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{{infobox
| above = Elementary electric charge


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| label1 = Definition:
| data1 = [[Electric charge|Charge]] of a [[proton]]
| label2 = Symbol
| data2 = ''e''
| label3 = Value in [[Coulomb]]s:
| data3 = {{physconst|e}}
}}
 
The '''elementary charge''', usually denoted as ''e'', is the [[electric charge]] carried by a single [[proton]], or equivalently, the [[Negation (algebra)|negation]] (opposite) of the electric charge carried by a single [[electron]].<ref>Note that the symbol ''e'' has many other meanings. Somewhat confusingly, in [[atomic physics]], ''e'' sometimes denotes the electron charge, i.e. the ''negative'' of the elementary charge.</ref> This elementary charge is a fundamental [[physical constant]]. To avoid confusion over its sign, ''e'' is sometimes called the '''elementary positive charge'''. This charge has a measured value of approximately {{physconst|e|unit=no|after=&#x20;[[coulomb]]s.}} In the [[centimeter gram second system of units|cgs]] system, ''e'' is {{val|4.80320425|(10)|e=-10|u=[[statcoulomb]]s}}.<ref>This is derived from the NIST value and uncertainty, using the fact that one coulomb is ''exactly'' {{val|2997924580}} statcoulombs. (The conversion is ten times the numerical [[speed of light]] in meters/second.)</ref>
 
== Elementary charge as a unit ==
{{see also|New SI definitions}}
{{Infobox unit
| bgcolour =
| name = Elementary charge &nbsp; <small>(as a [[Units of measurement|unit]] of [[electric charge|charge]])</small>
| image =
| caption =
| standard = [[Atomic units]]
| quantity = [[electric charge]]
| symbol = e
| namedafter =
| units1 = [[coulomb]]
| inunits1 = {{physconst|e|unit=no}}
| units2 =[[statcoulomb]]
| inunits2 ={{val|4.80320425|(10)|e=-10}}
| units3 = √([[MeV]]*[[Femtometre|fm]])
| inunits3 = √1.4399764
| units4 =
| inunits4 =
| units5 =
| inunits5 =
}}
 
In some [[natural unit]] systems, such as  the system of [[atomic units]], ''e'' functions as the [[units of measurement|unit]] of electric charge, that is ''e'' is equal to 1&nbsp;e in those unit systems. The use of elementary charge as a unit was promoted by [[George Johnstone Stoney]] in 1874 for the first system of [[natural units]], called [[Stoney units]].<ref>
{{cite journal
|author=G. J. Stoney
|year=1894
|title=Of the "Electron," or Atom of Electricity
|url=http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Stoney-1894.html
|journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]]
|series=5 |volume=38 |pages=418–420
|doi=10.1080/14786449408620653
}}</ref> Later, he proposed the name ''electron'' for this unit. At the time, the particle we now call the [[electron]] was not yet discovered and the difference between the particle ''electron'' and the unit of charge ''electron'' was still blurred. Later, the name ''electron'' was assigned to the particle and the unit of charge ''e'' lost its name. However, the unit of energy [[electronvolt]] reminds us that the elementary charge was once called ''electron''.
 
The magnitude of the elementary charge was first measured in [[Robert Andrews Millikan|Robert A. Millikan]]'s noted [[oil drop experiment]] in 1909.<ref>[http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/millikanoildrop.html Robert Millikan: The Oil-Drop Experiment]</ref>
 
== Quantization ==
''Charge quantization'' is the principle that the charge of any object is an [[integer]] multiple of the elementary charge.  Thus, e.g., an object's charge can be exactly 0&nbsp;''e'', or exactly 1&nbsp;''e'', −1&nbsp;''e'', 2&nbsp;''e'', etc., but not, say, {{frac|1|2}}&nbsp;''e'', or −3.8&nbsp;''e'', etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.)
 
This is the reason for the terminology "elementary charge": it is meant to imply that it is an indivisible unit of charge.
 
=== Charges less than an elementary charge ===
 
There are two known sorts of exceptions to the indivisibility of the elementary charge: [[quark]]s and [[quasiparticle]]s.
 
*[[Quark]]s, first posited in the 1960s, have quantized charge, but the charge is quantized into multiples of {{frac|1|3}}&thinsp;''e''. However, quarks cannot be seen as isolated particles; they exist only in groupings, and stable groupings of quarks (such as a [[proton]], which consists of three quarks) all have charges that are integer multiples of ''e''. For this reason, either 1&nbsp;''e'' or {{frac|1|3}}&nbsp;''e'' can be justifiably considered to be "the [[quantum]] of charge", depending on the context.
 
*[[Quasiparticle]]s are not particles as such, but rather an [[emergence|emergent]] entity in a complex material system that behaves like a particle. In 1982 [[Robert B. Laughlin|Robert Laughlin]] explained the [[fractional quantum Hall effect]] by postulating the existence of fractionally-charged [[quasiparticle]]s. This theory is now widely accepted, but this is not considered to be a violation of the principle of charge quantization, since quasiparticles are not [[elementary particles]].
 
===What is the quantum of charge?===
 
All known [[elementary particle]]s, including quarks, have charges that are integer multiples of {{frac|1|3}}&nbsp;''e''. Therefore, one can say that the "[[quantum]] of charge" is {{frac|1|3}}&nbsp;''e''. In this case, one says that the "elementary charge" is three times as large as the "quantum of charge".
 
On the other hand, all ''isolatable'' particles have charges that are integer multiples of ''e''. (Quarks cannot be isolated, except in combinations like protons that have total charges that are integer multiples of ''e''.) Therefore, one can say that the "quantum of charge" is ''e'', with the proviso that quarks are not to be included. In this case, "elementary charge" would be synonymous with the "quantum of charge".
 
In fact, both terminologies are used.<ref>''Q is for Quantum'', by John R. Gribbin, Mary Gribbin, Jonathan Gribbin, page 296, [http://books.google.com/books?id=zBsDkgI1uQsC&pg=RA1-PA296 Web link]</ref> For this reason, phrases like "the quantum of charge" or "the indivisible unit of charge" can be ambiguous, unless further specification is given. On the other hand, the term "elementary charge" is unambiguous: It universally refers to the charge of a proton.
 
== Experimental measurements of the elementary charge ==
=== In terms of the Avogadro constant and Faraday constant ===
 
If the [[Avogadro constant]] ''N''<sub>A</sub> and the [[Faraday constant]] ''F'' are independently known, the value of the elementary charge can be deduced, using the formula
::<math>e = \frac{F}{N_{\mathrm{A}}} </math>
(In other words, the charge of one mole of electrons, divided by the number of electrons in a mole, equals the charge of a single electron.)
 
In practice, this method is ''not'' how the ''most accurate'' values are measured today: Nevertheless, it is a legitimate and still quite accurate method, and experimental methodologies are described below:
 
The value of the Avogadro constant ''N''<sub>A</sub> was first approximated by [[Johann Josef Loschmidt]] who, in 1865, estimated the average diameter of the molecules in air by a method that is equivalent to calculating the number of particles in a given volume of gas.<ref>{{cite journal | first = J. | last = Loschmidt | authorlink = Johann Josef Loschmidt | title = Zur Grösse der Luftmoleküle | journal = Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 395–413 | year =1865}} [http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Loschmidt-1865.html English translation].</ref> Today the value of ''N''<sub>A</sub> can be measured at very high accuracy by taking an extremely pure crystal (in practice, often [[silicon]]), measuring how far apart the atoms are spaced using [[X-ray diffraction]] or another method, and accurately measuring the density of the crystal. From this information, one can deduce the mass (''m'') of a single atom; and since the [[molar mass]] (''M'') is known, the number of atoms in a mole can be calculated: ''N''<sub>A</sub>&nbsp;= ''M''/''m''.<ref name=CODATA />
 
The value of ''F'' can be measured directly using [[Faraday's laws of electrolysis]]. Faraday's laws of electrolysis are quantitative relationships based on the electrochemical researches published by [[Michael Faraday]] in 1834.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ehl, Rosemary Gene | coauthors = Ihde, Aaron | title = Faraday's Electrochemical Laws and the Determination of Equivalent Weights | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | year = 1954 | volume = 31 | issue = May | pages = 226–232 | doi = 10.1021/ed031p226 |bibcode = 1954JChEd..31..226E }}</ref> In an [[electrolysis]] experiment, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the electrons passing through the anode-to-cathode wire and the ions that plate onto or off of the anode or cathode. Measuring the mass change of the anode or cathode, and the total charge passing through the wire (which can be measured as the time-integral of [[electric current]]), and also taking into account the molar mass of the ions, one can deduce ''F''.<ref name=CODATA>{{CODATA2006|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?e}}.</ref>
 
The limit to the precision of the method is the measurement of ''F'': the best experimental value has a relative uncertainty of 1.6&nbsp;ppm, about thirty times higher than other modern methods of measuring or calculating the elementary charge.<ref name=CODATA /><ref>{{CODATA1998}}.</ref>
 
=== Oil-drop experiment ===
{{main|Oil-drop experiment}}
A famous method for measuring ''e'' is Millikan's oil-drop experiment. A small drop of oil in an electric field would move at a rate that balanced the forces of [[gravity]], [[viscosity]] (of traveling through the air), and [[electric force]]. The forces due to gravity and viscosity could be calculated based on the size and velocity of the oil drop, so electric force could be deduced. Since electric force, in turn, is the product of the electric charge and the known electric field, the electric charge of the oil drop could be accurately computed. By measuring the charges of many different oil drops, it can be seen that the charges are all integer multiples of a single small charge, namely ''e''.
 
The necessity of measuring the size of the oil droplets can be eliminated by using tiny plastic spheres of a uniform size. The force due to viscosity can be eliminated by adjusting the strength of the electric field so that the sphere hovers motionless.
 
=== Shot noise ===
{{main|Shot noise}}
 
Any [[electric current]] will be associated with [[electronic noise|noise]] from a variety of sources, one of which is [[shot noise]]. Shot noise exists because a current is not a smooth continual flow; instead, a current is made up of discrete electrons that pass by one at a time. By carefully analyzing the noise of a current, the charge of an electron can be calculated. This method, first proposed by [[Walter H. Schottky]], can give only a value of ''e'' accurate to a few percent.<ref>{{Cite arxiv | first1 = Carlo | last1 = Beenakker | first2 = Christian | last2 = Schönenberger | title = Quantum Shot Noise. Fluctuations in the flow of electrons signal the transition from particle to wave behavior | eprint = cond-mat/0605025 | postscript = <!--None-->}}.</ref> However, it was used in the first direct observation of [[Laughlin quasiparticle]]s, implicated in the [[fractional quantum Hall effect]].<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Nature | volume = 389 | issue = 162–164 | year = 1997 | doi = 10.1038/38241 | title = Direct observation of a fractional charge | first1 = R. | last1 = de-Picciotto | first2 = M. | last2 = Reznikov | first3 = M. | last3 = Heiblum | first4 = V. | last4 = Umansky | first5 = G. | last5 = Bunin | first6 = D. | last6 = Mahalu | pages = 162 | postscript = <!--None-->|bibcode = 1997Natur.389..162D }}.</ref>
 
===From the Josephson and von Klitzing constants===
Another accurate method for measuring the elementary charge is by inferring it from measurements of two effects in [[quantum mechanics]]: The [[Josephson effect]], voltage oscillations that arise in certain [[superconducting]] structures; and the [[quantum Hall effect]], a quantum effect of electrons at low temperatures, strong magnetic fields, and confinement into two dimensions. The [[Josephson constant]] is
:<math>K_\mathrm{J} = \frac{2e}{h}</math>
(where ''h'' is the [[Planck constant]]). It can be measured directly using the [[Josephson effect]].
 
The [[von Klitzing constant]] is
:<math>R_\mathrm{K} = \frac{h}{e^2}.</math>
It can be measured directly using the [[quantum Hall effect]].
 
From these two constants, the elementary charge can be deduced:
:<math>e = \frac{2}{R_\mathrm{K} K_\mathrm{J}}.</math>
 
===CODATA method===
In the most recent [[CODATA]] adjustments,<ref name=CODATA /> the elementary charge is not an independently defined quantity. Instead, a value is derived from the relation
:<math>e^2 = \frac{2h \alpha}{\mu_0 c} = 2h \alpha \epsilon_0 c</math>
where ''h'' is the [[Planck constant]], ''α'' is the [[fine structure constant]], ''μ''<sub>0</sub> is the [[magnetic constant]], ''ε''<sub>0</sub> is the [[electric constant]] and ''c'' is the [[speed of light]]. The [[Measurement uncertainty|uncertainty]] in the value of ''e'' is currently determined entirely by the uncertainty in the Planck constant.
 
The most precise values of the Planck constant come from [[watt balance]] experiments, which are currently used to measure the product ''K''{{su|p=2|b=J}}''R''<sub>K</sub>. The most precise values of the fine structure constant come from comparisons of the measured and calculated value of the [[gyromagnetic ratio]] of the electron.<ref name=CODATA />
 
==References==
*'''Fundamentals of Physics''', 7th Ed., Halliday, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker. Wiley, 2005
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Physical constants]]
[[Category:Units of electrical charge]]
 
[[es:Carga eléctrica#Carga eléctrica elemental]]

Revision as of 02:09, 26 February 2013

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The elementary charge, usually denoted as e, is the electric charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the negation (opposite) of the electric charge carried by a single electron.[1] This elementary charge is a fundamental physical constant. To avoid confusion over its sign, e is sometimes called the elementary positive charge. This charge has a measured value of approximately Template:Physconst In the cgs system, e is Template:Val.[2]

Elementary charge as a unit

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In some natural unit systems, such as the system of atomic units, e functions as the unit of electric charge, that is e is equal to 1 e in those unit systems. The use of elementary charge as a unit was promoted by George Johnstone Stoney in 1874 for the first system of natural units, called Stoney units.[3] Later, he proposed the name electron for this unit. At the time, the particle we now call the electron was not yet discovered and the difference between the particle electron and the unit of charge electron was still blurred. Later, the name electron was assigned to the particle and the unit of charge e lost its name. However, the unit of energy electronvolt reminds us that the elementary charge was once called electron.

The magnitude of the elementary charge was first measured in Robert A. Millikan's noted oil drop experiment in 1909.[4]

Quantization

Charge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. Thus, e.g., an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not, say, Template:Frac e, or −3.8 e, etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.)

This is the reason for the terminology "elementary charge": it is meant to imply that it is an indivisible unit of charge.

Charges less than an elementary charge

There are two known sorts of exceptions to the indivisibility of the elementary charge: quarks and quasiparticles.

  • Quarks, first posited in the 1960s, have quantized charge, but the charge is quantized into multiples of Template:Frac e. However, quarks cannot be seen as isolated particles; they exist only in groupings, and stable groupings of quarks (such as a proton, which consists of three quarks) all have charges that are integer multiples of e. For this reason, either 1 e or Template:Frac e can be justifiably considered to be "the quantum of charge", depending on the context.

What is the quantum of charge?

All known elementary particles, including quarks, have charges that are integer multiples of Template:Frac e. Therefore, one can say that the "quantum of charge" is Template:Frac e. In this case, one says that the "elementary charge" is three times as large as the "quantum of charge".

On the other hand, all isolatable particles have charges that are integer multiples of e. (Quarks cannot be isolated, except in combinations like protons that have total charges that are integer multiples of e.) Therefore, one can say that the "quantum of charge" is e, with the proviso that quarks are not to be included. In this case, "elementary charge" would be synonymous with the "quantum of charge".

In fact, both terminologies are used.[5] For this reason, phrases like "the quantum of charge" or "the indivisible unit of charge" can be ambiguous, unless further specification is given. On the other hand, the term "elementary charge" is unambiguous: It universally refers to the charge of a proton.

Experimental measurements of the elementary charge

In terms of the Avogadro constant and Faraday constant

If the Avogadro constant NA and the Faraday constant F are independently known, the value of the elementary charge can be deduced, using the formula

e=FNA

(In other words, the charge of one mole of electrons, divided by the number of electrons in a mole, equals the charge of a single electron.)

In practice, this method is not how the most accurate values are measured today: Nevertheless, it is a legitimate and still quite accurate method, and experimental methodologies are described below:

The value of the Avogadro constant NA was first approximated by Johann Josef Loschmidt who, in 1865, estimated the average diameter of the molecules in air by a method that is equivalent to calculating the number of particles in a given volume of gas.[6] Today the value of NA can be measured at very high accuracy by taking an extremely pure crystal (in practice, often silicon), measuring how far apart the atoms are spaced using X-ray diffraction or another method, and accurately measuring the density of the crystal. From this information, one can deduce the mass (m) of a single atom; and since the molar mass (M) is known, the number of atoms in a mole can be calculated: NA = M/m.[7]

The value of F can be measured directly using Faraday's laws of electrolysis. Faraday's laws of electrolysis are quantitative relationships based on the electrochemical researches published by Michael Faraday in 1834.[8] In an electrolysis experiment, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the electrons passing through the anode-to-cathode wire and the ions that plate onto or off of the anode or cathode. Measuring the mass change of the anode or cathode, and the total charge passing through the wire (which can be measured as the time-integral of electric current), and also taking into account the molar mass of the ions, one can deduce F.[7]

The limit to the precision of the method is the measurement of F: the best experimental value has a relative uncertainty of 1.6 ppm, about thirty times higher than other modern methods of measuring or calculating the elementary charge.[7][9]

Oil-drop experiment

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. A famous method for measuring e is Millikan's oil-drop experiment. A small drop of oil in an electric field would move at a rate that balanced the forces of gravity, viscosity (of traveling through the air), and electric force. The forces due to gravity and viscosity could be calculated based on the size and velocity of the oil drop, so electric force could be deduced. Since electric force, in turn, is the product of the electric charge and the known electric field, the electric charge of the oil drop could be accurately computed. By measuring the charges of many different oil drops, it can be seen that the charges are all integer multiples of a single small charge, namely e.

The necessity of measuring the size of the oil droplets can be eliminated by using tiny plastic spheres of a uniform size. The force due to viscosity can be eliminated by adjusting the strength of the electric field so that the sphere hovers motionless.

Shot noise

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Any electric current will be associated with noise from a variety of sources, one of which is shot noise. Shot noise exists because a current is not a smooth continual flow; instead, a current is made up of discrete electrons that pass by one at a time. By carefully analyzing the noise of a current, the charge of an electron can be calculated. This method, first proposed by Walter H. Schottky, can give only a value of e accurate to a few percent.[10] However, it was used in the first direct observation of Laughlin quasiparticles, implicated in the fractional quantum Hall effect.[11]

From the Josephson and von Klitzing constants

Another accurate method for measuring the elementary charge is by inferring it from measurements of two effects in quantum mechanics: The Josephson effect, voltage oscillations that arise in certain superconducting structures; and the quantum Hall effect, a quantum effect of electrons at low temperatures, strong magnetic fields, and confinement into two dimensions. The Josephson constant is

KJ=2eh

(where h is the Planck constant). It can be measured directly using the Josephson effect.

The von Klitzing constant is

RK=he2.

It can be measured directly using the quantum Hall effect.

From these two constants, the elementary charge can be deduced:

e=2RKKJ.

CODATA method

In the most recent CODATA adjustments,[7] the elementary charge is not an independently defined quantity. Instead, a value is derived from the relation

e2=2hαμ0c=2hαϵ0c

where h is the Planck constant, α is the fine structure constant, μ0 is the magnetic constant, ε0 is the electric constant and c is the speed of light. The uncertainty in the value of e is currently determined entirely by the uncertainty in the Planck constant.

The most precise values of the Planck constant come from watt balance experiments, which are currently used to measure the product KTemplate:SuRK. The most precise values of the fine structure constant come from comparisons of the measured and calculated value of the gyromagnetic ratio of the electron.[7]

References

  • Fundamentals of Physics, 7th Ed., Halliday, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker. Wiley, 2005

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es:Carga eléctrica#Carga eléctrica elemental

  1. ↑ Note that the symbol e has many other meanings. Somewhat confusingly, in atomic physics, e sometimes denotes the electron charge, i.e. the negative of the elementary charge.
  2. ↑ This is derived from the NIST value and uncertainty, using the fact that one coulomb is exactly Template:Val statcoulombs. (The conversion is ten times the numerical speed of light in meters/second.)
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    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  4. ↑ Robert Millikan: The Oil-Drop Experiment
  5. ↑ Q is for Quantum, by John R. Gribbin, Mary Gribbin, Jonathan Gribbin, page 296, Web link
  6. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang English translation.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Template:CODATA2006.
  8. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  9. ↑ Template:CODATA1998.
  10. ↑ Template:Cite arxiv.
  11. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang.
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