|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{about|the script|Fraktur folk art|Fraktur (Pennsylvania German folk art)}}
| |
| {{Infobox Writing system
| |
| |name = Latin script <br>(Fraktur hand)
| |
| |type = [[Alphabet]]
| |
| |time = 16th – mid-20th centuries
| |
| |languages = [[German language|German]]¹ and some other [[Languages of Europe|European languages]]
| |
| |fam1 = Blackletter
| |
| |sisters = ''See [[Blackletter]]''
| |
| |children = [[Kurrent]]schrift, including [[Sütterlin]]
| |
| |sample = Schriftzug Fraktur.svg
| |
| |imagesize = 200px
| |
| |iso15924 = Latf
| |
| |unicode = <code>0020</code>–<code>00FF</code>²
| |
| |
| |
| |footnotes = 1: And [[Germanic languages|related languages]].<br>2: normal Latin range; [[#Fraktur in Unicode|see below]]
| |
| }}
| |
| [[Image:Gebrochene Schriften.png|thumb|200px|Overview of some blackletter typefaces, with Fraktur at end.]]
| |
|
| |
|
| '''Fraktur''' {{IPA-de|fʁakˈtuːɐ||De-Fraktur.ogg}} is a [[calligraphic hand]] of the [[Latin alphabet]] and any of several [[blackletter]] [[typeface]]s derived from this hand. The blackletter lines are broken up – that is, their forms contain many angles when compared to the smooth curves of the [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] (common) typefaces modeled after antique [[Roman square capitals]] and [[Carolingian minuscule]]. From this, Fraktur is sometimes contrasted with the "Latin alphabet" in northern European texts, being sometimes called the "German alphabet", despite simply being a [[typeface]] of the Latin alphabet. Similarly, the term "Fraktur" or "Gothic" is sometimes applied to ''all'' of the blackletter typefaces (known in [[German language|German]] as ''Gebrochene Schrift'').
| |
|
| |
|
| Here is the entire alphabet of [[English language|English]] in Fraktur, using the \mathfrak font of the mathematical typesetting package [[TeX]]:
| | Roberto is the name 1 love to be known with although it can not the name on my birth certificate. I am a cashier. My your [http://www.friends.org/ friends] say it's not good for me but what I love doing should be to drive but I do have been taking on very new things lately. My house is at the present in Vermont. I've been working on my website for some time now. Check it competeing here: http://prometeu.net<br><br>Have a look at my blog - [http://prometeu.net clash of clans hack ipad] |
| | |
| <math>\mathfrak{A}~ \mathfrak{B}~ \mathfrak{C}~ \mathfrak{D}~ \mathfrak{E}~ \mathfrak{F}~ \mathfrak{G}~ \mathfrak{H}~ \mathfrak{I}~ \mathfrak{J}~ \mathfrak{K}~ \mathfrak{L}~ \mathfrak{M}~ \mathfrak{N}~ \mathfrak{O}~ \mathfrak{P}~ \mathfrak{Q}~ \mathfrak{R}~ \mathfrak{S}~ \mathfrak{T}~ \mathfrak{U}~ \mathfrak{V}~ \mathfrak{W}~ \mathfrak{X}~ \mathfrak{Y}~ \mathfrak{Z} </math>
| |
| | |
| <math>\mathfrak{a}~ \mathfrak{b}~ \mathfrak{c}~ \mathfrak{d}~ \mathfrak{e}~ \mathfrak{f}~ \mathfrak{g}~ \mathfrak{h}~ \mathfrak{i}~ \mathfrak{j}~ \mathfrak{k}~ \mathfrak{l}~ \mathfrak{m}~ \mathfrak{n}~ \mathfrak{o}~ \mathfrak{p}~ \mathfrak{q}~ \mathfrak{r}~ \mathfrak{s}~ \mathfrak{t}~ \mathfrak{u}~ \mathfrak{v}~ \mathfrak{w}~ \mathfrak{x}~ \mathfrak{y}~ \mathfrak{z} </math>
| |
| | |
| The word derives from the past participle ''fractus'' ("broken") of Latin ''frangere'' ("to break"); the same root as the English word "fracture".
| |
| | |
| ==Characteristics==
| |
| Besides the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, Fraktur includes, the [[ß]] (''[[ß|Eszett]]'' {{IPA-de|ɛsˈtsɛt|}}), vowels with [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlauts]], and the ſ (''[[long s]]''). They also sometimes include a variant form of the letter r known as the [[r rotunda]], and a variety of [[ligature (typography)|ligature]]s which are a hangover from joined-up handwriting and which have rules for their use. Most older Fraktur typefaces make no distinction between the [[majuscule]]s "I" and "J" (where the common shape is more suggestive of a "J"), even though the [[Lower case|minuscules]] "i" and "j" are differentiated.
| |
| | |
| One difference between the Fraktur and other blackletter scripts is that in the lower case ''o'', the left part of the bow is broken, but the right part is not. In Danish texts composed in Fraktur, the letter [[ø]] was already preferred to the German and Swedish [[ö]] in the 16th century.<ref>Cf., ''inter alia'',
| |
| ''[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bible_of_Christian_III_1550.jpg Bibla: Det er den gantske Hellige Scifft: udsæt paa Danske]''. 1550. {{da-icon}} & ''[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=zGRCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT1089 Biblia: Det er Den gantske Hellige Scrifft paa Danske igien offuerseet oc prentet effter vor allernaadigste herris oc Kongis K. Christian den IV. Befaling]''. 1633. {{da-icon}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Origin==
| |
| [[File:CentralEurope2.PNG|left|250px|[[Central Europe]] (dark and light green), which together with Scandinavia, corresponded to the area where Fraktur was dominant in the 16th and 17th centuries]]
| |
| The first Fraktur typeface was designed when [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] (c. 1493–1519) established a series of books and had a new typeface created specifically for this purpose, designed by [[Hieronymus Andreae]]. Fraktur quickly overtook the earlier [[Schwabacher]] and [[Textualis]] typefaces in popularity, and a wide variety of Fraktur fonts were carved. It became common in the German-speaking world and areas under German influence (Scandinavia, the Baltic states, [[Central Europe]]). Over the succeeding centuries, most Central Europeans switched to Antiqua, but German-speakers remained a notable holdout.
| |
| | |
| ==Use==
| |
| [[File:Michna Ceska maryanska muzyka.jpg||250px|The collection „Česká mariánská muzyka“|right|thumb|x216px|A [[Czech language|Czech]] example of Fraktur: Title page of Česká mariánská muzika by [[Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic]](1647)]] [[File:Gustav Vasa Bible 1541.jpg|thumb||175px|Front page of [[Gustav Vasa]]'s Bible from 1541, using [[Fraktur (script)|Fraktur]]. The title translated to English reads: "The Bible / That is / The Holy Scripture / in Swedish. Printed in [[Uppsala]]. 1541".]]
| |
| Typesetting in Fraktur was still very common in the early 20th century in all [[German language|German-speaking]] countries and areas, as well as in [[Norway]], [[Estonia]], and [[Latvia]], and was still used to a very small extent in [[Sweden]], [[Finland]] and [[Denmark]],<ref>In Denmark in 1902 the percentage of printed material using antiqua amounted to 95% according to R. Paulli, "Den sejrende antikva", i: ''Det trykte Ord'', published by Grafisk Cirkel, Copenhagen, 1940.</ref> while other countries typeset in [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] in the early 20th century. Some books at that time used related blackletter fonts such as ''[[Schwabacher]]''; however, the predominant typeface was the ''Normalfraktur'' (Fig. 1), which came in slight variations.
| |
| [[Image:Scripts in Europe (1901).jpg|thumb|left|Usage map: A map presenting the contemporary [[German language|German]] view of the extent of scripts around 1900. In reality only German-speaking countries, Estonia and Latvia still used Fraktur as the majority script at this time. Denmark had shifted to antiqua during the mid 19th century,<ref>R. Paulli, "Den sejrende antikva", i: ''Det trykte Ord'', published by Grafisk Cirkel, Copenhagen, 1940.</ref> and in Norway the majority of printed texts used antiqua around 1900.<ref>Tore Rem, "Materielle variasjoner. Overgang fra fraktur til antikva i Norge." in: Mats Malm, Barbro Ståhle Sjönell & Petra Söderlund (eds.), ''Bokens materialitet - Bokhistoria och bibliografi'', Svenska Vitterhetssamfundet, Stockholm, 2009</ref>]]
| |
| | |
| From the late 18th century to the late 19th century, Fraktur was progressively replaced by [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] as a symbol of the classicist age and emerging cosmopolitanism in most of the countries in Europe that had previously used Fraktur. This move was hotly debated in Germany, where it was known as the [[Antiqua–Fraktur dispute]]. The shift affected mostly scientific writing in Germany, whereas most [[belletristic]] literature and newspapers continued to be printed in broken fonts. This radically changed on January 3, 1941, when [[Martin Bormann]] issued a circular to all public offices which declared Fraktur (and its corollary, the [[Sütterlin]]-based handwriting) to be ''Judenlettern'' (Jewish letters) and prohibited their further use. German historian Albert Kapr has speculated that the régime had realized that Fraktur would inhibit communication in the territories occupied during [[World War II]].<ref>Albert Kapr, ''Fraktur: Form und Geschichte der gebrochenen Schriften'', Mainz, 1993, p. 81.</ref> Fraktur saw a brief resurgence after the War, but quickly disappeared in a Germany keen on modernising its appearance.
| |
| | |
| Fraktur is today used mostly for decorative typesetting: for example, a number of traditional German newspapers such as the ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine]]'', as well as the Norwegian ''[[Aftenposten]]'', still print their name in Fraktur on the [[nameplate (publishing)|masthead]] (as indeed do some newspapers in other European countries) and it is also popular for pub signs and the like. In this modern decorative use, the traditional rules about the use of [[long s]] and short s and of [[ligature (typography)|ligature]]s are often disregarded.
| |
| | |
| Individual Fraktur letters are sometimes used in [[mathematics]], which often denotes associated or parallel concepts by the same letter in different fonts. For example, a [[Lie group]] is often denoted by ''G'', while its associated [[Lie algebra]] is <math>\mathfrak{g}</math>. A [[ring ideal]] might be denoted by <math>\mathfrak{a}</math> while an element is <math>a \in \mathfrak{a}</math>.
| |
| | |
| == Fraktur traditions after 1941 ==
| |
| | |
| Even after the abolition of Fraktur, some editions{{clarify|date=October 2013}} include elements of it in headlines, as well as in the text itself{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}. (For example, ligatures '''ch''', '''ck''' in antiqua-typed editions). That continued mostly up to the offset type period.
| |
| | |
| ==Fraktur in Unicode==
| |
| In [[Unicode]], Fraktur is treated as a font of the Latin alphabet, and is not encoded separately. The additional ligatures that are required for Fraktur fonts will not be encoded in Unicode.<ref>http://www.unicode.org/faq/ligature_digraph.html#7</ref> Instead, Unicode proposes to deal with these ligatures using smart-font technologies such as [[OpenType]], [[Apple Advanced Typography|AAT]] or [[Graphite (SIL)|Graphite]]. There are many Fraktur fonts that do not use smart-font technologies, but use their own legacy encoding instead that is not compliant with Unicode.
| |
| | |
| There are Fraktur symbols in the [[Unicode block]]s of [[mathematical alphanumeric symbols]] and [[Letterlike symbols (Unicode block)|letterlike symbols]]. However, these are meant to be used only in mathematics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/faq/ligature_digraph.html|title=Ligatures, Digraphs, Presentation Forms vs. Plain Text|author=Unicode Consortium|authorlink=Unicode Consortium}}</ref> Therefore, letters such as ''ä'', ''ö'', ''ü'', and ''ß'', which are not used in mathematics, are excluded.
| |
| | |
| == Typeface samples ==
| |
| [[File:Fraktur letter A.png]][[File:Fraktur letter B.png]][[File:Fraktur letter C.png]][[File:Fraktur letter D.png]][[File:Fraktur letter E.png]][[File:Fraktur letter F.png]][[File:Fraktur letter G.png]][[File:Fraktur letter H.png]][[File:Fraktur letter I.png]][[File:Fraktur letter J.png]][[File:Fraktur letter K.png]][[File:Fraktur letter L.png]][[File:Fraktur letter M.png]][[File:Fraktur letter N.png]][[File:Fraktur letter O.png]][[File:Fraktur letter P.png]][[File:Fraktur letter Q.png]][[File:Fraktur letter R.png]][[File:Fraktur letter S.png]][[File:Fraktur letter T.png]][[File:Fraktur letter U.png]][[File:Fraktur letter V.png]][[File:Fraktur letter W.png]][[File:Fraktur letter X.png]][[File:Fraktur letter Y.png]][[File:Fraktur letter Z.png]][[File:Fraktur letter A-umlaut.png]][[File:Fraktur letter O-umlaut.png]][[File:Fraktur letter U-umlaut.png]]
| |
| | |
| In the figures below, the German sentence that appears after the names of the fonts (Walbaum-Fraktur in Fig. 1 and Humboldtfraktur in Fig. 2) reads, ''"Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den Sylter Deich"''. It means "Victor chases twelve boxers across the [[Sylt]] dike" and contains all 26 letters of the alphabet plus the [[Umlaut (diacritic)|umlauted glyphs]] used in German, making it an example of a [[pangram]]. Note that in the second specimen, the first "t" in "Humboldtfraktur" is omitted.
| |
| [[Image:Fraktur walbaum.png|center|frame|Fig. 1. Walbaum-Fraktur (1800)]]
| |
| [[Image:Fraktur humboldtfraktur.png|center|frame|Fig. 2. Humboldtfraktur (Hiero Rhode, 1938)]]
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| {| width=575px
| |
| | valign=top |
| |
| * [[Antiqua–Fraktur dispute]]
| |
| * [[Blackletter]]
| |
| * [[Breitkopf Fraktur]]
| |
| * [[Emphasis (typography)]]
| |
| * [[Eszett]] (letter ''ß'')
| |
| * [[Fette Fraktur]]
| |
| * [[Fraktur (Pennsylvania German folk art)]]
| |
| | |<!--spacer-->
| |
| | valign=top |
| |
| * [[Gaelic type|Gaelic script]]
| |
| * [[Kurrent]] handwriting
| |
| * [[Long s]]
| |
| * [[Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols]]
| |
| * [[Morgenbladet]]
| |
| * [[Pennsylvania German]]
| |
| * [[Sütterlin]] handwriting
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==Further reading==
| |
| *Bain, Peter and Paul Shaw. ''Blackletter: Type and National Identity.'' Princeton Architectural Press: 1998. ISBN 1-56898-125-2.
| |
| * Silvia Hartmann: ''Fraktur oder Antiqua. Der Schriftstreit von 1881 bis 1941'', Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 1998 (2. üb. A. 1999), ISBN 978-3-631-35090-4
| |
| *Fiedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. ''Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History.'' Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. ISBN 1-57912-023-7.
| |
| *Macmillan, Neil. ''An A–Z of Type Designers.'' [[Yale University Press]]: 2006. ISBN 0-300-11151-7.
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| {{Wiktionary|fraktur}}
| |
| {{Commons|Fraktur}}
| |
| * [http://www.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/fraktur.htm A complete Fraktur chart]
| |
| * {{de icon}} [http://www.steffmann.de/ Website of Dieter Steffmann], which has a large number of [http://moorstation.org/typoasis/designers/steffmann/index.htm digitized Fraktur fonts]
| |
| * [http://www.cooper.edu/art/lubalin/bletterpub.html Blackletter: Type and National Identity]{{Dead link |date=April 2012 }}
| |
| * {{De icon}} [http://www.fraktur.com Delbanco: German Purveyors of Fraktur fonts] (commercial)
| |
| *[http://www.i18nguy.com/surrogates.html Setting up Microsoft Windows NT, 2000 or Windows XP to support Unicode supplementary characters]
| |
| * [http://unifraktur.sourceforge.net/ UniFraktur]: Free [[Unicode]]-compliant Fraktur fonts and resources
| |
| | |
| {{Typography terms}}
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Fraktur (Script)}}
| |
| [[Category:Blackletter]]
| |
| [[Category:Blackletter typefaces]]
| |