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| [[File:BorromeanRings.svg|thumb|The Massey product is an algebraic generalization of the phenomenon of [[Borromean rings]].]]
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| In [[algebraic topology]], the '''Massey product''' is a [[cohomology operation]] of higher order introduced in {{harv|Massey|1958}}, which generalizes the [[cup product]].
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| ==Massey triple product==
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| The Massey product is defined algebraically at the level of chains (at the level of a [[differential graded algebra]], or DGA); the Massey product of elements of cohomology is obtained by lifting the elements to equivalence classes of chains, taking the Massey products of these, and then pushing down to cohomology. This may result in a well-defined cohomology class, or may result in indeterminacy.
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| In a DGA Γ with differential ''d'', the cohomology
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| ''H''(Γ) is an algebra. Define <math>\bar u</math> to be (-1)<sup>deg(''u'')+1</sup>''u''. The cohomology class of an element ''u'' of Γ will be denoted by <nowiki>[</nowiki>''u''<nowiki>]</nowiki>. The Massey triple product of three cohomology classes is defined by
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| :<math>
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| \langle [u],[v],[w]\rangle = \{[\bar s w + \bar u t] \mid ds=\bar u v, dt=\bar v w\}.
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| </math>
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| The Massey product of 3 cohomology classes is not an element of ''H''(Γ) but a set of elements of ''H''(Γ), possibly empty and possibly containing more than one element. If <math>u, v, w</math> have degrees <math>i,j,k,</math> then the Massey product has degree <math>i+j+k-1,</math> with the −1 coming from the differential '''d.''
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| The Massey product is nonempty if the products ''uv'' and ''vw'' are both exact, in which case
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| all its elements are in the same element of the quotient group
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| :<math>\displaystyle
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| H(\Gamma)/([u]H(\Gamma)+H(\Gamma)[w]).
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| </math>
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| So the Massey product can be regarded as a function defined on triples of classes such that the product of the first or last two is zero, taking values in the above quotient group.
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| More casually, if the two pairwise products <math>[u][v]</math> and <math>[v][w]</math> both vanish in homology (<math>[u][v]=[v][w]=0</math>), i.e. <math>uv=ds</math> and <math>vw=dt</math> for some chains <math>s</math> and <math>t</math>, then the triple product <math>[u][v][w]</math> vanishes "for two different reasons" – it is the boundary of <math>sw</math> and <math>ut</math> (since <math>d(sw)=ds\cdot w + s\cdot dw,</math> and <math>[dw]=0</math> because elements of homology are cycles). The bounding chains <math>s</math> and <math>t</math> have indeterminacy, which disappears when one moves to homology, and since <math>sw</math> and <math>ut</math> have the same boundary, subtracting them (the sign convention is to correctly handle the grading) gives a cocycle (the boundary of the difference vanishes), and one thus obtains a well-defined element of cohomology – this step is analogous to defining the ''n''+1st homotopy or homology group in terms of indeterminacy in null-homotopies/null-homologies of ''n''-dimensional maps/chains.
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| Geometrically, in [[singular cohomology]] of a manifold, one can interpret the product dually in terms of bounding manifolds and intersections, following [[Poincaré duality]]: dual to cocycles are cycles, often representable as closed manifolds (without boundary), dual to product is intersection, and dual to the subtraction of the bounding products is gluing the two bounding manifolds together along the boundary, obtaining a closed manifold which represents the homology class dual of the Massey product. In reality homology classes of manifolds cannot always be represented by manifolds – a representing cycle may have singularities – but with this caveat the dual picture is correct.
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| ==Higher order Massey products==
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| More generally the ''n''-fold Massey product ⟨''a''<sub>1,1</sub>, ''a''<sub>2,2</sub>, ...,''a''<sub>''n,n''</sub>⟩ of ''n'' elements of ''H''(Γ) is defined to be the set of elements of the form
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| :<math>\bar a_{1,1}a_{2,n}+\bar a_{1,2}a_{3,n}+\cdots+\bar a_{1,n-1}a_{n,n}</math> | |
| for all solutions of the equations
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| :<math>da_{i,j} = \bar a_{i,i}a_{i+1,j}+\bar a_{i,i+1}a_{i+1,j}+\cdots+\bar a_{i,j-1}a_{j,j}</math>, 1 ≤ ''i'' ≤ ''j'' ≤ ''n'', (''i'',''j'') ≠ (1,''n'').
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| In other words it can be thought of as the obstruction to solving the latter equations for all 1≤''i''≤''j''≤''n'', in the sense that it contains the 0 cohomology class if and only if these equations are solvable.
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| This ''n''-fold Massey product is an ''n''−1 order cohomology operation, meaning that for it to be nonempty many lower order Massey operations have to contain 0, and moreover the cohomology classes it represents all differ by terms involving lower order operations. The 2-fold Massey product is just the usual cup product and is a first order cohomology operation, and the 3-fold Massey product is the same as the triple Massey product defined above and is a [[secondary cohomology operation]].
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| {{harvtxt|May|1969}} described a further generalization called '''Matric Massey products''', which can be used to describe the differentials of the [[Eilenberg–Moore spectral sequence]].
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| ==Applications==
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| [[File:BorromeanRings.svg|thumb|The complement of the [[Borromean rings]] has a non-trivial Massey product.]]
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| The complement of the [[Borromean rings]] gives an example where the triple Massey product is defined and non-zero.
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| If ''u'', ''v'', and ''w'' are 1-cochains dual to the 3 rings, then the product of any two is a multiple of the corresponding [[linking number]] and is therefore zero, while the Massey product of all three elements is non-zero, showing that the Borromean rings are linked. The algebra reflects the geometry: the rings are pairwise unlinked, corresponding to the pairwise (2-fold) products vanishing, but are overall linked, corresponding to the 3-fold product not vanishing.
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| [[File:Brunnian.png|thumb|Non-trivial [[Brunnian links]] correspond to non-vanishing Massey products.]]
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| More generally, ''n''-component [[Brunnian links]] – links such that any (''n'' − 1)-component sublink is unlinked, but the overall ''n''-component link is non-trivially linked – correspond to ''n''-fold Massey products, with the unlinking of the (''n'' − 1)-component sublink corresponding to the vanishing of the (''n'' − 1)-fold Massey products, and the overall ''n''-component linking corresponding to the non-vanishing of the ''n''-fold Massey product.
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| {{harvtxt|Uehara|Massey|1957}} used the Massey triple product to prove that the [[Whitehead product]] satisfies the [[Jacobi identity]].
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| Massey products of higher order appear when computing [[twisted K-theory]] by means of the [[Atiyah–Hirzebruch spectral sequence]] (AHSS). In particular, if ''H'' is the twist 3-class, {{harvtxt|Atiyah|Segal|2008}} showed that, rationally, the higher order differentials
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| :<math>d_{2p+1}\ </math>
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| in the AHSS acting on a class ''x'' are given by the Massey product of ''p'' copies of ''H'' with a single copy of ''x''.
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| A manifold on which all Massey products vanish is a [[formal manifold]]: its real homotopy type follows ("formally") from its real cohomology ring.
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| {{Harv|Deligne|Griffiths|Morgan|Sullivan|1975}} showed Kähler manifolds are formal.
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| {{harvtxt|Salvatore|Longoni|2005}} use a Massey product to show that the [[homotopy type]] of the [[configuration space]] of two points in a [[lens space]] depends non-trivially on the [[simple homotopy type]] of the lens space.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Toda bracket]]
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| ==References==
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| *{{Citation | last1=Atiyah | first1=Michael | author1-link=Michael Atiyah | last2=Segal | first2=Graeme | title=Inspired by S. S. Chern | arxiv=math.KT/0510674 | publisher=World Sci. Publ., Hackensack, NJ | series=Nankai Tracts Math. | mr=2307274 | year=2006 | volume=11 | chapter=Twisted K-theory and cohomology | pages=5–43}}
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| *{{citation
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| |last1=Deligne|first1=P.|last2=Griffiths|first2=Ph.|last3=Morgan|first3=J.|last4=Sullivan|first4=D., |title=Real homotopy theory of Kähler manifolds|journal=Invent. Math.|volume=29|year=1975|pages=245–274
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| |doi=10.1007/BF01389853
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| |issue=3}}
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| *{{citation|mr=0098366|authorlink=William S. Massey|last=Massey|first= William. S. |chapter=Some higher order cohomology operations. |year= 1958 |title=Symposium internacional de topología algebraica (International symposium on algebraic topology) | pages= 145–154 |publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and UNESCO|publication-place= Mexico City}}
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| *{{citation|mr=0238929|authorlink=J. Peter May|last= May|first= J. Peter |title=Matric Massey products|journal= J. Algebra|volume= 12 |year=1969|pages= 533–568|doi=10.1016/0021-8693(69)90027-1|issue=4 }}
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| *{{Citation | last1=McCleary | first1=John | title=A User's Guide to Spectral Sequences | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | edition=2nd | series=Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics | isbn=978-0-521-56759-6 | doi=10.2277/0521567599 | mr=1793722 | year=2001 | volume=58 | postscript=, Chapter 8, "Massey products", pp. 302–304; "Higher order Massey products", pp. 305–310; "Matric Massey products", pp. 311–312}}
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| *{{citation|last1= Salvatore| first1=Paolo| last2=Longoni| first2=Riccardo| title=Configuration spaces are not homotopy invariant| journal= Topology |volume= 44| year=2005|pages=375–380|doi= 10.1016/j.top.2004.11.002|issue= 2}}
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| *{{citation|mr=0091473
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| |last=Uehara|first= Hiroshi|last2= Massey|first2= W. S.
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| |chapter=The Jacobi identity for Whitehead products|title= Algebraic geometry and topology. A symposium in honor of S. Lefschetz|pages= 361–377|publisher= Princeton University Press|publication-place= Princeton, N. J.,|year= 1957}}
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| [[Category:Algebraic topology]]
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| [[Category:Differential topology]]
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| [[Category:Ternary operations]]
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