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{{Redirect|Eutectic|the sports mascot|St. Louis College of Pharmacy#Mascot}} | |||
[[File:Eutectic system phase diagram.svg|thumb|350px|A phase diagram for a fictitious binary chemical mixture (with the two components denoted by ''A'' and ''B'') used to depict the eutectic composition, temperature, and point. (''L'' denotes the liquid state.)]] | |||
A '''eutectic system''' is a [[mixture]] of chemical compounds or elements that have a single [[chemical composition]] that [[solidification|solidifies]] at a lower temperature than any other composition made up of the same ingredients. This composition is known as the ''eutectic composition'' and the temperature at which it solidifies is known as the ''eutectic temperature''. | |||
== | On a [[phase diagram]] the [[Intersection (set theory)|intersection]] of the eutectic temperature and the eutectic composition gives the ''eutectic point''.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Hashemi|2006|pp=326–327}}.</ref> Non-eutectic mixtures will display solidification of one component of the mixture before the other. Not all [[binary alloy]]s have a eutectic point; for example, in the silver-gold system the melt temperature ([[liquidus]]) and freeze temperature ([[solidus (chemistry)|solidus]]) both increase [[Monotonic function|monotonically]] as the mix changes from pure silver to pure gold.<ref>http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/fact/phase_diagram.php?file=Ag-Au.jpg&dir=SGTE</ref> | ||
==Eutectic reaction== | |||
[[File:Various eutectic structures.png|thumb|Four eutectic structures: A) lamellar B) rod-like C) globular D) acicular.]] | |||
== | The eutectic reaction is defined as follows:<ref name="smith327">{{harvnb|Smith|Hashemi|2006|p=327}}.</ref> | ||
:<math>\text{Liquid} \xrightarrow[\text{cooling}]{\text{eutectic temperature}} \alpha \,\, \text{solid solution} + \beta \,\, \text{solid solution}</math> | |||
This type of reaction is an [[invariant reaction]], because it is in [[thermal equilibrium]]; another way to define this is the [[Gibbs free energy]] equals zero. Tangibly, this means the liquid and two [[solid solution]]s all coexist at the same time and are in [[chemical equilibrium]]. There is also a [[thermal arrest]] for the duration of the change of phase during which the temperature of the system does not change.<ref name="smith327"/> | |||
The resulting solid [[macrostructure]] from a eutectic reaction depends on a few factors. The most important factor is how the two solid solutions nucleate and grow. The most common structure is a [[lamellar structure]], but other possible structures include rodlike, globular, and [[Acicular (crystal habit)|acicular]].<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Hashemi|2006|pp=332–333}}.</ref> | |||
==Non-eutectic compositions== | |||
Compositions of eutectic systems that are not the eutectic composition are called either ''hypoeutectic'' or ''hypereutectic''. Hypoeutectic compositions are those to the left of the eutectic composition while hypereutectic compositions are those to the right. As the temperature of a non-eutectic composition is lowered the liquid mixture will precipitate one component of the mixture before the other.<ref name="smith327"/> | |||
==Types== | |||
===Alloys=== | |||
Eutectic [[alloy]]s have two or more materials and have a eutectic composition. When a non-eutectic alloy solidifies, its components solidify at different temperatures, exhibiting a plastic melting range. Conversely, when a well-mixed, eutectic alloy melts, it does so at a single, sharp temperature. The various phase transformations that occur during the solidification of a particular alloy composition can be understood by drawing a vertical line from the liquid phase to the solid phase on the phase diagram for that alloy. | |||
Some uses include: | |||
*Eutectic alloys for [[soldering]], composed of [[tin]] (Sn), [[lead]] (Pb) and sometimes [[silver]] (Ag) or [[gold]] (Au) — especially [[Solder#Solder alloys|Sn{{sub|63}}Pb{{sub|37}}]] alloy formula for electronics | |||
*Casting alloys, such as [[aluminium]]-[[silicon]] and [[cast iron]] (at the composition of 4.3% carbon in iron producing an [[austenite]]-[[cementite]] eutectic) | |||
*[[Silicon chip]]s are bonded to gold-plated substrates through a silicon-gold eutectic by the application of [[ultrasound|ultrasonic]] energy to the chip. See [[eutectic bonding]]. | |||
*[[Brazing]], where diffusion can remove alloying elements from the joint, so that eutectic melting is only possible early in the brazing process | |||
*Temperature response, e.g., [[Wood's metal]] and [[Field's metal]] for [[fire sprinkler]]s | |||
*Non-toxic [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] replacements, such as [[galinstan]] | |||
*Experimental [[amorphous metal|glassy metals]], with extremely high strength and [[corrosion]] resistance | |||
*Eutectic alloys of [[sodium]] and [[potassium]] ([[NaK]]) that are liquid at room temperature and used as [[coolant]] in experimental [[Fast neutron reactor|fast neutron nuclear reactor]]s. | |||
===Others=== | |||
* [[Sodium chloride]] and [[water]] form a eutectic mixture whose eutectic point is −21.2˚C<ref>{{cite web | last = Muldrew | first = Ken | coauthors = Locksley E. McGann | year = 1997 | url = http://www.ucalgary.ca/~kmuldrew/cryo_course/cryo_chap6_1.html | title = Phase Diagrams | work = Cryobiology—A Short Course | publisher = University of Calgary | accessdate = 2006-04-29}}</ref> and 23.3% salt by mass.<ref>{{cite web | last = Senese | first = Fred | year = 1999 | url = http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/solutions/faq/saltwater-ice-volume.shtml | title = Does salt water expand as much as fresh water does when it freezes? | work = Solutions: Frequently asked questions | publisher = Department of Chemistry, Frostburg State University | accessdate = 2006-04-29}}</ref> The eutectic nature of salt and water is exploited when salt is spread on roads to aid [[snow removal]], or mixed with ice to produce low temperatures (for example, in traditional [[ice cream]] making). | |||
* Ethanol–water has an unusually biased{{huh|date=November 2013}} eutectic point. [[File:Phase diagram ethanol water s l en.svg|thumb|Solid-liquid phase change of ethanol water mixtures]] | |||
* "Solar salt", 60% NaNO<sub>3</sub> and 40% KNO<sub>3</sub>, forms a eutectic molten salt mixture which is used for [[thermal energy storage]] in [[concentrated solar power]] plants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Molten salts properties|url=http://www.archimedesolarenergy.com/molten_salt.htm|work=Archimede Solar Plant Specs}}</ref> To reduce the eutectic melting point in the solar molten salts [[calcium nitrate]] is used in the following proportion: 42% Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, 43% KNO<sub>3,</sub> and 15% NaNO<sub>3</sub>. | |||
* [[Lidocaine]] and [[prilocaine|prilocaine—]]<nowiki/>both are solids at room temperature—form a eutectic that is an oil with a {{convert|16|C|abbr=on}} melting point that is used in [[eutectic mixture of local anesthetic]] (EMLA) preparations. | |||
* [[Menthol]] and [[camphor]], both solids at room temperature, form a eutectic that is a liquid at room temperature in the following proportions: 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5. Both substances are common ingredients in pharmacy extemporaneous preparations.{{clarification needed|date=November 2013}}{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} | |||
* [[Mineral]]s may form eutectic mixtures in [[igneous]] rocks, giving rise to characteristic [[Rock microstructure#Graphic and other intergrowth textures|intergrowth textures]] exhibited by [[granophyre]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Fichter | first = Lynn S. | year = 2000 | url = http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/IgnRx/Phasdgrm.html | title = Igneous Phase Diagrams | work = Igneous Rocks | publisher = James Madison University | accessdate = 2006-04-29}}</ref> | |||
* Some inks are eutectic mixtures, allowing [[inkjet printer]]s to operate at lower temperatures.<ref>{{cite web | last = Davies | first = Nicholas A. | coauthors = Beatrice M. Nicholas | year = 1992 | url = http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=ptxt&s1=5298062.WKU.&OS=PN/5298062&RS=PN/5298062 | title = Eutectic compositions for hot melt jet inks | work = US Patent & Trademark Office, Patent Full Text and Image Database | publisher = United States Patent and Trademark Office | accessdate = 2006-04-29}}</ref> | |||
== Other critical points== | |||
===Eutectoid=== | |||
[[File:Steel pd.svg|thumb|right|300px|Iron-carbon phase diagram, showing the eutectoid transformation between austenite (γ) and pearlite.]] | |||
When the solution above the transformation point is solid, rather than liquid, an analogous eutectoid transformation can occur. For instance, in the iron-carbon system, the [[austenite]] phase can undergo a eutectoid transformation to produce [[Ferrite (iron)|ferrite]] and cementite, often in lamellar structures such as [[pearlite]] and [[bainite]]. This eutectoid point occurs at {{convert|727|C|abbr=on}} and about 0.76% carbon.<ref>[http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE2094_NoteBook/96ClassProj/examples/kimcon.html Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram Example<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | |||
===Peritectoid=== | |||
A ''peritectoid'' transformation is a type of [[isothermal]] [[reversible reaction]] that have two solid [[Phase (matter)|phase]]s reacting with each other upon cooling of a binary, ternary, ..., <math>n\!</math> [[alloy]] to create a completely different and single solid phase.<ref name="Gold Book PAC,1994,66,588">IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Electronic version. [http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04501.html "Peritectoid Reaction"] Retrieved May 22, 2007.</ref> The reaction plays a key role in the order and [[decomposition]] of [[quasicrystalline]] phases in several alloy types.<ref>Numerical Model of Peritectoid Transformation. [http://doc.tms.org/ezMerchant/prodtms.nsf/ProductLookupItemID/MMTA-9910-2563/$FILE/MMTA-9910-2563F.pdf?OpenElement Peritectoid Transformation] Retrieved May 22, 2007. {{Dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref> | |||
===Peritectic=== | |||
Peritectic transformations are also similar to eutectic reactions. Here, a liquid and solid phase of fixed proportions react at a fixed temperature to yield a single solid phase. Since the solid product forms at the interface between the two reactants, it can form a diffusion barrier and generally causes such reactions to proceed much more slowly than eutectic or eutectoid transformations. Because of this, when a peritectic composition solidifies it does not show the [[lamellar structure]] that is found with eutectic solidification. | |||
Such a transformation exists in the iron-carbon system, as seen near the upper-left corner of the figure. It resembles an inverted eutectic, with the δ phase combining with the liquid to produce pure [[austenite]] at {{convert|1495|C|abbr=on}} and 0.17% carbon. | |||
[[File:Phasendiagramm Gold-Aluminium.svg|right|300px|thumb|Gold-aluminium [[phase diagram]] (German). Top axis title reads "Weight-percent Gold", lower axis title reads "Atomic-percent Gold"]] | |||
Peritectic decomposition. Up to this point in the discussion transformations have been addressed from the point of view of cooling. They also can be discussed noting the changes that occur to some solid [[chemical compounds]] as they are heated. Rather than melting, at the peritectic decomposition temperature, the compound decomposes into another solid compound and a liquid. The proportion of each is determined by the [[lever rule]]. The vocabulary changes slightly. Just as the cooling of water, which leads to [[ice]], is termed [[freezing]], the warming of ice leads to [[melting]]. In the [[Gold-aluminium intermetallic|Al-Au]] phase diagram, for example, it can be seen that only two of the phases melt congruently, [[Gold-aluminium intermetallic|AuAl<sub>2</sub>]] and [[Gold-aluminium intermetallic|Au<sub>2</sub>Al]]. The rest peritectically decompose. | |||
==Eutectic calculation== | |||
The composition and temperature of a eutectic can be calculated from enthalpy and entropy of fusion of each components.<ref>International Journal of Modern Physics C, Vol. 15, No. 5. (2004), pp. 675-687</ref> | |||
The free Gibbs enthalpy G depends | |||
on its own differential by Eq. | |||
<math> | |||
G = H - TS \Rightarrow {\left\{ | |||
\begin{array}{l} | |||
H = G + TS \\ | |||
\\ | |||
{\left( {\frac{\partial G}{\partial T}} \right)_P = - S} | |||
\end{array} | |||
\right.} | |||
\Rightarrow H = G - T\left( {\frac{\partial G}{\partial T}} | |||
\right)_P . | |||
</math> | |||
Thus, the G/T derivative at constant pressure is calculated by | |||
equation Eq. | |||
<math> | |||
\left( {\frac{\partial G / T}{\partial T}} \right)_P | |||
= | |||
\frac{1}{T}\left( {\frac{\partial G}{\partial T}} \right)_P - \frac{1}{T^{2}}G | |||
= | |||
- \frac{1}{T^{2}}\left( {G - T\left({\frac{\partial G}{\partial T}} \right)_P | |||
} \right) | |||
= - \frac{H}{T^{2}} | |||
</math> | |||
The chemical potential <math>\mu _{i}</math> is calculated if we assume the activity is equal to the | |||
concentration we suppose the activity equal to the concentration. | |||
<math> | |||
\mu _i = \mu _i^\circ + RT\ln \frac{a_i}{a} \approx \mu _i^\circ + | |||
RT\ln x_i | |||
</math> | |||
At the equilibrium, <math>\mu_i =0</math>, thus <math>\mu_i^\circ</math> is obtained by: | |||
<math> | |||
\mu _i = \mu _i^\circ + RT\ln x_i = 0 \Rightarrow \mu _i^\circ = - | |||
RT\ln x_i. | |||
</math> | |||
Using and integrating gives Eq. | |||
<math>\begin{array}{l} | |||
\left( {\frac{\partial \mu _i / T}{\partial T}} \right)_P = \frac{\partial | |||
}{\partial T}\left( {R\ln x_i } \right) \Rightarrow R\ln x_i = - | |||
\frac{H_i | |||
^\circ }{T} + K \\ | |||
\\ | |||
\end{array} | |||
</math> | |||
The integration constant K may be determined for a pure | |||
component with a melting temperature <math>T^\circ</math> and an enthalpy of | |||
fusion <math>H^\circ</math> Eq. | |||
<math> | |||
x_i = 1 \Rightarrow T = T_i^\circ \Rightarrow K = \frac{H_i^\circ | |||
}{T_i^\circ } | |||
</math> | |||
We obtain a relation that determines | |||
the molar fraction as a function of the temperature for each | |||
component. | |||
<math> | |||
R\ln x_i = - \frac{H_i ^\circ }{T} + \frac{H_i^\circ }{T_i^\circ } | |||
</math> | |||
The mixture of n components is described by the system | |||
<math> | |||
\begin{array}{l} | |||
\left\{ {{\begin{array}{*{20}c} | |||
{\ln x_i + \frac{H_i ^\circ }{RT} - \frac{H_i^\circ }{RT_i^\circ } = | |||
0} \\ | |||
{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {x_i = 1} } \\ | |||
\end{array} }} \right. \\ | |||
\\ | |||
\end{array} | |||
</math> | |||
<math> | |||
\begin{array}{l} | |||
\left\{ {{\begin{array}{*{20}c} | |||
{\forall i < n \Rightarrow \ln x_i + \frac{H_i ^\circ }{RT} - | |||
\frac{H_i^\circ }{RT_i^\circ } = 0} \\ | |||
{\ln \left( {1 - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n - 1} {x_i } } \right) + | |||
\frac{H_n | |||
^\circ }{RT} - \frac{H_n^\circ }{RT_n^\circ } = 0} \\ | |||
\end{array} }} \right. \\ | |||
\\ | |||
\end{array} | |||
</math> | |||
that can be solved by | |||
<math> | |||
\begin{array}{c} | |||
\left[ {{\begin{array}{*{20}c} | |||
{\Delta x_1 } \\ | |||
{\Delta x_2 } \\ | |||
{\Delta x_3 } \\ | |||
\vdots \\ | |||
{\Delta x_{n - 1} } \\ | |||
{\Delta T} \\ | |||
\end{array} }} \right] = \left[ {{\begin{array}{*{20}c} | |||
{1 / x_1 } & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & { - \frac{H_1^\circ }{RT^{2}}} \\ | |||
0 & {1 / x_2 } & 0 & 0 & 0 & { - \frac{H_2^\circ }{RT^{2}}} \\ | |||
0 & 0 & {1 / x_3 } & 0 & 0 & { - \frac{H_3^\circ }{RT^{2}}} \\ | |||
0 & 0 & 0 & \ddots & 0 & { - \frac{H_4^\circ }{RT^{2}}} \\ | |||
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & {1 / x_{n - 1} } & { - \frac{H_{n - 1}^\circ }{RT^{2}}} | |||
\\ | |||
{\frac{ - 1}{1 - \sum\limits_{1 = 1}^{n - 1} {x_i } }} & {\frac{ - 1}{1 - | |||
\sum\limits_{1 = 1}^{n - 1} {x_i } }} & {\frac{ - 1}{1 - | |||
\sum\limits_{1 = 1}^{n - 1} {x_i } }} & {\frac{ - 1}{1 - | |||
\sum\limits_{1 = 1}^{n - 1} {x_i } }} & {\frac{ - 1}{1 - | |||
\sum\limits_{1 = 1}^{n - 1} {x_i } }} & { - | |||
\frac{H_n^\circ }{RT^{2}}} \\ | |||
\end{array} }} \right]^{ - 1} | |||
.\left[ {{\begin{array}{*{20}c} | |||
{\ln x_1 + \frac{H_1 ^\circ }{RT} - \frac{H_1^\circ }{RT_1^\circ }} | |||
\\ | |||
{\ln x_2 + \frac{H_2 ^\circ }{RT} - \frac{H_2^\circ }{RT_2^\circ }} | |||
\\ | |||
{\ln x_3 + \frac{H_3 ^\circ }{RT} - \frac{H_3^\circ }{RT_3^\circ }} | |||
\\ | |||
\vdots \\ | |||
{\ln x_{n - 1} + \frac{H_{n - 1} ^\circ }{RT} - \frac{H_{n - 1}^\circ | |||
}{RT_{n - 1i}^\circ }} \\ | |||
{\ln \left( {1 - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n - 1} {x_i } } \right) + \frac{H_n | |||
^\circ }{RT} - \frac{H_n^\circ }{RT_n^\circ }} \\ | |||
\end{array} }} \right] | |||
\end{array} | |||
</math> | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Azeotrope]], constant boiling mixture | |||
*[[Freezing-point depression]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
===Bibliography=== | |||
*{{Citation | last = Smith | first = William F. | last2 = Hashemi | first2 = Javad | title = Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering | edition = 4th | year = 2006 | publisher = McGraw-Hill | isbn = 0-07-295358-6 | postscript =.}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
{{Wiktionary|eutectic}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
| last = Askeland | |||
| first = Donald R. | |||
| coauthors = Pradeep P. Phule | |||
| year = 2005 | |||
| title = The Science and Engineering of Materials | |||
| publisher = Thomson-Engineering | |||
| isbn = 0-534-55396-6 | |||
}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
| last = Easterling | |||
| first = Edward | |||
| year = 1992 | |||
| title = Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys | |||
| publisher = CRC | |||
| isbn = 0-7487-5741-4 | |||
}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
| last = Mortimer | |||
| first = Robert G. | |||
| year = 2000 | |||
| title = Physical Chemistry | |||
| publisher = Academic Press | |||
| isbn = 0-12-508345-9 | |||
}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
| last = Reed-Hill | |||
| first = R.E. | |||
| authorlink = | |||
| coauthors = Reza Abbaschian | |||
| year = 1992 | |||
| title = Physical Metallurgy Principles | |||
| publisher =Thomson-Engineering | |||
| isbn = 0-534-92173-6 | |||
}} | |||
*{{cite web | |||
| last = Sadoway | |||
| first = Donald | |||
| year = 2004 | |||
| url = http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Materials-Science-and-Engineering/3-091Fall-2004/6ECFB930-9D59-4DD5-A872-FE48002587B0/0/notes_10.pdf | |||
| title = Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagrams | |||
| format = pdf | |||
| work = 3.091 Introduction to Solid State Chemistry, Fall 2004 | |||
| publisher = MIT Open Courseware | |||
| accessdate = 2006-04-12 | |||
| authorlink = Donald Sadoway | |||
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20051020162911/http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Materials-Science-and-Engineering/3-091Fall-2004/6ECFB930-9D59-4DD5-A872-FE48002587B0/0/notes_10.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2005-10-20}} | |||
[[Category:Metallurgy]] | |||
[[Category:Geochemistry]] | |||
[[Category:Phase transitions]] |
Revision as of 17:43, 19 January 2014
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A eutectic system is a mixture of chemical compounds or elements that have a single chemical composition that solidifies at a lower temperature than any other composition made up of the same ingredients. This composition is known as the eutectic composition and the temperature at which it solidifies is known as the eutectic temperature.
On a phase diagram the intersection of the eutectic temperature and the eutectic composition gives the eutectic point.[1] Non-eutectic mixtures will display solidification of one component of the mixture before the other. Not all binary alloys have a eutectic point; for example, in the silver-gold system the melt temperature (liquidus) and freeze temperature (solidus) both increase monotonically as the mix changes from pure silver to pure gold.[2]
Eutectic reaction
The eutectic reaction is defined as follows:[3]
This type of reaction is an invariant reaction, because it is in thermal equilibrium; another way to define this is the Gibbs free energy equals zero. Tangibly, this means the liquid and two solid solutions all coexist at the same time and are in chemical equilibrium. There is also a thermal arrest for the duration of the change of phase during which the temperature of the system does not change.[3]
The resulting solid macrostructure from a eutectic reaction depends on a few factors. The most important factor is how the two solid solutions nucleate and grow. The most common structure is a lamellar structure, but other possible structures include rodlike, globular, and acicular.[4]
Non-eutectic compositions
Compositions of eutectic systems that are not the eutectic composition are called either hypoeutectic or hypereutectic. Hypoeutectic compositions are those to the left of the eutectic composition while hypereutectic compositions are those to the right. As the temperature of a non-eutectic composition is lowered the liquid mixture will precipitate one component of the mixture before the other.[3]
Types
Alloys
Eutectic alloys have two or more materials and have a eutectic composition. When a non-eutectic alloy solidifies, its components solidify at different temperatures, exhibiting a plastic melting range. Conversely, when a well-mixed, eutectic alloy melts, it does so at a single, sharp temperature. The various phase transformations that occur during the solidification of a particular alloy composition can be understood by drawing a vertical line from the liquid phase to the solid phase on the phase diagram for that alloy.
Some uses include:
- Eutectic alloys for soldering, composed of tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and sometimes silver (Ag) or gold (Au) — especially SnI'm associate in 3 nationwide model tax preparation stores in Pennsylvania. I see common people with widespread tax issues and sometimes, not so widespread issues. I plan to put in writing about a few of these points in order that others can learn and hopefully understand our complicated income tax system a little bit better.
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If you have a Filipino spouse, the property is held in his/her identify, not yours. And if the partner dies, the property must move to a child or-if there are not any kids-to a relative of the deceased. Renting, on the other hand, is simple. And cheap-you could find leases starting as little as $200 a month. Few properties are listed on the Internet, though, so finding a rental lengthy-distance is tough. As a substitute, are available in individual and e-book into a resort for a number of days whilst you scout an area. Most apartments for lease have signs outdoors with prices and phone numbers, and most offer lengthy-term rental choices. The aged woman has been moved to a different nursing house. Residential a hundred% BOUGHT. Business previous couple of units Rare Landed Housing Estate in Serangoon Backyard
Hire is just not low-cost in Japan. You pay lease, real property dealer charges, deposit cash of several months, and never all the deposit will be returned because the proprietor will use it for repairing if you end up moving out. It is the customized right here to interchange wallpapers etc. and to supply the article for rent once more in very good situation to the following consumer. Whereas the reinvigorated immigration reform debate promises to immediate extra discussion about border safety and transnational crime , Congressional Quarterly's annual release of crime price statistics highlights how safe some parts of the Southwest are. A nursing home alongside Braddell Street has been suspended from admitting new patients with effect from 12 April after a patient was reported to have been mistreated.PbI'm associate in 3 nationwide model tax preparation stores in Pennsylvania. I see common people with widespread tax issues and sometimes, not so widespread issues. I plan to put in writing about a few of these points in order that others can learn and hopefully understand our complicated income tax system a little bit better.
Singapore's place is that Malaysia has misplaced its proper to evaluation the water worth. The Water Agreement offered for the review after 25 years. Specifically, there was a right to assessment the worth of water jointly in 1987. Changi / Pasir Ris (D17-18) Greenview Crescent- Model New Semi Indifferent Home @6.5mil neg Freehold cluster landed nestled inside unique Seletar Hills! 14xxpsf view this project 10xxpsf view this project 2xxxpsf view this mission Residential Items Absolutely Sold. view this undertaking ALL ITEMS FULLY OFFERED view this project Exclusions from the scope of Residential Tax Rates (for Non-Proprietor-Occupied Residential Properties) Hospital, hospice, or place for rehabilitation, convalescence, nursing care or related functions 2013 3Q Convention - Conversat
In fact I am in search of a room in Singapore and this lady named Vanessa Regan, 23 years outdated claimed that she is a wedding planner and her father owns a flat in 22 Cairnhill Road, [http://friendshop.cf/blogs/viewstory/2479 executive condominium singapore]. I feel she is similar individual which the members above met previously with completely different names such as Christina MacQuillan. I just obtained 3 e mail from3 different persons providing a nice room right here in Singapore with a very cheap monthly hire. It is quite doubtful so I searched their names within the Internet and I'm so glad i found this and didn't fell to their lure of sending them cash by way of Western Union. A person wants a license to stroll round nude in his/her property. it's still up on the market. I am happy with the situation and your GOVERNMENT FURNISHED HOUSE
Like I advised you earlier than that this isn't concerning the cash, which is why our price is very reasonable. The residence had simply been renovated with safety entry system put in. We just want someone to take good care of the apartment while we're away. I'm very involved in regards to the state of my kitchen and loo. Some of the furnishings had been moved to the shop room under lock and key. This could be positioned back when you like but I may also discuss that with my husband.
I will like to tell you that each rooms are still vacant and the hire for each room is $600 monthly while the bond is $400 and the hire consists of all utilities payments, so you don't want to pay any extra bills when you transfer into the apartment. I'm solely giving out my rooms just to place an finish to my loneliness in the apartment and never because of the hire price or something. So i guess that is the reason why my rooms are so low cost. I respect your response to my inquiry. Am all for buying it AIR SERVICE and I'll such as you to know that you will not be Saying "i will like to buy this item from you" without mentioning what the item is should have tipped me off. asking Value I Request, really now I am not on the town, I will be there purchase faux Australian passports,
There perhaps a bit drawback however I will attempt to work things out with my husband. He purchased the house as a result of he normally does enterprise in New York however we just need to lease it for the interval we will probably be out of the states. This will probably be at least 6 years or more. My husband was considering promoting off the property but modified his thoughts as a result of we still have other long run plans for the place. We wish to know the precise length you need to sign up for the house. We wish to start leasing ranging from September/October.
If you have a Filipino spouse, the property is held in his/her identify, not yours. And if the partner dies, the property must move to a child or-if there are not any kids-to a relative of the deceased. Renting, on the other hand, is simple. And cheap-you could find leases starting as little as $200 a month. Few properties are listed on the Internet, though, so finding a rental lengthy-distance is tough. As a substitute, are available in individual and e-book into a resort for a number of days whilst you scout an area. Most apartments for lease have signs outdoors with prices and phone numbers, and most offer lengthy-term rental choices. The aged woman has been moved to a different nursing house. Residential a hundred% BOUGHT. Business previous couple of units Rare Landed Housing Estate in Serangoon Backyard
Hire is just not low-cost in Japan. You pay lease, real property dealer charges, deposit cash of several months, and never all the deposit will be returned because the proprietor will use it for repairing if you end up moving out. It is the customized right here to interchange wallpapers etc. and to supply the article for rent once more in very good situation to the following consumer. Whereas the reinvigorated immigration reform debate promises to immediate extra discussion about border safety and transnational crime , Congressional Quarterly's annual release of crime price statistics highlights how safe some parts of the Southwest are. A nursing home alongside Braddell Street has been suspended from admitting new patients with effect from 12 April after a patient was reported to have been mistreated. alloy formula for electronics - Casting alloys, such as aluminium-silicon and cast iron (at the composition of 4.3% carbon in iron producing an austenite-cementite eutectic)
- Silicon chips are bonded to gold-plated substrates through a silicon-gold eutectic by the application of ultrasonic energy to the chip. See eutectic bonding.
- Brazing, where diffusion can remove alloying elements from the joint, so that eutectic melting is only possible early in the brazing process
- Temperature response, e.g., Wood's metal and Field's metal for fire sprinklers
- Non-toxic mercury replacements, such as galinstan
- Experimental glassy metals, with extremely high strength and corrosion resistance
- Eutectic alloys of sodium and potassium (NaK) that are liquid at room temperature and used as coolant in experimental fast neutron nuclear reactors.
Others
- Sodium chloride and water form a eutectic mixture whose eutectic point is −21.2˚C[5] and 23.3% salt by mass.[6] The eutectic nature of salt and water is exploited when salt is spread on roads to aid snow removal, or mixed with ice to produce low temperatures (for example, in traditional ice cream making).
- Ethanol–water has an unusually biasedTemplate:Huh eutectic point.
- "Solar salt", 60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3, forms a eutectic molten salt mixture which is used for thermal energy storage in concentrated solar power plants.[7] To reduce the eutectic melting point in the solar molten salts calcium nitrate is used in the following proportion: 42% Ca(NO3)2, 43% KNO3, and 15% NaNO3.
- Lidocaine and prilocaine—both are solids at room temperature—form a eutectic that is an oil with a Template:Convert melting point that is used in eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) preparations.
- Menthol and camphor, both solids at room temperature, form a eutectic that is a liquid at room temperature in the following proportions: 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5. Both substances are common ingredients in pharmacy extemporaneous preparations.Template:Clarification neededPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
- Minerals may form eutectic mixtures in igneous rocks, giving rise to characteristic intergrowth textures exhibited by granophyre.[8]
- Some inks are eutectic mixtures, allowing inkjet printers to operate at lower temperatures.[9]
Other critical points
Eutectoid
When the solution above the transformation point is solid, rather than liquid, an analogous eutectoid transformation can occur. For instance, in the iron-carbon system, the austenite phase can undergo a eutectoid transformation to produce ferrite and cementite, often in lamellar structures such as pearlite and bainite. This eutectoid point occurs at Template:Convert and about 0.76% carbon.[10]
Peritectoid
A peritectoid transformation is a type of isothermal reversible reaction that have two solid phases reacting with each other upon cooling of a binary, ternary, ..., alloy to create a completely different and single solid phase.[11] The reaction plays a key role in the order and decomposition of quasicrystalline phases in several alloy types.[12]
Peritectic
Peritectic transformations are also similar to eutectic reactions. Here, a liquid and solid phase of fixed proportions react at a fixed temperature to yield a single solid phase. Since the solid product forms at the interface between the two reactants, it can form a diffusion barrier and generally causes such reactions to proceed much more slowly than eutectic or eutectoid transformations. Because of this, when a peritectic composition solidifies it does not show the lamellar structure that is found with eutectic solidification.
Such a transformation exists in the iron-carbon system, as seen near the upper-left corner of the figure. It resembles an inverted eutectic, with the δ phase combining with the liquid to produce pure austenite at Template:Convert and 0.17% carbon.
Peritectic decomposition. Up to this point in the discussion transformations have been addressed from the point of view of cooling. They also can be discussed noting the changes that occur to some solid chemical compounds as they are heated. Rather than melting, at the peritectic decomposition temperature, the compound decomposes into another solid compound and a liquid. The proportion of each is determined by the lever rule. The vocabulary changes slightly. Just as the cooling of water, which leads to ice, is termed freezing, the warming of ice leads to melting. In the Al-Au phase diagram, for example, it can be seen that only two of the phases melt congruently, AuAl2 and Au2Al. The rest peritectically decompose.
Eutectic calculation
The composition and temperature of a eutectic can be calculated from enthalpy and entropy of fusion of each components.[13]
The free Gibbs enthalpy G depends on its own differential by Eq.
Thus, the G/T derivative at constant pressure is calculated by equation Eq.
The chemical potential is calculated if we assume the activity is equal to the concentration we suppose the activity equal to the concentration.
At the equilibrium, , thus is obtained by:
Using and integrating gives Eq.
The integration constant K may be determined for a pure component with a melting temperature and an enthalpy of fusion Eq.
We obtain a relation that determines the molar fraction as a function of the temperature for each component.
The mixture of n components is described by the system
that can be solved by
See also
- Azeotrope, constant boiling mixture
- Freezing-point depression
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
Bibliography
- Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
Further reading
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Achievers are all the time the first to check new technologies & providers that can help them enhance their sales. When property guru first began, many brokers didn't consider in it until they began listening to other colleagues getting unbelievable outcomes. Most brokers needs to see proof first, before they dare to take the first step in attempting. These are often the late comers or late adopters. There is a purpose why top achievers are heading the wave or heading the best way. Just because they try new properties in singapore issues ahead of others. The rest just observe after!
Firstly, a Fraudulent Misrepresentation is one that is made knowingly by the Representor that it was false or if it was made without belief in its fact or made recklessly without concerning whether or not it is true or false. For instance estate agent A told the potential consumers that the tenure of a landed property they are considering is freehold when it is really one with a ninety nine-yr leasehold! A is responsible of constructing a fraudulent misrepresentation if he is aware of that the tenure is the truth is a ninety nine-yr leasehold instead of it being freehold or he didn't consider that the tenure of the house was freehold or he had made the assertion with out caring whether or not the tenure of the topic property is in fact freehold.
I such as you to be, am a brand new projects specialist. You've got the conception that new tasks personnel should be showflat certain. Should you're eager, let me train you the right way to master the entire show flats island vast as a substitute of getting to stay just at 1 place. Is that attainable you may ask, well, I've achieved it in 6 months, you can too. Which company is well-recognized and is actually dedicated for developing rookie within the industry in venture sales market with success? Can a rookie join the company's core group from day one? I wish to propose a third class, which I have been grooming my agents in the direction of, and that is as a Huttons agent, you will be able to market and have knowledge of ALL Huttons projects, and if essential, projects exterior of Huttons as properly.
GPS has assembled a high workforce of personnel who are additionally well-known figures in the native actual property scene to pioneer this up-and-coming organization. At GPS Alliance, WE LEAD THE WAY! Many people have asked me how I managed to earn S$114,000 from my sales job (my third job) at age 24. The reply is easy. After graduation from NUS with a Historical past diploma, my first job was in actual estate. Within the ultimate part of this series, I interview one of the top agents in ERA Horizon Group and share with you the secrets to his success! Learn it RIGHT HERE
Notice that the application must be submitted by the appointed Key Government Officer (KEO) such as the CEO, COO, or MD. Once the KEO has submitted the mandatory paperwork and assuming all documents are in order, an email notification shall be sent stating that the applying is permitted. No hardcopy of the license might be issued. A delicate-copy could be downloaded and printed by logging into the CEA website. It takes roughly four-6 weeks to course of an utility.
- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/fact/phase_diagram.php?file=Ag-Au.jpg&dir=SGTE
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram Example
- ↑ IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Electronic version. "Peritectoid Reaction" Retrieved May 22, 2007.
- ↑ Numerical Model of Peritectoid Transformation. Peritectoid Transformation Retrieved May 22, 2007. Template:Dead link
- ↑ International Journal of Modern Physics C, Vol. 15, No. 5. (2004), pp. 675-687