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| {{Linear analog electronic filter|filter2=hide|filter3=hide}}
| | By making smoking a part of your lifestyle, you are actually bringing yourself closer to your own grave. The best part about it is that any of these are curable. In some traditional societies, a man without children was regarded as an outcast. There you can get a FREE 5 Day Lovemaking e-Course which covers step by step solutions, specific techniques for lasting longer in bed, how to intesify orgasms for both of you, how to increase sexual desire on a each day basis, how to get out of your normal lovemaking routine and shake things up, plus SO Much Much more. When pressure is taken off of the heart, the risk of susceptibility to diseases related to poor cardiovascular health is dramatically reduced. <br><br>A good suggestion is to eat 5-6 meals each day about the size of your fist. This environment thus promotes the growth of the anaerobic bacteria. A large number of thousand older men are suffering from this term. Read effective Herbal Treatment for Male Infertility. Alcohol or drug abuse: Drugs such as antidepressants, sedatives, and antihypertensives have been known to contribute to impotence. <br><br>Here I am going to share with you some of those consequences and also offer you some information on a fairly unknown but incredibly dramatic way to help reverse the damage. We would want you to become familiar with the process of drug taking. In such cases, there will be no physical factors accompanying erectile dysfunction. She recently wrote the best post on Tech - Crunch for months, a fascinating survey of Silicon Valley "mafias", and her latest book, Brilliant, Crazy, Cocky, is the result of forty weeks travelling around Asia, Africa and South America, conducting an exhaustive survey of entrepreneurialism in emerging economies. Nausea and constipation are common symptoms of Paxil. <br><br>Men will typically need more zinc than females to provide enough zinc content to seminal fluids, but neither should ever go overboard. Fifty percent of men who are diagnosed with prostate cancer can likewise temporarily suffer from erectile dysfunction. Thanks to the Internet, women can find a plethora of information to help them understand and learn more about different types of breast enlargement methods. But if you want a proper medicine and confirm antidote just for this dysfunction, then you really should buy tadalafil. Caffeine is a stimulant and can actually cause stress. <br><br>It is very essential for you to search for a plastic surgeon New York who has the authentic credentials. After the surgery it was seen that these women experience greater level of urinary function while the men experiencing more severe condition of Erectile Dysfunction. At present, extract of this health supplement is a widely prescribed cure for treating reproductive disorders. These might become the deciding factor when trying to prove adultery or cruelty. There's no doubt that pressing one's crotch into a hard bicycle seat puts tremendous pressure on the nerves and blood vessels that feed the penis.<br><br>If you have any questions relating to where by and how to use [http://www.eiaculazione-precoce.info/ homeopathic remedies for erectile dysfunction], you can speak to us at the web page. |
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| An '''elliptic filter''' (also known as a '''Cauer filter''', named after [[Wilhelm Cauer]], or as a '''Zolotarev filter''', after [[Yegor Zolotarev]]) is a [[filter (signal processing)|signal processing filter]] with equalized [[ripple (filters)|ripple]] ([[equiripple]]) behavior in both the [[passband]] and the [[stopband]]. The amount of ripple in each band is independently adjustable, and no other filter of equal order can have a faster transition in [[gain]] between the [[passband]] and the [[stopband]], for the given values of ripple (whether the ripple is equalized or not). Alternatively, one may give up the ability to independently adjust the passband and stopband ripple, and instead design a filter which is maximally insensitive to component variations.
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| As the ripple in the stopband approaches zero, the filter becomes a type I [[Chebyshev filter]]. As the ripple in the passband approaches zero, the filter becomes a type II [[Chebyshev filter]] and finally, as both ripple values approach zero, the filter becomes a [[Butterworth filter]].
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| The gain of a [[lowpass]] elliptic filter as a function of angular frequency ω is given by:
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| :<math>
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| G_n(\omega) = {1 \over \sqrt{1 + \epsilon^2 R_n^2(\xi,\omega/\omega_0)}}
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| </math> | |
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| where R<sub>n</sub> is the ''n''th-order [[Elliptic rational functions|elliptic rational function]] (sometimes known as a Chebyshev rational function) and
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| :<math>\omega_0</math> is the cutoff frequency
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| :<math>\epsilon</math> is the ripple factor
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| :<math>\xi</math> is the selectivity factor
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| The value of the ripple factor specifies the passband ripple, while the combination of the ripple factor and the selectivity factor specify the stopband ripple.
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| == Properties ==
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| [[File:Elliptic Filter Response (4th Order).svg|thumb|right|350px|The frequency response of a fourth-order elliptic low-pass filter with ε=0.5 and ξ=1.05. Also shown are the minimum gain in the passband and the maximum gain in the stopband, and the transition region between normalized frequency 1 and ξ]]
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| [[File:Elliptic Filter Response (4th Order, Detail).svg|thumb|right|340px|A closeup of the transition region of the above plot.]]
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| * In the passband, the elliptic rational function varies between zero and unity. The passband of the gain therefore will vary between 1 and <math>1/\sqrt{1+\epsilon^2}</math>.
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| * In the stopband, the elliptic rational function varies between infinity and the discrimination factor <math>L_n</math> which is defined as:
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| :<math>L_n=R_n(\xi,\xi)\,</math>
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| :The gain of the stopband therefore will vary between 0 and <math>1/\sqrt{1+\epsilon^2L_n^2}</math>.
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| * In the limit of <math>\xi \rightarrow \infty</math> the elliptic rational function becomes a [[Chebyshev polynomial]], and therefore the filter becomes a [[Chebyshev filter|Chebyshev type I filter]], with ripple factor ε
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| * Since the Butterworth filter is a limiting form of the Chebyshev filter, it follows that in the limit of <math>\xi \rightarrow \infty</math>, <math>\omega_0 \rightarrow 0</math> and <math>\epsilon \rightarrow 0</math> such that <math>\epsilon\,R_n(\xi,1/\omega_0)=1</math> the filter becomes a [[Butterworth filter]]
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| * In the limit of <math>\xi \rightarrow \infty</math>, <math>\epsilon \rightarrow 0</math> and <math>\omega_0\rightarrow 0</math> such that <math>\xi\omega_0=1</math> and <math>\epsilon L_n=\alpha</math>, the filter becomes a [[Chebyshev filter|Chebyshev type II filter]] with gain
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| ::<math>G(\omega)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{\alpha^2 T^2_n(1/\omega)}}}</math>
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| <br style="clear:both;" />
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| == Poles and zeroes ==
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| [[File:Elliptic Filter s-Plane Response (8th Order).svg|right|thumb|300px|Log of the absolute value of the gain of an 8th order elliptic filter in [[complex frequency space]] (s=σ+jω) with ε=0.5, ξ=1.05 and <math>\omega_0=1</math>. The white spots are poles and the black spots are zeroes. There are a total of 16 poles and 8 double zeroes. What appears to be a single pole and zero near the transition region is actually four poles and two double zeroes as shown in the expanded view below. In this image, black corresponds to a gain of 0.0001 or less and white corresponds to a gain of 10 or more.]]
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| [[File:Elliptic Filter s-Plane Response (8th Order, Detail).svg|right|thumb|300px|An expanded view in the transition region of the above image, resolving the four poles and two double zeroes.]]
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| The zeroes of the gain of an elliptic filter will coincide with the poles of the elliptic rational function, which are derived in the article on [[elliptic rational functions]].
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| The poles of the gain of an elliptic filter may be derived in a manner very similar to the derivation of the poles of the gain of a type I [[Chebyshev filter]]. For simplicity, assume that the cutoff frequency is equal to unity. The poles <math>(\omega_{pm})</math> of the gain of the elliptical filter will be the zeroes of the denominator of the gain. Using the complex frequency <math>s=\sigma+j\omega</math> this means that:
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| :<math>1+\epsilon^2R_n^2(-js,\xi)=0\,</math>
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| Defining <math>-js=\mathrm{cd}(w,1/\xi)</math> where cd() is the [[Jacobi elliptic functions|Jacobi elliptic cosine function]] and using the definition of the elliptic rational functions yields:
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| :<math>1+\epsilon^2\mathrm{cd}^2\left(\frac{nwK_n}{K},\frac{1}{L_n}\right)=0\,</math>
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| where <math>K=K(1/\xi)</math> and <math>K_n=K(1/L_n)</math>. Solving for ''w''
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| :<math>w=\frac{K}{nK_n}\mathrm{cd}^{-1}\left(\frac{\pm j}{\epsilon},\frac{1}{L_n}\right)+\frac{mK}{n}</math>
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| where the multiple values of the inverse cd() function are made explicit using the integer index ''m''.
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| The poles of the elliptic gain function are then:
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| :<math>s_{pm}=i\,\mathrm{cd}(w,1/\xi)\,</math>
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| As is the case for the Chebyshev polynomials, this may be expressed in explicitly complex form {{harv|Lutovac|et al.|2001|loc=§ 12.8}}
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| :<math>s_{pm}=\frac{a+jb}{c}</math>
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| :<math>a=-\zeta_n\sqrt{1-\zeta_n^2}\sqrt{1-x_m^2}\sqrt{1-x_m^2/\xi^2}</math>
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| :<math>b=x_m\sqrt{1-\zeta_n^2(1-1/\xi^2)}</math>
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| :<math>c=1-\zeta_n^2+x_i^2\zeta_n^2/\xi^2</math>
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| where <math>\zeta_n</math> is a function of <math>n,\,\epsilon</math> and <math>\xi</math> and <math>x_m</math> are the zeroes of the elliptic rational function. <math>\zeta_n</math> is expressible for all ''n'' in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions, or algebraically for some orders, especially orders 1,2, and 3. For orders 1 and 2 we have
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| :<math>\zeta_1=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon^2}}</math>
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| :<math>\zeta_2=\frac{2}{(1+t)\sqrt{1+\epsilon^2}+\sqrt{(1-t)^2+\epsilon^2(1+t)^2}}</math>
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| where
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| :<math>t=\sqrt{1-1/\xi^2}</math>
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| The algebraic expression for <math>\zeta_3</math> is rather involved (See {{harvtxt|Lutovac|et al.|2001|loc=§ 12.8.1}}).
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| The nesting property of the [[elliptic rational functions]] can be used to build up higher order expressions for <math>\zeta_n</math>:
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| :<math>\zeta_{m\cdot n}(\xi,\epsilon)=
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| \zeta_m\left(\xi,\sqrt{\frac{1}{\zeta_n^2(L_m,\epsilon)}-1}\right)</math>
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| where <math>L_m=R_m(\xi,\xi)</math>.
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| == Minimum Q-factor elliptic filters ==
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| [[Image:Elliptic8 Qfactor.png|300px|thumb|right|
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| The normalized Q-factors of the poles of an 8-th order elliptic filter with ξ=1.1 as a function of ripple factor ε. Each curve represents four poles, since complex conjugate pole pairs and positive-negative pole pairs have the same Q-factor. (The blue and cyan curves nearly coincide). The Q-factor of all poles are simultaneously minimized at ε<sub>Qmin</sub>=1/√L<sub>n</sub>=0.02323...]]
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| See {{harvtxt|Lutovac|et al.|2001|loc=§ 12.11, 13.14}}.
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| Elliptic filters are generally specified by requiring a particular value for the passband ripple, stopband ripple and the sharpness of the cutoff. This will generally specify a minimum value of the filter order which must be used. Another design consideration is the sensitivity of the gain function to the values of the electronic components used to build the filter. This sensitivity is inversely proportional to the quality factor ([[Q-factor]]) of the poles of the transfer function of the filter. The Q-factor of a pole is defined as:
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| :<math>Q =-\frac{|s_{pm}|}{2\mathrm{Re} (s_{pm})} = -\frac{1}{2\cos(\arg(s_{pm}))}</math>
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| and is a measure of the influence of the pole on the gain function. For an elliptic filter, it happens that, for a given order, there exists a relationship between the ripple factor and selectivity factor which simultaneously minimizes the Q-factor of all poles in the transfer function:
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| :<math>\epsilon_{Qmin}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{L_n(\xi)}}</math>
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| This results in a filter which is maximally insensitive to component variations, but the ability to independently specify the passband and stopband ripples will be lost. For such filters, as the order increases, the ripple in both bands will decrease and the rate of cutoff will increase. If one decides to use a minimum-Q elliptic filter in order to achieve a particular minimum ripple in the filter bands along with a particular rate of cutoff, the order needed will generally be greater than the order one would otherwise need without the minimum-Q restriction. An image of the absolute value of the gain will look very much like the image in the previous section, except that the poles are arranged in a circle rather than an ellipse. They will not be evenly spaced and there will be zeroes on the ω axis, unlike the [[Butterworth filter]], whose poles are also arranged in a circle.
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| ==Comparison with other linear filters==
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| Here is an image showing the elliptic filter next to other common kind of filters obtained with the same number of coefficients:
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| [[Image:Electronic linear filters.svg|500px|center]] | |
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| As is clear from the image, elliptic filters are sharper than all the others, but they show ripples on the whole bandwidth.
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| == References ==
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| * {{cite book |last=Daniels |first=Richard W. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Approximation Methods for Electronic Filter Design |year=1974 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |isbn=0-07-015308-6 }}
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| * {{cite book |last=Lutovac |first=Miroslav D. |coauthors= Tosic, Dejan V., Evans, Brian L. |title=Filter Design for Signal Processing using MATLAB© and Mathematica© |year=2001 |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=New Jersey, USA |isbn=0-201-36130-2|ref=CITEREFLutovac_et_al.}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Elliptic Filter}}
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| [[Category:Linear filters]]
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| [[Category:Network synthesis filters]]
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| [[Category:Electronic design]]
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