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'''Pionium''' is an [[exotic atom]] consisting of one {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Pion+}} and one {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Pion-}} [[meson]]. It can be created, for instance, by interaction of a [[proton]] beam accelerated by a [[particle accelerator]] and a target [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]].
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Pionium has a short lifetime, predicted by [[Chirality (physics)|chiral]] [[perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)|perturbation theory]] to be {{val|2.89|e=-15|u=s}}. It decays mainly into two {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Pion0}} [[mesons]], and to a smaller extent into two photons.
 
Pionium is currently under investigation at [[CERN]] to measure its lifetime. The [[DIRAC]] collaboration was able to detect 21227 atomic pairs from a total of {{val|1.5|e=9}} events, which allows the pionium lifetime to be determined to within statistical errors of 9%. <ref name=hep-ph/9808407>
{{cite journal |last1=Adeva |first1=B.
|coauthors=''et al.'' (DIRAC Collaboration)
|title=Determination of ππ scattering lengths from measurement of π+π−π+π− atom lifetime
|year=2011
|journal=[[Physics Letters B]]
|volume=704 |issue=1-2 |pages=24–29
|arxiv=1109.0569
|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2011.08.074
}}</ref>
 
In 2005, the [[NA48 experiment|NA48/2 collaboration]] at CERN published an evidence for pionium production and decay in decays of charged [[kaon]]s, studying mass spectra of daughter [[pion]] pairs in the events with three pions in the final state: <math>K^\pm\to\pi^\pm(\pi\pi)_{atom}\to\pi^\pm\pi^0\pi^0</math>.<ref name=hep-ex/0511056>
{{cite journal
|last1=Batley|first1=J. R.
|coauthors=''et al.'' (NA48/2 Collaboration)
|title=Observation of a cusp-like structure in the ''π''<sup>0</sup>''π''<sup>0</sup> invariant mass distribution from ''K''<sup>±</sup>&nbsp;→&nbsp;''π''<sup>±</sup>''π''<sup>0</sup>''π''<sup>0</sup> decay and determination of the ππ scattering lengths
|year=2005
|journal=[[Physics Letters B]]
|volume=633 |issue=2–3 |pages=173–182
|arxiv=hep-ex/0511056
|bibcode=2006PhLB..633..173N
|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2005.11.087
}}</ref> The possibility to measure pionium characteristics is being investigated.<ref name=hep-ex/0510004>
{{cite arxiv
|last1=Madigozhin |first=D.
|year=2005
|title=Pion scattering lengths from NA48
|class=hep-ex
|eprint=hep-ex/0510004
}}</ref>
 
The results of the above experiments will provide crucial tests of low-energy [[Quantum chromodynamics|QCD]] predictions.<ref name="urlA Monte Carlo calculation of the pionium break-up probability">
{{cite journal
|last1=Santamarina |first1=C.
|last2=Schumann |first2=M.
|last3=Afanasyev |first3=L. G.
|last4=Heim |first4=T.
|year=2003
|title=A Monte Carlo calculation of the pionium break-up probability with different sets of pionium target cross sections
|journal=[[Journal of Physics B]]
|volume=36 |issue=21 |pages=4273
|arxiv=physics/0306161
|bibcode=2003JPhB...36.4273S
|doi=10.1088/0953-4075/36/21/007
}}</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[Onium]]
*[[Mesonic molecule]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Exotic atoms]]
[[Category:Mesons]]
[[Category:Onium]]
 
{{physics-stub}}

Revision as of 02:48, 19 February 2014

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Weak abdominal muscles often contribute to poor posture, so concentrate on strength exercises to promote good posture. Also, they will help in the proper functioning of the organs which is important for growing taller. First of all genetic discoveries may actually help scientists to find treatments and cures for diseases that affect bones, such as osteoarthritis and cancer. The high density and heavier cold air will be always pushing the low density and lighter hot gases up. These exercises are not some mystical yoga magic but exercises based upon sound logical and scientific techniques.

The hormone may also interact with other hormones of the body and affect the nervous system. While this is completely normal, you may encounter soreness and some muscle fatigue along the way. That is why good height is even more important to a boy than to a girl. This will help you become taller as well as more healthy. You have to realize, however, that growth spurts after puberty are very sporadic and will occur very little in the beginning of taking growing pills.

NASA astronauts have one of the most exciting, enviable and adventurous jobs on the planet. In addition, the spine lengthens as soon as the muscles are developed appropriately. Exercises to increase height are one of the best ways to grow taller. This can be a terrible let down for a person to experience. It during the night, the spin relaxes and decompresses, allowing for added height.

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