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{{About|the satellite|other uses|Oscar (disambiguation)}}
[[File:OSCAR 1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|OSCAR 1]]
'''OSCAR''' is an acronym for '''Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio'''. OSCAR series [[amateur radio satellite]]s use [[amateur radio frequency allocations]] to facilitate communication between [[amateur radio]] stations. AMSAT was started by a group of Amateur Radio Operators most of whom were working at or associated with Goddard Space Center north of Washington DC.


These satellites can be used for free by licensed [[amateur radio operator]]s for voice ([[Frequency modulation|FM]], [[Single-sideband modulation|SSB]]) and data communications ([[AX.25]], [[packet radio]], [[Automatic Packet Reporting System|APRS]]). Currently over 5 fully operational satellites in orbit act as [[repeater]]s, [[Transponder (satellite communications)|linear transponders]] or [[store and forward]] digital relays.


The beginning of this project was very humble. The satellite had to be built in a very specific shape and weight the place of one of the weights used to balance the payload in the rocket stage. By NASA specification, it could not contain any propulsion system so as not to pose danger to the expensive payload the Thor Agena launch vehicle was carrying.
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Throughout the years OSCAR satellites have helped make breakthroughs in the science of satellite communications. A few advancements include the launch of the first satellite voice [[transponder]] (OSCAR 3) and the development of highly advanced [[Digital data|digital]] [[Store and forward|"store-and-forward"]] messaging transponder techniques. To date, over 70 OSCARs have been launched.
 
==OSCAR 1==
[[File:Amateur Radio Satellite USSR stamp.jpg|thumb|100px|right|USSR postal stamp depicting amateur radio satellites, RS-1 and RS-2]]
 
The first amateur satellite, simply named OSCAR 1, was launched on December 12, 1961, barely four years after the launch of world's first satellite, [[Sputnik I]]. OSCAR 1 was the first satellite to be ejected as a secondary payload (Discoverer 36) and subsequently enter a separate orbit. Despite being in orbit for only 22 days OSCAR 1 was an immediate success with over 570 [[amateur radio operator]]s in 28 countries forwarding observations to Project OSCAR.
 
==OSCAR 10==
Most of the components for OSCAR 10 were "off the shelf" and tested by group members. Jan King lead the project. Solar cells were bought in batches of 10 or 20 from Radio Shack & tested for efficiency by group members (A. Sergio Torloni then a senior in high school) the most efficient cells were kept for the project, the rest were returned to RadioShack. Once ready, OSCAR 10 was mounted aboard a private plane & flown on a couple of occasions to evaluate its performance & reliability.  Special QSL cards were issued to those who participated in the airplane based flights.  Once it was found to be operative & reliable, the satellite was shipped to Kennedy Space Center where it was mounted in the 3rd stage of the launch vehicle.
 
==OSCAR satellite communications==
 
Currently OSCAR satellites support many different types of operation including [[Frequency modulation|FM]] voice, [[Single-sideband modulation|SSB]] voice, as well as digital communications of [[AX.25]] [[Frequency-shift keying|FSK]] ([[Packet radio]]) and [[PSK31|PSK-31]].
 
===Mode designators===
:Historically OSCAR [[uplink]] (transmit to) and [[downlink]] (receive from) frequencies were designated using single letter codes.
::*Mode A: [[2 meters|2 m]] uplink / [[10 meters|10 m]] downlink
::*Mode B: [[70 cm]] uplink / [[2 meters|2 m]] downlink
::*Mode J: [[2 meters|2 m]] uplink / [[70 cm]] downlink
 
:New [[uplink]] and [[downlink]] designations use sets of paired letters following the structure '''X/Y''' where '''X''' is the [[uplink]] band and '''Y''' is the [[downlink]] band.
 
::{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Designator
|<center>'''H'''</center>
|<center>'''A'''</center>
|<center>'''V'''</center>
|<center>'''U'''</center>
|<center>'''L'''</center>
|<center>'''S'''</center>
|<center>'''S2'''</center>
|<center>'''C'''</center>
|<center>'''X'''</center>
|<center>'''K'''</center>
|<center>'''R'''</center>
|-
!Band
|[[15 meters|15 m]]
|[[10 meters|10 m]]
|[[2 meters|2 m]]
|[[70 centimeters|70 cm]]
|[[23 centimeters|23 cm]]
|[[13 centimeters|13 cm]]
|[[9 centimeters|9 cm]]
|[[5 centimeters|5 cm]]
|[[3 centimeters|3 cm]]
|[[1.2 centimeters|1.2 cm]]
|[[6 millimeters|6 mm]]
|-
!Frequency<br />(General)
|21&nbsp;MHz
|29&nbsp;MHz
|145&nbsp;MHz
|435&nbsp;MHz
|1.2&nbsp;GHz
|2.4&nbsp;GHz
|3.4&nbsp;GHz
|5&nbsp;GHz
|10&nbsp;GHz
|24&nbsp;GHz
|47&nbsp;GHz
|-
|}
 
===Doppler shift===
Due to the high orbital speed of the OSCAR satellites, the [[uplink]] and [[downlink]] [[frequencies]] will vary during the course of a satellite pass. This phenomenon is known as the [[Doppler effect]]. While the [[satellite]] is moving towards the ground station, the downlink frequency will appear to be ''higher'' than normal and therefore, the receiver frequency at the ground station must be adjusted ''higher'' in order to continue receiving the [[satellite]]. The satellite in turn, will be receiving the uplink signal at a ''higher'' frequency than normal so the ground station's transmitted uplink frequency must be ''lower'' in order to be received by the satellite. After the satellite passes overhead and begins to move away, this process reverses itself. The downlink frequency will appear ''lower'' and the uplink frequency will need to be adjusted ''higher''. The following mathematical formulas relate the doppler shift to the [[velocity]] of the satellite.
 
{|
!Where:
|-
|<math>f_d</math>||width="40"| = || doppler corrected downlink frequency
|-
|<math>f_u</math>|| = || doppler corrected uplink frequency
|-
|<math>f</math>|| = || original frequency
|-
|<math>v</math>|| = || velocity of the satellite relative to ground station in [[meter|m]]/[[second|s]].<br />Positive when moving towards, negative when moving away.
|-
|<math>c</math>|| = || the speed of light in a vacuum (<math>3\times10^8</math>&nbsp; [[meter|m]]/[[second|s]]).
|-
|}
 
{|
!Change in frequency||Downlink Correction||Uplink Correction
|-
|width="40%"|<center><math>\Delta f=f\times\frac{v}{c}</math></center>||width="40%"|<center><math>f_d=f(1+\frac{v}{c})</math></center> ||width="40%|<center><math>f_u=f(1-\frac{v}{c})</math></center>
|}
 
Due to the complexity of finding the [[relative velocity]] of the satellite and the speed with which these corrections must be made, these calculations are normally accomplished using satellite tracking [[software]]. Many modern [[transceiver]]s include a [[computer interface]] that allows for automatic [[doppler effect|doppler effect correction]]. Manual frequency-shift correction is possible, but it is difficult to remain precisely near the frequency. [[Frequency modulation]] is more tolerant of doppler shifts than [[single-sideband]], and therefore FM is much easier to tune manually.
 
==Satellites previously launched==
The names of the satellites below are sorted in [[chronological]] order by launch date, ascending. The status column denotes the current operational status of the satellite. <span style="color:green;">'''Green'''</span> signifies that the satellite is currently operational, <span style="color:#f88017;">'''orange'''</span> indicates that the satellite is partially operational or failing. <span style="color:red;"> '''Red'''</span> indicates that the satellite is non operational and <span style="color:black;"> '''black'''</span> indicates that the satellite has re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. The ''country'' listing denotes the country that constructed the satellite and not the launching country.
:{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name ([[List of acronyms and initialisms: A#AK|a.k.a.]])
!Status
!Launched
!Country
|-
|[[OSCAR 1|OSCAR]] (OSCAR 1)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|1961-12-12
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[OSCAR 2|OSCAR II]] (OSCAR 2)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|1962-06-02
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[OSCAR 3|OSCAR III]] (OSCAR 3, EGRS-3)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1965-03-09
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[OSCAR 4|OSCAR IV]] (OSCAR 4)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|1965-12-21
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Australis-OSCAR 5]] (OSCAR 5, AO-5, AO-A)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1970-01-23
|[[Australia]]
|-
|[[AMSAT-OSCAR 6]] (OSCAR 6, AO-6, AO-C, P2A)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1972-10-15
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[AMSAT-OSCAR 7]] (OSCAR 7, AO-7, AO-B, P2B)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|1974-11-15
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[AMSAT-OSCAR 8]] (OSCAR 8, AO-8, AO-D, P2D)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1978-03-05
|[[USA]]/[[Canada]]/[[Germany]]/[[Japan]]
|-
|[[Radio Sputnik 1]] (RadioSkaf-1, RS-1)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1978-10-26
|[[USSR]]
|-
|[[Radio Sputnik 2]] (RadioSkaf-2, RS-2)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1978-10-26
|[[USSR]]
|-
|[[UoSat-OSCAR 9]] (UOSAT 1, UO-9)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|1981-10-06
|[[UK]]
|-
|[[Radio Sputniks RS3 through RS8]]
| style="color: white; background: black" | Non-Operational
|1981-12-17
|[[USSR]]
|-
|[[AMSAT-OSCAR 10]] (Phase 3B, AO-10, P3B)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1983-06-16
|[[USA]]/[[Germany]]
|-
|[[UO-11|UoSat-OSCAR 11]] (UoSat-2, UO-11, UoSAT-B)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|1984-03-01
|[[UK]]
|-
|[[Fuji-OSCAR 12]] (JAS 1, FO-12)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1986-08-12
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[[Radio Sputnik 10/11]] (RadioSkaf-10/11, RS-10/11, COSMOS 1861)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1987-06-23
|[[USSR]]
|-
|[[AMSAT-OSCAR 13]] (Phase 3C, AO-13, P3C)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|1988-06-15
|[[Germany]]
|-
|[[UOSAT-OSCAR 14]] (UoSAT-3, UO-14 UoSAT-D)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1990-01-22
|[[UK]]
|-
|[[UOSAT-OSCAR 15]] (UoSAT-4, UO-15, UoSAT-E)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1990-01-22
|[[UK]]
|-
|[[AMSAT-OSCAR 16]] (Pacsat, AO-16, Microsat-1)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|1990-01-22
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Dove-OSCAR 17]] (Dove, DO-17, Microsat-2)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1990-01-22
|[[Brazil]]
|-
|[[Weber-OSCAR 18]] (WeberSAT, WO-18, Microsat-3)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1990-01-22
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[LUSAT-OSCAR 19]] (LUSAT, LO-19, Microsat-4)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1990-01-22
|[[Argentina]]
|-
|[[Fuji-OSCAR 20]] (JAS 1B, FO-20, Fuji-1B)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1990-02-07
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[[AMSAT-OSCAR 21]] (RS-14, AO-21, Informator-1)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1991-01-29
|[[Russia]]
|-
|[[Radio Sputnik 12/13]] (RadioSkaf-12/13, RS-12/13, COSMOS 2123)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1991-02-05
|[[Russia]]
|-
|[[UoSat-OSCAR 22]] (UOSAT 5, UO-22 UoSAT-F)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1991-07-17
|[[UK]]
|-
|[[KitSAT-OSCAR 23]] (KITSAT 1, KO-23, Uribyol-1)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1992-08-10
|[[Korea]]
|-
|[[Arsene-OSCAR 24]] (Arsene, AO-24)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1993-05-12
|[[France]]
|-
|[[KitSAT-OSCAR 25]] (KITSAT B, KO-25, Kitsat-2, Uribyol-2)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1993-09-26
|[[Korea]]
|-
|[[Italy-OSCAR 26]] (ITAMSAT, IO-26)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1993-09-26
|[[Italy]]
|-
|[http://www.ao27.org/AO27/index.shtml AMRAD-OSCAR 27] (EYESAT-1, AO-27)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1993-09-26
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[POSAT-OSCAR 28]] (POSAT, PO-28, Posat-1)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1993-09-26
|[[Portugal]]
|-
|[[Radio Sputnik 15]] (RadioSkaf-15, RS-15, Radio-ROSTO)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|1994-12-26
|[[Russia]]
|-
|[[Fuji-OSCAR 29]] (JAS 2, FO-29, Fuji-2)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|1996-08-17
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[[Mexico-OSCAR 30]] (UNAMSAT-2, MO-30, Unamsat-B, Kosmos-2334)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1996-09-05
|[[Mexico]]/[[Russia]]
|-
|[[Thai-Microsatellite-OSCAR 31]] (TMSAT-1, TO-31)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1998-07-10
|[[Thailand]]
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=14 Gurwin-OSCAR 32] (GO-32, Gurwin-1b, Techsat-1b)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1998-07-10
|[[Israel]]
|-
|[[SEDSat-OSCAR 33]] (SEDSat, SO-33, SEDsat-1)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|1998-10-24
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Pansat-OSCAR 34]] (PAN SAT, PO-34)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1998-10-29
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[ARISS]] (ARISS)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|
|International
|-
|[[SUNSAT|Sunsat-OSCAR 35]] (SUNSAT, SO-35)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1999-02-23
|[[South Africa]]
|-
|[[UoSat-OSCAR 36]] (UOSAT 12, UO-36)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1999-04-21
|[[UK]]
|-
|[[ASU-OSCAR 37]] (AO-37, ASUsat-1, ASUSAT)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-01-27
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[OPAL-OSCAR 38]] (OO-38, StenSat, OPAL)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-01-27
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Weber-OSCAR 39]] (WO-39, JAWSAT)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-01-27
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Saudi-OSCAR 41]] (SO-41, Saudisat 1A)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-09-26
|[[Saudi Arabia]]
|-
|[[Saudi-OSCAR 42]] (SO-42, Saudisat 1B)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-09-26
|[[Saudi Arabia]]
|-
|[[Malaysian-OSCAR 46]] (MO-46, [[TIUNGSAT-1]])
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-09-26
|[[Malaysia]]
|-
|[[AO-40|AMSAT-OSCAR 40]] (AO-40, Phase 3D, P3D)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-11-16
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Starshine-OSCAR 43]] (SO-43, Starshine 3)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2001-09-30
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Navy-OSCAR 44]] (NO-44, PCSat)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|2001-09-30
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Navy-OSCAR 45]] (NO-45, Sapphire)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2001-09-30
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[BreizhSAT-OSCAR 47]] (BO-47, IDEFIX CU1)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2002-05-04
|[[France]]
|-
|[[BreizhSAT-OSCAR 48]] (BO-48, IDEFIX CU2)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2002-05-04
|[[France]]
|-
|[[AATiS-OSCAR 49]] (AO-49, Safir-M, RUBIN 2)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2002-12-20
|[[Germany]]
|-
|[[Saudi-OSCAR 50]] (SO-50, Saudisat-1C)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2002-12-20
|[[Saudi Arabia]]
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=69 CubeSat-OSCAR 55] (Cute-1)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2003-06-30
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=96 CubeSat-OSCAR 57] (CubeSat-XI-IV)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2003-06-30
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[[CanX-1]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2003-06-30
|[[Canada]]
|-
|[[DTUSat]]
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2003-06-30
|[[Denmark]]
|-
|[[AAU Cubesat]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2003-06-30
|[[Denmark]]
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=76 RS-22] (Mozhayets 4)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2003-09-27
|[[Russia]]
|-
|[[AO-51|AMSAT-OSCAR 51]] (Echo, AO-51)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2004-06-28
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[VUSat-OSCAR 52]] ([[HAMSAT]], VO-52, VUSat)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2005-05-05
|[[India]] / [[Netherlands]]
|-
|[[PCSat2]] (PCSAT2)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2005-08-03
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Suitsat|AMSAT-OSCAR 54]] (AO-54, SuitSat, Radioskaf)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2005-09-08
|International
|-
|[[eXpress-OSCAR 53]] (XO-53, SSETI Express)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2005-10-27
|[[ESA]]
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=97 CubeSat-OSCAR 58] (CO-58, Cubesat XI-V)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2005-10-27
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[[UWE-1]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2005-10-27
|[[Germany]]
|-
|[[NCube-2]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2005-10-27
|[[Norway]]
|-
|[[CUTE-1.7|CubeSat-OSCAR 56]] (CO-56, Cute-1.7)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-02-21
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[[K7RR-Sat]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[CP2 (Satellite)|CP2]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[HAUSAT 1]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[South Korea]]
|-
|[[ICE Cube 1]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[ICE Cube 2]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[ION (satellite)|ION]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[KUTESat]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[MEROPE]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[nCUBE 1]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|-
|[[RINCON]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[SACRED]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[SEEDS (satellite)|SEEDS]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[[Voyager (communications satellite)|Voyager]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[PicPot]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-07-26
|[[Italy]]
|-
|[[HITSat-OSCAR 59]] (HITSat, HO-59)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-09-22
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=107 GeneSat-1]
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2006-12-16
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Navy-OSCAR 60]] (RAFT, NO-60)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2006-12-21
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Navy-OSCAR 61]] (ANDE, NO-61)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2006-12-21
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Navy-OSCAR 62]] (FCAL, NO-62)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2006-12-21
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Libertad-1]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2007-04-17
|[[Colombia]]
|-
|[[CAPE-1]]
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|2007-04-17
|[[USA]]
|-
|CP3
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2007-04-17
|[[USA]]
|-
|CP4
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2007-04-17
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Pehuensat-OSCAR 63]] (PEHUENSAT-1, PO-63)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2007-10-01
|[[Argentina]]
|-
|[[Delfi-C3|Delfi-OSCAR 64]] (Delfi-C3, DO-64)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|2008-04-28
|[[Netherlands]]
|-
|[[CUTE-1.7|Cubesat-OSCAR 65]] (Cute-1.7+APD II, CO-65)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2008-04-28
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[[Cubesat-OSCAR 66]] (SEED II, CO-66)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2008-04-28
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[[COMPASS-1]]
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|2008-04-28
|[[Germany]]
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=115 RS-30 ](Yubileiny)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2008-05-23
|[[Russia]]
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=119 PRISM ](HITOMI)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2009-01-23
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=120 KKS-1 ](KISEKI)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2009-01-23
|[[Japan]]
|-
|STARS (KUKAI)
| style="color: white; background: gray" | Unknown
|2009-01-23
|[[Japan]]
|-
|Castor
| style="color: white; background: gray" | Unknown
|2009-07-30
|[[USA]]
|-
|Pollux
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2009-07-30
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[Aggiesat2]]
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2009-07-30
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[PARADIGM]] (BEVO-1)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2009-07-30
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[SumbandilaSat|Sumbandila-OSCAR 67]] (SumbandilaSat, SO-67)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2009-09-17
|[[South Africa]]
|-
|[[SwissCube]]
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2009-09-23
|[[Switzerland]]
|-
|[[ITUpSAT1]]
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2009-09-23
|[[Turkey]]
|-
|[[UWE-2]]
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2009-09-23
|[[Germany]]
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=129 BEESAT]
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2009-09-23
|[[Germany]]
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=116 Hope Oscar 68] (XW-1, HO-68)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Beacon-Operational
|2009-12-15
|[[China]]
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=138 AubieSat-1] (AO-71)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2011-10-28
|[[USA]]
|-
|[[ESTCube-1]]
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2013-05-07
|[[Estonia]]
|-
|[http://funcube.org.uk/ AMSAT-OSCAR 73] (FUNcube-1, AO-73)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2013-11-21
|[[UK]]
|}
 
==Low Earth Orbit FM OSCARs==
A number of [[low earth orbit]] (LEO) OSCAR satellites use [[frequency modulation]] (FM). These are also commonly referred to as "FM LEO's" or the "FM Birds". Such satellites act as [[Frequency modulation|FM]] [[amateur radio repeater]]s that can be communicated through using omni-directional antennas and commonly available amateur radio equipment.  Due to the relative ease of tuning FM as compared to SSB and the decreased distance of LEO satellites from earth stations communication can be achieved even with handheld transceivers and using manual [[doppler effect|doppler]] correction. The orbit of these satellites however causes the available time in which to communicate to be limited to only a few minutes per pass.
 
:{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ List of FM LEO satellites
! Satellite name
! OSCAR<br />number
! [[Uplink]] (MHz)
! [[Downlink]] (MHz)
! [[CTCSS]] (Hz)
! Status
|-
| Hope Oscar 68
| {{Ntsh|68}}HO-68
| 145.825 FM
| 435.675 FM
| 67.0
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Beacon-Operational
|-
| Sumbandila Oscar 67<sup>1</sup>
| {{Ntsh|67}}SO-67
| 145.875 FM
| 435.345 FM
| N/A
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|-
| AMSAT-OSCAR 51<sup>2</sup>
| {{Ntsh|51.1}}AO-51
| 145.880 FM
| 435.150 FM
| N/A
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|-
| AMSAT-OSCAR 51<sup>2</sup>
| {{Ntsh|51.2}}AO-51
| 145.920 FM
| 435.300 FM
| 67.0
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|-
| AMSAT-OSCAR 51<sup>2</sup>
| {{Ntsh|51.3}}AO-51
| 145.880 FM
| 2401.200 FM
| N/A
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|-
| AMSAT-OSCAR 51<sup>2</sup>
| {{Ntsh|51.4}}AO-51
| 1268.700 FM
| 435.300 FM
| 67.0
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|-
| AMSAT-OSCAR 51<sup>2</sup>
| {{Ntsh|51.5}}AO-51
| 1268.700 FM
| 2401.200 FM
| 67.0
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|-
| Saudi-OSCAR 50
| {{Ntsh|50}}SO-50
| 145.850 FM
| 436.795 FM
| 67.0<br />(74.4 to activate)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|-
| Saudi-OSCAR 41
| {{Ntsh|41}}SO-41
| 145.850 FM
| 436.775 FM
| N/A
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|-
| SUNSAT-OSCAR 35
| {{Ntsh|35.1}}SO-35
| 145.825 FM
| 436.250 FM
| N/A
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|-
| SUNSAT-OSCAR 35
| {{Ntsh|35.2}}SO-35
| 436.291 FM
| 145.825 FM
| N/A
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|-
| SUNSAT-OSCAR 35
| {{Ntsh|35.3}}SO-35
| 1265.000 FM
| 436.2500 FM
| N/A
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|-
| [[ISS]]<sup>3</sup>
| {{Ntsh|0}}ARISS
| 437.800 FM
| 145.800 FM
| N/A
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|-
| AMRAD-OSCAR 27<sup>4</sup>
| {{Ntsh|27}}AO-27
| 145.850 FM
| 436.795 FM
| N/A
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|-
| AMSAT-OSCAR 16
| {{Ntsh|16}}AO-16
| 145.920 FM
| 437.026 DSB-SC<sup>5</sup>
| N/A
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|-
| UoSAT-OSCAR 14
| {{Ntsh|14}}UO-14
| 145.975 FM
| 435.070 FM
| N/A
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|-class="sortbottom"
| colspan = 6 | Note 1: SO-67 suffered a power board failure. The team still hopes recovery to amateur radio operations is possible.<ref>
{{cite web
|url        = http://www.amsatsa.org.za/
|title      = SA AMSAT
|publisher  = Southern African Amateur Radio Satellite Association
|archiveurl  =
|archivedate =
|deadurl    =
|accessdate  = 2012-08-09
|quote      =
}}</ref>
Note 2: As of November 29, 2011 AO-51 has ceased all transmissions.<ref>{{cite web
|url        = http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/echo/CTNews.php
|title      = AMSAT AO-51 Control Team News
|publisher  = AO-51 Command Team and Operations Group
|archiveurl  =
|archivedate =
|deadurl    =
|accessdate  = 2012-01-15
|quote      =
}}</ref>
 
Note 3: The ISS FM repeater is rarely activated.<ref>{{cite web
|url        = http://www.issfanclub.com/
|title      = ISS Fan Club
|publisher  = ISS Fan Club
|archiveurl  =
|archivedate =
|deadurl    =
|accessdate  = 2011-07-27
|quote      =
}}</ref>
 
Note 4: AO-27 FM Repeater is stuck on bootloader.  The team is working on a fix.<ref>{{cite web
|url        = http://www.ao27.org/AO27/index.shtml
|title      = Official AO-27 HomePage
|publisher  = AO-27 Control Operators Association
|archiveurl  =
|archivedate =
|deadurl    =
|accessdate  = 2013-01-06
|quote      =
}}</ref>
 
Note 5: The AO-16 downlink transmits in [[DSB-SC]] instead of FM, but the satellite otherwise operates like the other FM Birds.<ref>{{cite web
|url        = http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/awards/2010fd.pdf
|title      = 2010 AMSAT Field Day Competition
|year        = 2010
|publisher  = The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation
|page        = 1
|format      = PDF
|archiveurl  =
|archivedate =
|deadurl    =
|accessdate  = 2011-07-26
|quote      = ...the FM voice satellites like AMSAT-OSCAR 16, AMRAD-OSCAR-27, SaudiSat-Oscar-50, or AMSAT-OSCAR-51...
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url        = http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=11
|title      = AMSAT OSCAR 16 (PacSAT)
|publisher  = The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation
|archiveurl  =
|archivedate =
|deadurl    =
|accessdate  = 2011-07-26
|quote      = Mode FM Voice Repeater (Downlink is DSB. Operation is Intermittent)
}}</ref>
|-
|}
 
==Multinational effort==
Currently 23 countries have launched an OSCAR satellite. These countries, in chronological order by date of launch, include: The [[United States of America]], [[Australia]], [[Spain]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Japan]], [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], [[Pakistan]], [[Russia]], [[France]], [[Portugal]], [[Korea]], [[Italy]], [[Mexico]], [[Israel]], [[Thailand]], [[South Africa]], [[Malaysia]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Germany]], [[India]], [[Colombia]], and [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]].
 
==Satellites in development==
{{Update|inaccurate=yes|section|date=November 2010}}
*'''IRSHSAT-1''' - A [[cubesat]] is being built by the students at [[Pakistan Student Satellite Program]]. Launch Date sometime in 2011.
*'''[[BLUEsat]]''' - A [[Miniaturized_satellite#Microsatellite|microsatellite]] built by the students of [[University Of New South Wales|The University of New South Wales]]. Unknown launch date. The next test will be in April 2014 when it is flown from a stratospheric weather balloon.<ref>http://www.bluesat.unsw.edu.au/</ref>
*'''[[ZSAT]]''' - A [[Miniaturized_satellite#Microsatellite|microsatellite]] initiated and funded by the [[U.S.]] Department of Science and Technology{{Clarify|date=January 2011}}<!-- no such agency. Source? -->. Unknown launch date.
*'''[[AMSAT-Phase 3E]]''' - A [[satellite]] built by [[AMSAT]]. Delayed Indefinitely.<ref>http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/express/</ref>
*'''[[KiwiSAT]]''' - A [[Miniaturized_satellite#Microsatellite|microsatellite]] built by [[AMSAT-ZL]]. Scheduled to launch from mid to late 2009
*'''[[Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative|ESEO]]''' - A [[Miniaturized_satellite#Microsatellite|microsatellite]] built by [[SSETI]]. Scheduled to launch in 2015-2016.<ref>http://www.esa.int/Education/ESEO_mission</ref>
*'''[[AMSAT-Eagle]]''' - A [[satellite]] built by [[AMSAT]]. Cancelled.<ref>http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/eagle/</ref>
*'''[[Delfi-n3Xt]]''' - The second nano-satellite from [[Delft University of Technology]]. Scheduled to launch in November of 2013.<ref>http://www.delfispace.nl/</ref>
*'''[[Fox-1]]''' - A 1u [[cubesat]] from [[AMSAT]]-NA. Scheduled to launch in the November of 2014.<ref>http://ww2.amsat.org/?page_id=1118</ref>
 
== Related names ==
[[SuitSat]], an obsolete Russian space suit with a transmitter aboard, is officially known as [[OSCAR 54]].  In a twist of fate, "Oscar" was the name given to an obsolete space suit by its young owner in the book ''[[Have Space Suit—Will Travel]],'' by [[Robert A. Heinlein]].  This book was originally published a year after the launch of the first artificial satellite ([[Sputnik]]).
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Refbegin}}
 
:*{{cite web
| url = http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/AboutAmsat/amsat_history.php
| title = Space Satellites from the World's Garage -- The Story of AMSAT
| accessdate = 2006-09-05
| publisher = The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation
}}
 
:*{{cite web
| url = http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/Hamsats/HamsatsBasics.html
| title = The Extraordinary History of Amateur Radio Satellites
| accessdate = 2006-09-05
| publisher = Space Today Online
}}
 
:*{{cite web
| url = http://www.amsat.org/amsat/sats/n7hpr/history.html
| title = A Brief History of Amateur Satellites
| accessdate = 2006-09-05
| publisher = N7HPR
}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
 
:*{{cite web
| url = http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/futures.php
| title = Satellite Development Programs
| accessdate = 2006-09-05
| publisher = The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation
}}
 
:*{{cite web
| url = http://www.cira.colostate.edu/ramm/hillger/amateur.htm
| title = Amateur (ham) Radio Satellites
| accessdate = 2006-09-07
| publisher = Colorado State University
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060831073238/http://www.cira.colostate.edu/ramm/hillger/amateur.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-08-31}}
 
{{Refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Commons category|OSCAR}}
*[http://www.amsat.org AMSAT Corporation] a nonprofit corporation that coordinates construction and launch of the satellites
*[http://www.projectoscar.net/ Project OSCAR] organization that built "OSCAR-1"
*[http://science.nasa.gov/realtime/jtrack/Amateur.html NASA J-Track Amateur] Track amateur satellites in real-time
*[http://www.sstl.co.uk SSTL] Builders and operators of the UoSat series satellites
*[http://www.work-sat.com Work-Sat] Work the FM satellites - with equipment most hams already own!
 
{{Navbox Amateur radio}}
{{Satcomm}}
{{Telecommunications}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oscar}}
[[Category:1961 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1962 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Amateur radio satellites]]

Revision as of 22:13, 23 February 2014


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