946
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| |predecessor2 = [[Manuel L. Quezon]]
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| |successor2 = [[José Avelino]]
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| |office3 = [[Senator of the Philippines]]
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| |term_start3 = July 9, 1945
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| |term_end3 = May 25, 1946
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| |office4 = [[Secretary of Finance (Philippines)|Secretary of Finance]]
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| |term_start4 = August 21, 1941
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| |term_end4 = December 29, 1941
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| |president4 = [[Manuel L. Quezon]]
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| |predecessor4 = [[Antonio de Las Alas]]
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| |successor4 = [[Serafin Marabut]]
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| |office5 = [[Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives#List of Speakers|2nd]] [[Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives]]
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| |term_start5 = 1922
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| |term_end5 = 1933
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| |predecessor5 = [[Sergio Osmeña]]
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| |successor5 = [[Quintin Paredes]]
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| |office6 = Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Philippine House of Representatives]] from [[Capiz]]' [[Legislative districts of Capiz#1st District|1st District]]
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| |term_start6 = 1921
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| |term_end6 = 1938
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| |predecessor6 = Antonio Habana
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| |successor6 = Ramon A. Arnaldo
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| |office7 = [[Capiz|Governor of Capiz]]
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| |term_start7 = 1919
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| |term_end7 = 1921
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| |predecessor7 =
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| |successor7 =
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| |birth_date = {{birth date|1892|1|1}}
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| |birth_place = [[Roxas City|Capiz]] <small>(now Roxas City)</small>, [[Capiz|Capiz Province]], [[Spanish East Indies]] (present-day [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)#U.S. Territory (1901–1935)|Philippines]])
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| |death_date = {{death date and age|1948|4|15|1892|1|1}}
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| |death_place = [[Clark Air Base]], Philippines
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| |resting_place = [[Manila North Cemetery]], [[Santa Cruz, Manila]], Philippines
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| |party = [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] <small>(1945–1948)</small>
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| |otherparty = [[Nacionalista Party]] (Before 1945)
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| |profession = [[Lawyer]], [[Soldier]]
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| |spouse = [[Trinidad Roxas|Trinidad de Leon]]
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| |children = [[Gerardo Roxas]]<br>Ruby Roxas
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| |religion = Roman Catholicism
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| |alma_mater = [[University of Manila]]<br />[[University of the Philippines College of Law]]
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| |signature = Roxas Sig.png
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| <!--Military service-->
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| |nickname =
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| |allegiance = {{flag|Philippines}}
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| |branch = [[Philippine Army]]
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| |serviceyears = 1941–1945
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| |rank =
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| |unit =
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| |commands =
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| |battles = [[World War II]]
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| |awards =
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| }}
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| '''Manuel Acuña Roxas''' (January 1, 1892 – April 15, 1948) was the fifth [[President of the Philippines]], the last of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] and the first of the sovereign [[History of the Philippines (1946-1965)|Third Philippine Republic]]. He ruled as President from the [[Philippines]]' independence from the [[United States of America]] on 4 July 1946 until his abrupt death in 1948.
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| == Early life and career==
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| Roxas was born to [[Gerardo Roxas, Sr.]] and [[Rosario Acuña]] on [[New Year's Day]] 1892 in [[Capiz]] (present-day Roxas City). He was a posthumous child, as his father Gerardo had died after having been mortally wounded by Spanish [[Guardia Civil|guardias civiles]] the year before. He and his older brother, Mamerto, to be raised by their mother and her father, Don Eleuterio Acuña.
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| The young Manuel received his early education in the public schools of Capiz, and at age twelve attended [[St. Joseph's Academy]]{{disambiguation needed|date=June 2013}} in [[Taiwan]], but due to [[homesickness]], he went back to Capiz. He eventually transferred to [[Arellano (Manila North) High School|Manila High School]] (later named Araullo High School), graduating with honours in 1909.
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| Roxas began his law studies at a private law school established by [[George A. Malcolm]], the first dean of the [[University of the Philippines College of Law]]. On his second year, he enrolled at [[University of the Philippines]], where he was elected president of both his class and the student council. In 1913, Roxas obtained his law degree, graduated class [[valedictorian]], and subsequently topped the bar examinations with a grade of 92% on the same year.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Bar_Examination</ref>
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| ==Personal life==
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| ===Family===
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| Manuel Roxas was married to Trinidad de Leon at Our Lady of Remedies Church located at Barangay Sibul, [[San Miguel, Bulacan]] in 1921. The couple had two children, Ma. Rosario "Ruby" Roxas who is married to Vicente Roxas (no relation) and [[Gerardo Roxas|Gerardo M. "Gerry" Roxas]] who married Judy Araneta.
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| Gerry became a member of the [[Philippine House of Representatives]] and a leader of [[Liberal Party of the Philippines]]. He fathered three children, two of them, [[Gerry Roxas|Dinggoy Roxas]] and [[Mar Roxas]], served as representatives from Capiz. Mar became a [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] in 2004, and he was elected president of the Liberal Party in 2004. His daughter-in-law Judy continues to be a prominent and driving force of the Liberal Party.
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| Daughter Ruby has an only son, named Manuel but nicknamed Manolo. His son Gerardo, who died in 1982, had three children: Maria Lourdes Roxas, married to Augusto Ojeda, [[Mar Roxas|Manuel]], nicknamed Mar, whose spouse is broadcaster [[Korina Sanchez]], and Gerardo "Dinggoy" Roxas, Jr. (1960–1993).
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| Other descendants:
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| * [[Margarita Moran-Floirendo]], (born Maria Margarita Roxas-Moran), granddaughter of former President and [[Miss Universe 1973]]
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| Other relatives:
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| * [[Margarita Roxas de Ayala]] (1826–1869), considered{{by whom|date=March 2013}} the first Filipino philanthropist and the greatest businessperson of her time
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| * [[Don Jose Bonifacio Roxas]] (1834–1888), younger brother of Margarita Roxas de Ayala and father of Pedro Pablo Roxas. In 1851 he would purchase the former Jesuit estate of Hacienda de San Pedro de Macati, which would become the future basis of the Zobel de Ayala Family wealth.
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| * [[Felix Roxas y Fernandez]] (1864–1936), mayor of Manila from 1905 to 1917.
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| * [[Felix Roxas y Arroyo]] (1820–?), father of Felix Roxas y Fernandez, the first Filipino qualified architect
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| * [[Felipe Roxas y Arroyo]] (1840–1899), the painter who emigrated to Paris
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| * [[Pedro Pablo Roxas]] (1847–1912), one of the richest Filipinos at the turn of 20th century, the first manager of San Miguel Brewery
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| * [[Francisco Roxas]] (1851–1897), second cousin of Pedro Pablo Roxas, a musician turned businessman who was falsely accused of complicity with the Katipunan. He was one of the "13 Martyrs of Bagumbayan".
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| * [[Antonio J. Roxas]], present chairman of board of Roxas & Company, Inc. and chairman emeritus of Roxas Holdings, and director of Central Azucarero Don Pedro
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| ==Political career==
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| {{unreferenced section|date=April 2012}}
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| Roxas occupied more important positions in the Philippine government than any other Filipino had ever held before him.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Starting in 1917 he was a member of the [[municipal council]] of Capiz. He became the youngest governor of his province and served in this capacity from 1919 to 1922.
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| He was elected to the Philippine House of Representatives in 1922, and for twelve consecutive years was [[Speaker of the House (Philippines)|Speaker of the House]]. He was member of the Constitutional Convention 1934 to 1935, Secretary of Finance, Chairman of the [[National Economic Council (Philippines)|National Economic Council]], Chairman of the [[National Development Company]] and many other government corporations and agencies, Brigadier General in the [[USAFFE]], and Guerilla leader.
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| ===Senate===
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| [[File:Embassy of Gabon in the United States.JPG|thumb|right|Former diplomatic residence of Manuel Roxas in Washington, D.C.]]
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| After the amendments to the 1935 Philippine Constitution were approved in 1941, he was elected (1941) to the Philippine Senate, but was unable to serve until 1945 because of the outbreak of World War II.
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| Having enrolled prior to World War II as an officer in the reserves, he was made happy officer between the Commonwealth government and the United States Army Forces in the Far East headquarters of General [[Douglas MacArthur]]. He accompanied President Quezon to [[Corregidor]] where he supervised the destruction of Philippine currency to prevent its capture by the Japanese. When Quezon left Corregidor, Roxas went to Mindanao to direct the resistance there. It was prior to Quezon's departure that he was made Executive Secretary and designated as successor to the presidency in case Quezon or Vice-President [[Sergio Osmeña]] were captured or killed. Roxas was captured in 1942 by the Japanese invasion forces.
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| When the Congress of the Philippines was convened in 1945, the legislators elected in 1941 chose Roxas as Senate President.
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| == Presidential election of 1946 ==
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| {{Infobox President styles
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| |name=Manuel A. Roxas
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| |dipstyle= His Excellency
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| |offstyle= Your Excellency
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| |altstyle= Mister President
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| }}
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| Prior to the [[Philippine general election, 1946|Philippine national elections of 1946]], at the height of the last [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]] elections, Senate President Roxas and his friends left from the [[Nacionalista Party]] and formed the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]. Roxas became their candidate for President and [[Elpidio Quirino]] for Vice-President. The Nacionalistas, on the other hand, had Osmeña for President and Senator [[Eulogio Rodriguez]] for Vice-President. Roxas had the staunch support of General MacArthur. Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew his reputation. On the April 23, 1946, Roxas won 54 percent of the vote, and the Liberal Party won a majority in the legislature.<ref>{{cite video
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| | year =1946
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| | title =Video: Air Freight by Parachute etc. (1946)
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| | url =http://www.archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39113
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| | publisher =[[Universal Newsreel]]
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| | accessdate =February 20, 2012
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| }}</ref>
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| === Last President of the Commonwealth ===
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| [[File:Manuelroxasinaguration.jpg|thumb|right|President Manuel Roxas was inaugurated as the 5th President of the Philippines and the first president of the Third Republic on July 4, 1946 at the Independence Grandstand (now Quirino Grandstand), Manila.]]
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| Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from May 28, 1946 to July 4, 1946 during which time Roxas helped prepared the groundwork for an independent Philippines.
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| On May 8, 1946, prior to his inauguration, President-elect Roxas, accompanied by [[High Commissioner to the Philippines|US High Commissioner]] [[Paul V. McNutt]], left for the United States.
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| On May 28, 1946, Roxas was inaugurated as the last President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The inaugural ceremonies were held in the ruins of the Legislative Building (now part of the [[National Museum of the Philippines]]) and were witnessed by about 200,000 people.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} In his address, he outlined the main policies of his administration, mainly: closer ties with the United States; adherence to the newly created [[United Nations]]; national reconstruction; relief for the masses; social justice for the working class; the maintenance of peace and order; the preservation of individual rights and liberties of the citizenry; and honesty and efficiency of government.
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| On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before a [[joint session]] of Congress to deliver his first [[State of the Nation Address (Philippines)|State of the Nation Address]]. Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines face and reported on his special trip to the United States to discuss the approval for independence.<ref>''[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette]]'' (Manila, May 1946) vol. 42 no. 5, pp. 1151–1165</ref>
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| On June 21, he reappeared in front of another joint session of the Congress and urged the acceptance of two laws passed by the [[Congress of the United States]] on April 30, 1946—the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]], of Philippine Rehabilitation Act, and the [[Bell Trade Act]] or Philippine Trade Act.<ref>''[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette]]'', July 1946, vol. 42 no. 7, pp. 1625–1628</ref> Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress.
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| ===First President of the Third Republic (1946–1948) ===
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| [[File:1946-07-15 Philippines Independence Proclaimed.ogv|thumb|right|Short American [[newsreel]] of Philippine independence ceremonies on July 4, 1946 with brief footage of Roxas taking the Oath of Office.]]
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| Manuel Roxas' term as the President of the Commonwealth ended on the morning of July 4, 1946, when the [[Third Republic of the Philippines]] was inaugurated and independence from the United States proclaimed. The occasion, attended by some 300,000 people, was marked by the simultaneous lowering of the [[Stars and Stripes]] and raising of the [[Flag of the Philippines|National Flag]], a [[21-gun salute]], and the pealing of church bells. Roxas then swore the Oath of Office as the first President of the new Republic.
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| The inaugural ceremonies took place at [[Luneta Park]] in the [[City of Manila]]. On the Grandstand alone were around 3,000 dignitaries and guests, consisting of President Roxas, Vice-President Quirino, their respective parties and the Cabinet; the las High Commissioner to the Philippines and first [[Embassy of the United States|Ambassador to the Philippines]] Paul McNutt; General [[Douglas MacArthur]] (coming from [[Tokyo]]); [[United States Postmaster General]] [[Robert E. Hannegan]]; a delegation from the United States Congress led by [[State of Maryland|Maryland]] Senator [[Millard Tydings]] (author of the Tydings–McDuffie Act) and [[State of Missouri|Missouri]] Representative [[C. Jasper Bell]] (author of the Bell Trade Act); and former [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Civil Governor-General]] [[Francis Burton Harrison]].
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| ==Presidency==
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| ===Administration and cabinet===
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| {{Col-begin}}
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| {{Col-2}}
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| {| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000; margin:auto;"
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| |-
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| ! style="background:#000;" colspan="3"|
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| |-
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| |align="left"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TERM'''
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| |-
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| ! style="background:#000;" colspan="3"|
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| |-
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| |[[President of the Philippines|President]] || '''Manuel Roxas''' || May 28, 1946–April 15, 1948
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| |-
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| |[[Vice-President of the Philippines|Vice-President]] || '''[[Elpidio Quirino]]''' || May 28, 1946–April 17, 1948
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| |-
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| ! style="background:#000;" colspan="3"|
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| |-
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| |[[Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]] || '''[[Elpidio Quirino]]''' || July 5, 1946–April 17, 1948
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| |-
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| |[[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Secretary of the Interior]] || '''[[José Zulueta]]''' || May 28, 1946–April 17, 1948
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| |-
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| |[[Department of Finance (Philippines)|Secretary of Finance]] || '''[[Elpidio Quirino]]''' || May 28, 1946–November 23, 1946
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| |-
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| | || '''[[Miguel Cuaderno]]''' || November 24, 1946-April 17, 1948
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| |-
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| |[[Department of Justice (Philippines)|Secretary of Justice]] || '''[[Ramón Ozaeta]]''' || May 28, 1946–April 17, 1948
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| |-
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| |[[Department of Agriculture (Philippines)|Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce]] || '''[[Mariano Garchitorena]]''' || May 28, 1946–April 17, 1948
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| |-
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| |[[Department of Public Works and Highways (Philippines)|Secretary of Public Works and Communications]] || '''[[Ricardo Nepumoceno]]''' || May 28, 1946–April 17, 1948
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| |-
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| |[[Department of Education (Philippines)|Secretary of Public Instruction]] || '''[[Manuel Gallego]]''' || May 28, 1946–April 17, 1948
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| |-
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| |[[Department of Labor and Employment (Philippines)|Secretary of Labor and Employment]] || '''[[Pedro Magsalin]]''' || May 28, 1946–April 17, 1948
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| |-
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| |[[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]] || '''[[Ruperto Kangleon]]''' || May 28, 1946–April 17, 1948
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| |-
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| |[[Department of Health (Philippines)|Secretary of Health and Public Welfare]] || '''[[Antonio Villarama]]''' || May 28, 1946–April 17, 1948
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| |-
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| |[[Department of Social Welfare and Development (Philippines)|Commissioner of Social Welfare]] || '''[[Asuncion A. Perez]]''' || 1946
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| |-
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| | || '''[[Antonio Villarama]]''' || 1946-1948
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| |-
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| |[[Commission on Audit (Philippines)|General Auditing Office]] || '''[[Sotero Cabahug]]''' || 1945–1946
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| |-
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| |[[Executive Secretary (Philippines)|Secretary to the President]] || '''[[Emilio M. Abello]]''' || May 30, 1946–July 4, 1946
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| |-
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| |[[Executive Secretary (Philippines)|Chief of the Executive Office]] || '''[[Emilio M. Abello]]''' || July 4, 1946–September 3, 1947
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| |-
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| | || '''Nicanor Roxas''' || September 10, 1947-October 3, 1947
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| |[[Executive Secretary (Philippines)|Executive Secretary]] || '''Nicanor Roxas''' || October 4, 1947-February 6, 1948
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| |-
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| ||| '''[[Emilio M. Abello]]''' || February 26, 1948-April 17, 1948
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| |-
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| |[[Resident Commissioner of the Philippines|Resident Commissioner of the Philippines to the United States Congress]] || '''[[Carlos P. Romulo]]''' || 1946-1947
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| |}
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| {{Col-end}}
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| ====Domestic policies====
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| =====Economy=====
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| {{Infobox
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| |name =
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| |bodystyle =
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| |title = <small>Economy of the Philippines under</small><br />President Manuel Roxas<br /><small>1946–1948</small>
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| |titlestyle =
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| |above =
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| |abovestyle =
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| |imagestyle =
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| |captionstyle =
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| |image =
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| |caption =
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| |image2 =
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| |caption2 =
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| |image = width:26em; padding: 0px;
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| |abovestyle = background: lightblue;
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| |headerstyle = background: lightblue;
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| |labelstyle = font-weight: normal;
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| |header1 = Population
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| |label2 = '''1948'''
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| |data2 = <math>\approx</math> 19.23 million
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| |header3 = Gross Domestic Product
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| |label4 = '''1947'''
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| |data4 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 85, 269 million
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| |label6 = '''Growth rate, 1947–48'''
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| |data6 = 39.5 %
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| |header7 = Per capita income
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| |label8 = '''1947'''
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| |data8 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 4,434
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| |header10 = Total exports
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| |label11 = '''1947'''
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| |data11 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 24, 824 million
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| |header13 = [[Exchange rate]]s
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| |data14 = 1 US$ = [[Philippine peso|Php]] 2.00<br /> 1 [[Philippine peso|Php]] = US$ 0.50
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| |data15 = ''Sources'': [http://filipinopresidency.multiply.com/photos/album/26#photo=15 Philippine Presidency Project]<br />{{cite book|last=Malaya|first=Jonathan|coauthors=Eduardo Malaya|title=So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines|publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc.}}
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| }}
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| No sooner had the fanfare of the [[independence]] festivities ended that the government and the people quickly put all hands to work in the tasks of rescuing the country from its dire economic straits. Reputed to be the most bombed and destroyed country in the world, the Philippines was in a sorry mess. Only [[Stalingrad]] and [[Warsaw]], for instance, could compare with [[Manila]] in point of destruction. All over the country more than a million people were unaccounted for. The war casualties as such could very well reach the two million mark. Conservative estimates had it that the [[Philippines]] had lost about two thirds of her material wealth.<ref name="autogenerated1961">Molina, Antonio. ''The Philippines: Through the centuries''. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.</ref>
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| The country was facing near bankruptcy.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/> There was no national economy, no export trade. Indeed, production for exports had not been restored. On the other hand, imports were to reach the amount of three million dollars. There was need of immediate aid from the [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration]]. Something along this line was obtained. Again, loans for the United States, as well as some increase in the national revenues, were to help the new Republic.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/>
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| President Roxas, with bold steps, met the situation with the same confidence he exuded in his inaugural address, when he said: "The system of free but guided enterprise is our system". Among the main remedies proposed was the establishment of the Philippine Rehabilitation Finance Corporation. This entity would be responsible for the construction of twelve thousand houses and for the grant of easy-term loans in the amount of 177,000,000 pesos. Another proposal was the creation of the [[Central Bank of the Philippines]] to help stabilize the Philippine dollar reserves and coordinate and the nations banking activities gearing them to the economic progress.
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| Concentrating on the sugar industry, President Roxas would exert such efforts as to succeed in increasing production from 13,000 tons at the time of the Philippine liberation to an all-high of one million tons.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/>
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| =====Reconstruction after the war=====
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| The [[World War II|postwar]] Philippines had burned cities and towns, ruined farms and factories, blasted roads and bridges, shattered industries and commerce, and thousands of massacred victims. The war had paralyzed the educational system, where 80% of the school buildings, their equipment, laboratories and furniture were destroyed.<ref>Gallego, Manuel V. "The Technique of Japanese Cultural Invasion." ''Philippine Journal of Education.'' Manila, November 1946, p. 94</ref> Numberless books, invaluable documents and works of art, irreplaceable historical relics and family [[heirloom]]s, hundreds of churches and temples were burned. The reconstruction of the damaged school buildings alone cost more than [[Philippine peso|Php]] 126,000,000.
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| The new Republic began to function on an annual deficit of over Php 200,000,000 with little prospect of a balanced budget for some years to come.<ref>Message of His Excellency Manuel Roxas, President of the Philippines to the Second Congress delivered on June 3, 1946. Manila. Bureau of Printing, 1946, p. 6</ref> [[Manila]] and other cities then were infested with criminal gangs which used techniques of American [[gangster]]s in some activities–bank [[holdup]]s, [[kidnapping]] and [[burglar]]ies. In rural regions, especially the provinces of [[Central Luzon]] and the [[Southern Tagalog]] regions, the [[Hukbalahap]]s and brigands terrorized towns and [[barrio]]s.
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| =====Agrarian reform=====
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| {{See also|Land reform in the Philippines}}
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| In 1946, shortly after his induction to Presidency, Manuel Roxas proclaimed the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 effective throughout the country.<ref name="autogenerated2">Manapat, Carlos, et.al.'' Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform''. Quezon City: C&E Pub., 2010.Print.</ref> However problems of [[land tenure]] continued. In fact these became worse in certain areas.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Among the remedial measures enacted was Republic Act No. 1946 likewise known as the Tenant Act which provided for a 70–30 sharing arrangements and regulated share-tenancy contracts.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> It was passed to resolve the ongoing peasant unrest in Central Luzon.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>
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| ===== Amnesty proclamation =====
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| President Roxas, on January 28, 1948, granted full amnesty to all so-called Philippine collaborators, many of whom were on trial or awaiting to be tried, particularly former President [[José P. Laurel]] (1943–1945).<ref name="autogenerated1961"/> The Amnesty Proclamation did not apply to those "collaborators", who were charged with the commission of common crimes, such as murder, rape, and arson. The presidential decision did much<ref name="autogenerated1961"/> to heal a standing wound that somehow threatened to divide the people's sentiments. It was a much-called for measure to bring about a closer unity in the trying times when such was most needed for the progress of the nation.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/>
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| ===== ''Huks'' outlawed =====
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| Disgusted with the crimes being committed by ''[[HUKBALAHAP|Hukbó ng Bayan Laban sa Hapón]]'' (Nation's Army Against the Japanese, also called "the Huks") and possessing evidence of their subversion, Roxas issued a proclamation outlawing the Huk movement on March 6, 1948.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/> It had become an imperative in view of the resurgence of Huk depredations, following the unseating of the seven Communists, led by Huk Supremo [[Luis Taruc]] through acts of terrorism.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/>
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| ==== Foreign policy ====
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| ===== Treaty of General Relations =====
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| On August 5, 1946, the [[Congress of the Philippines]] ratified the Treaty of General Relations that had been entered into by and between the [[Republic of the Philippines]] and the United States on July 4, 1946.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/> Aside from withdrawing her sovereignty from the Philippines and recognizing her independence, the Treaty reserved for the United States some bases for the mutual protection of both countries; consented that the United States represent the Philippines in countries where the latter had not yet established diplomatic representation; made the Philippines assume all debts and obligations of the former government in the Philippines; and provided for the settlement of property rights of the citizens of both countries.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/>
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| ===== United States military bases =====
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| [[File:ManuelRoxas Last.jpg|thumb|225px|One of the last pictures of President Manuel Roxas.]]
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| Although Roxas was successful in getting rehabilitation funds from the United States after independence, he was forced{{according to whom|date=March 2013}} to concede military bases (23 of which were leased for 99 years), trade restriction for the Philippine citizens, and special privileges for U.S. property owner and investor.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}
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| =====Parity Rights Amendment=====
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| On March 11, 1947, Philippine voters, agreeing with Roxas, ratified in a nationwide [[plebiscite]] the "[[Philippine Parity Rights plebiscite, 1947|parity amendment]]" to the [[1935 Constitution of the Philippines]], granting United States citizens the right to dispose of and utilize Philippine natural resources, or ''[[parity rights]]''.
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| ====Assassination attempt====
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| The night before the plebiscite, Roxas narrowly escaped assassination by Julio Guillen, a disgruntled barber from [[Tondo, Manila]], who hurled a [[grenade]] at the platform on [[Plaza Miranda]] immediately after Roxas had addressed a rally.<ref>Guillen was arrested, tried by the court for attempted assassination, and was sentenced to die. On April 16, 1950, he was executed in an [[electric chair]] at [[Muntinlupa]].</ref>
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| ====Controversies====
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| His administration was marred by graft and corruption; moreover, the abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-wing (Huk) movement in the countryside. His heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection.
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| The good record of Roxas administration was marred by two failures: the failure to curb graft and corruption in the government, as evidenced by the [[Surplus War Property scandal]], the [[Chinese immigration scandal]] and the [[School supplies scandal]]; and the failure to check and stop the communist [[Hukbalahap]] movement.
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| == Death ==
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| [[File:Roxas Tomb.jpg|thumb|Gravesite of Manuel Roxas]]
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| Roxas did not finish his full four-year term. On the morning of April 15, 1948 Roxas delivered a speech before the United States Thirteenth Air Force. After the speech, he felt dizzy and was brought to the residence of Major General [[Eugene L. Eubank|E.L. Eubank]] at [[Clark Field]], [[Pampanga]]. He died later that night of a [[heart attack]].<ref>[http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_roxas.asp Office of the President of the Philippines]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dante C. Simbulan|title=The Modern Principalia: The Historical Evolution of the Philippine Ruling Oligarchy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=55ZQdJG1G6IC|year=2005|publisher=UP Press|isbn=978-971-542-496-7|page=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=55ZQdJG1G6IC&pg=PA228 228] (note 15)}}</ref> Roxas' term as President is thus the third shortest, lasting one year, ten months, and 18 days.
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| On April 17, 1948, two days after Roxas' death, Vice-President [[Elpidio Quirino]] took the oath of office as [[President of the Philippines]].
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| ==Legacy==
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| [[File:New PHP100 Banknote (Obverse).jpg|thumb|right|220px|Philippine 100 peso bill]]
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| In his honour, Roxas District (Project 1) in Quezon City, [[Roxas, Capiz]] and [[Roxas, Isabela]] were named after him. [[Roxas Boulevard|Dewey Boulevard]] in the [[City of Manila]] was renamed in his memory, and he is currently depicted on the 100 [[Philippine peso]] bill.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ===Bibliography===
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| * {{cite book | author=Zaide, Gregorio F. | title=Philippine History and Government|publisher=National Bookstore Printing Press |year=1984}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Zaide|first=Gregorio|title=Philippine Political and Cultural History: the Philippines since British Invasion|publisher=McCullough Printing Company|location=Manila, Philippines|year=1956|edition=1957 Revised}}
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| == External links ==
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| {{Wikisource author}}
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| * [http://www.pangulo.ph The Philippine Presidency Project]
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| * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/phtoc.html A Country Study: Philippines]
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| * [http://www.depedmares.com Manuel A. Roxas Elementary School]
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| {{s-start}}
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| {{s-par|ph-lwr}}
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| {{s-bef|before=[[Antonio Habana]]}}
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| {{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] from [[Capiz]]'s [[Legislative districts of Capiz#1st District|1st]] district|years=1922–1934}}
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| {{s-aft|after=[[Ramon Arnaldo]]}}
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| |-
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| {{s-off}}
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| {{s-bef|before=[[Sergio Osmeña]]}}
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| {{s-ttl|title=[[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Speaker of the House of Representatives]]|years=1922–1933}}
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| {{s-aft|after=[[Quintin Paredes]]}}
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| |-
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| {{s-bef|before=[[Antonio de Las Alas]]}}
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| {{s-ttl|title=[[Department of Finance (Philippines)|Secretary of Finance]]|years=1938–1941}}
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| {{s-aft|after=[[Serafin Marabut]]}}
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| |-
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| {{s-bef|before=[[Jorge B. Vargas]]}}
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| {{s-ttl|title=[[Executive Secretary (Philippines)|Executive Secretary]]|years=1942}}
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| {{s-aft|after=[[Arturo Rotor]]}}
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| |-
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| {{s-bef|before=[[José Yulo]]|as=[[Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives|Speaker of the National Assembly]]}}
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| {{s-ttl|title=[[Senate President of the Philippines|President of the Senate]]|years=1945–1946}}
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| {{s-aft|after=[[José Avelino]]}}
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| |-
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| {{s-bef|before=[[Sergio Osmeña]]}}
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| {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Philippines]]<br />(Commonwealth)|years=May 28, 1946-July 4, 1946}}
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| {{s-aft|after=(Abolition)}}
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| |-
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| {{s-bef|before=Manuel Roxas<br>(Commonwealth)}}
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| {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Philippines]]|years=May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948}}
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| {{s-aft|after=[[Elpidio Quirino]]}}
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| |-
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| {{s-ppo}}
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| {{s-new|office}}
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| {{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]|years=1946–1948}}
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| {{s-aft|after=[[Elpidio Quirino]]}}
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| {{s-end}}
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| {{Navboxes
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| |title=Articles related to Manuel Roxas
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| |list1=
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| {{Philippine Presidents}}
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| {{Philippine Senate Presidents}}
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| {{HouseSpeakerPH}}
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| {{Presidential election in the Philippines, 1946}}
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| {{Roxas cabinet}}
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| }}
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=92574928}}
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| {{use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
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| {{Persondata
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| | NAME = Roxas, Manuel
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Filipino politician
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = January 1, 1892
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Roxas City|Capiz]], [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)#U.S. Territory (1901–1935)|Philippines]] <small>(now Roxas City)</small>
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| | DATE OF DEATH = April 15, 1948
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| | PLACE OF DEATH = [[Clark Air Base]], Philippines
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Roxas, Manuel}}
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| [[Category:1892 births]]
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| [[Category:1948 deaths]]
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| [[Category:Candidates for President of the Philippines]]
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| [[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]]
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| [[Category:Filipino anti-communists]]
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| [[Category:Filipino collaborators with Imperial Japan]]
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| [[Category:Filipino lawyers]]
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| [[Category:Filipino Roman Catholics]]
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| [[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]]
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| [[Category:Members of the Cabinet of the Philippines]]
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| [[Category:Members of the Senate of the Philippines]]
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| [[Category:Nacionalista Party politicians]]
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| [[Category:People from Capiz]]
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| [[Category:Presidents of the Philippines]]
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| [[Category:Roxas family]]
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| [[Category:Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines]]
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| [[Category:University of the Philippines alumni]]
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