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In [[number theory]], the '''Erdős–Kac theorem''', named after [[Paul Erdős]] and [[Mark Kac]], and also known as the fundamental theorem of [[probabilistic number theory]], states that if ω(''n'') is the number of distinct [[prime factor]]s of ''n'', then, loosely speaking, the [[probability distribution]] of
 
: <math> \frac{\omega(n) - \log\log n}{\sqrt{\log\log n}} </math>
 
is the standard [[normal distribution]]. This is a deep extension of the [[Hardy–Ramanujan theorem]], which states that the [[Normal order of an arithmetic function|normal order]] of ω(''n'') is log log ''n'' with a typical error of size <math>\sqrt{\log\log n}</math>.
 
More precisely, for any fixed ''a''&nbsp;<&nbsp;''b'',
 
:<math>\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}  \left ( \frac {1}{x} \cdot \#\left\{ n \leq x : a \le \frac{\omega(n) - \log \log n}{\sqrt{\log \log n}} \le b \right\} \right ) = \Phi(a,b) </math>
 
where <math>\Phi(a,b)</math> is the normal (or "Gaussian") distribution, defined as
 
: <math>\Phi(a,b)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_a^b e^{-t^2/2} \, dt. </math>
 
Stated somewhat heuristically, what Erdős and Kac proved was that if ''n'' is a randomly chosen large integer, then the number of distinct prime factors of ''n'' has approximately the normal distribution with mean and variance&nbsp;log&nbsp;log&nbsp;''n''.
 
This means that the construction of a number around one billion requires on average three primes.
 
For example 1,000,000,003 = 23&nbsp;×&nbsp;307&nbsp;×&nbsp;141623.
 
{| class="wikitable" border="2" style="text-align:center"
|-
!  ''n''
!Number of
Digits in ''n''
! Average number
of distinct primes
 
! standard
deviation
|-
|1,000
|4
|2
|1.4
|-
|1,000,000,000
|10
|3
|1.7
|-
|1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
|25
|4
|2
|-
|10<sup>65</sup>
|66
|5
|2.2
|-
|10<sup>9,566</sup>
|9,567
|10
|3.2
|-
|10<sup>210,704,568</sup>
|210,704,569
|20
|4.5
|-
|10<sup>10<sup>22</sup></sup>
|10<sup>22</sup>+1
|50
|7.1
|-
|10<sup>10<sup>44</sup></sup>
|10<sup>44</sup>+1
|100
|10
|-
|10<sup>10<sup>434</sup></sup>
|10<sup>434</sup>+1
|1000
|31.6
|}
 
[[Image:EKT plot.svg|thumb|300px|right|A spreading Gaussian distribution of distinct primes illustrating the Erdos-Kac theorem]]
 
Around 12.6% of 10,000 digit numbers are constructed from 10 distinct prime numbers and around 68% (±σ) are constructed from between 7 and 13 primes.
 
A hollow sphere the size of the planet Earth filled with fine sand would have around 10<sup>33</sup> grains. A volume the size of the observable universe would have around 10<sup>93</sup> grains of sand. There might be room for 10<sup>185</sup> quantum strings in such a universe.
 
Numbers of this magnitude—with 186 digits—would require on average only 6 primes for construction.
 
==References==
* {{cite journal | last1=Erdős | first1=Paul | author1-link=Paul Erdős | last2=Kac | first2=Mark | author2-link=Mark Kac | title=The Gaussian Law of Errors in the Theory of Additive Number Theoretic Functions | journal=[[American Journal of Mathematics]] | volume=62 | number=1/4 | year=1940 | pages=738–742 | zbl=0024.10203 | issn=0002-9327 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Kuo | first1=Wentang | last2=Liu | first2=Yu-Ru | chapter=The Erdős–Kac theorem and its generalizations | pages=209-216 | editor1-last=De Koninck | editor1-first=Jean-Marie | editor2-last=Granville | editor2-first=Andrew | editor2-link=Andrew Granville | editor3-last=Luca | editor3-first=Florian | title=Anatomy of integers. Based on the CRM workshop, Montreal, Canada, March 13--17, 2006 | location=Providence, RI | publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] | series=CRM Proceedings and Lecture Notes | volume=46 | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-8218-4406-9 | zbl=1187.11024 }}
* {{cite book | last=Kac | first=Mark | title=Statistical Independence in Probability, Analysis and Number Theory |year=1959 | publisher=John Wiley and Sons, Inc. }}
 
==External links==
* {{MathWorld|urlname=Erdos-KacTheorem|title=Erdős–Kac Theorem}}
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ivoaFLQ4vM#generator Timothy Gowers: The Importance of Mathematics (part 6, 4 mins in) and (part 7)]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Erdos-Kac theorem}}
[[Category:Paul Erdős|Kac theorem]]
[[Category:Normal distribution]]
[[Category:Theorems about prime numbers]]

Revision as of 06:11, 16 December 2012

In number theory, the Erdős–Kac theorem, named after Paul Erdős and Mark Kac, and also known as the fundamental theorem of probabilistic number theory, states that if ω(n) is the number of distinct prime factors of n, then, loosely speaking, the probability distribution of

ω(n)loglognloglogn

is the standard normal distribution. This is a deep extension of the Hardy–Ramanujan theorem, which states that the normal order of ω(n) is log log n with a typical error of size loglogn.

More precisely, for any fixed a < b,

limx(1x#{nx:aω(n)loglognloglognb})=Φ(a,b)

where Φ(a,b) is the normal (or "Gaussian") distribution, defined as

Φ(a,b)=12πabet2/2dt.

Stated somewhat heuristically, what Erdős and Kac proved was that if n is a randomly chosen large integer, then the number of distinct prime factors of n has approximately the normal distribution with mean and variance log log n.

This means that the construction of a number around one billion requires on average three primes.

For example 1,000,000,003 = 23 × 307 × 141623.

n Number of

Digits in n

Average number

of distinct primes

standard

deviation

1,000 4 2 1.4
1,000,000,000 10 3 1.7
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 25 4 2
1065 66 5 2.2
109,566 9,567 10 3.2
10210,704,568 210,704,569 20 4.5
101022 1022+1 50 7.1
101044 1044+1 100 10
1010434 10434+1 1000 31.6
File:EKT plot.svg
A spreading Gaussian distribution of distinct primes illustrating the Erdos-Kac theorem

Around 12.6% of 10,000 digit numbers are constructed from 10 distinct prime numbers and around 68% (±σ) are constructed from between 7 and 13 primes.

A hollow sphere the size of the planet Earth filled with fine sand would have around 1033 grains. A volume the size of the observable universe would have around 1093 grains of sand. There might be room for 10185 quantum strings in such a universe.

Numbers of this magnitude—with 186 digits—would require on average only 6 primes for construction.

References

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  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

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External links



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