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In [[mathematics]], '''Lindelöf's theorem''' is a result in [[complex analysis]] named after the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[mathematician]] [[Ernst Leonard Lindelöf]]. It states that a [[holomorphic function]] on a half-strip in the [[complex plane]] that is [[bounded function|bounded]] on the [[boundary (topology)|boundary]] of the strip and does not grow "too fast" in the unbounded direction of the strip must remain bounded on the whole strip. The result is useful in the study of the [[Riemann zeta function]], and is a special case of the [[Phragmén–Lindelöf principle]]. Also, see [[Hadamard three-lines theorem]]. | |||
==Statement of the theorem== | |||
Let Ω be a half-strip in the complex plane: | |||
:<math>\Omega = \{ z \in \mathbb{C} | x_1 \leq \mathrm{Re} (z) \leq x_2 \text{ and } \mathrm{Im} (z) \geq y_0 \} \subsetneq \mathbb{C}. \, </math> | |||
Suppose that ''ƒ'' is [[holomorphic]] (i.e. [[analytic function|analytic]]) on Ω and that there are constants ''M'', ''A'' and ''B'' such that | |||
:<math>| f(z) | \leq M \text{ for all } z \in \partial \Omega \,</math> | |||
and | |||
:<math>\frac{| f (x + i y) |}{y^{A}} \leq B \text{ for all } x + i y \in \Omega. \,</math> | |||
Then ''f'' is bounded by ''M'' on all of Ω: | |||
:<math>| f(z) | \leq M \text{ for all } z \in \Omega. \,</math> | |||
==Proof== | |||
Fix a point <math>\xi=\sigma+i\tau</math> inside <math>\Omega</math>. Choose <math>\lambda>-y_0</math>, an integer <math>N>A</math> and <math>y_1>\tau</math> large enough such that | |||
<math>\frac {By_1^A}{(y_1 + \lambda)^N}\le \frac {M}{(y_0+\lambda)^N}</math>. Applying [[maximum modulus principle]] to the function <math>g(z)=\frac {f(z)}{(z+i\lambda)^N}</math> and | |||
the rectangular area <math>\{z \in \mathbb{C} | x_1 \leq \mathrm{Re} (z) \leq x_2 \text{ and } y_0 \leq \mathrm{Im} (z) \leq y_1 \}</math> we obtain <math>|g(\xi)|\le \frac{M}{(y_0+\lambda)^N}</math>, that is, <math>|f(\xi)|\le M\left(\frac{|\xi + \lambda|}{y_0+\lambda}\right)^N</math>. Letting <math>\lambda \rightarrow +\infty</math> yields | |||
<math>|f(\xi)| \le M</math> as required. | |||
==References== | |||
*{{cite book|author=Edwards, H.M.|authorlink=Harold Edwards (mathematician)|title=Riemann's Zeta Function|publisher=Dover|location=New York, NY|year=2001|isbn=0-486-41740-9}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lindelof's theorem}} | |||
[[Category:Theorems in complex analysis]] | |||
Revision as of 07:57, 2 March 2013
In mathematics, Lindelöf's theorem is a result in complex analysis named after the Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindelöf. It states that a holomorphic function on a half-strip in the complex plane that is bounded on the boundary of the strip and does not grow "too fast" in the unbounded direction of the strip must remain bounded on the whole strip. The result is useful in the study of the Riemann zeta function, and is a special case of the Phragmén–Lindelöf principle. Also, see Hadamard three-lines theorem.
Statement of the theorem
Let Ω be a half-strip in the complex plane:
Suppose that ƒ is holomorphic (i.e. analytic) on Ω and that there are constants M, A and B such that
and
Then f is bounded by M on all of Ω:
Proof
Fix a point inside . Choose , an integer and large enough such that . Applying maximum modulus principle to the function and the rectangular area we obtain , that is, . Letting yields as required.
References
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