Differential variational inequality: Difference between revisions

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{{Chembox
| verifiedrevid = 431767640
| ImageFileL1 = Hydrogendifluoride ion.svg
| ImageSizeL1 = 120px
| ImageFileR1 = hydrogendifluoride-3D-vdW.png
| ImageSizeR1 = 120px
| IUPACName =
| OtherNames = Hydrogen(difluoride)<br>Bifluoride anion<br>Hydrogen difluoride anion
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
|  CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CASNo = 18130-74-0
|  PubChem =
|  SMILES = F[H][F-]}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|  F=2|H=1
|  Appearance =
|  Density =
|  MeltingPt =
|  BoilingPt =
|  Solubility = }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
|  MainHazards =
|  FlashPt =
|  Autoignition = }}
}}
 
'''Bifluoride''' (systematically named '''difluorohydrogenuide''' and '''difluoridohydrogenate(1−)'''), also named '''hydrogen(difluoride)''' is an [[inorganic chemistry|inorganic]] [[ion|anion]] with the [[chemical formula]] HF<small>{{Su|b=2|p=−}}</small> (also written [HF<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup>). It contributes no color to bifluoride salts.
 
== Chemical properties ==
 
=== Basicity ===
 
The fluorohydrogenate group (-HF<sup>−</sup>) in anions such as bifluoride can assimilate a proton by recombination:
:HF{{Su|b=2|p=−}} + H<sup>+</sup> → H<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> → 2&nbsp;HF
Because of this capture of a [[proton]] (H<sup>+</sup>), bifluoride has basic character. Its [[conjugate acid]] is the reactive intermediate, μ-fluoro-fluorodihydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>), which subsequently dissociates to become hydrogen fluoride. In solution, most bifluoride ions are dissociated.
:HF{{Su|b=2|p=−}} + 3&nbsp;H<sub>2</sub>O {{EqmR}} 2&nbsp;H<sub>3</sub>OF + HO<sup>−</sup>
 
=== Structure ===
 
This centrosymmetric triatomic [[anion]] features the strongest known [[hydrogen bond]], with an [[fluorine|F]]−[[hydrogen|H]] length of 114 pm<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}</ref> and a bond strength of >155 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>.<ref>Emsley, J., "Very Strong Hydrogen Bonds", Chemical Society Reviews, 1980, 9, 91-124.</ref> A [[molecular orbital diagram]] reveals the atoms to be held together by a [[3-center 4-electron bond]].<ref>Pimentel, G. C. The Bonding of Trihalide and Bifluoride Ions by the Molecular Orbital Method. ''J. Chem. Phys.'' '''1951''', ''19'', 446-448. {{doi|10.1063/1.1748245}}</ref> It is [[isoelectronic]] with the fluoroheliate anion, FHeO<sup>−</sup>, whose existence is suspected<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.chem.uw.edu.pl/people/WGrochala/He.pdf|title = Collapse of helium’s chemical nobility predicted by Polish chemist|accessdate = 2009-05-15}}</ref> but not confirmed, and with the hypothetical compound [[helium]] difluoride, HeF<sub>2</sub>. "Hydrogen(difluoride)" is written as one word because it is an [[anion]]; "hydrogen difluoride" would instead imply the electrically neutral compound HF<sub>2</sub> ([[CAS registry number|CAS number]] 12528-21-1). It is classified as a [[weak base]].
 
=== Chemical reactions ===
 
Bifluoride undergoes the typical [[chemical reaction]]s of a fluorohydronate. Upon treatment with a standard acid, it converts to [[hydrofluoric acid]] and a metal salt. Oxidation of bifluoride gives fluorine. When heated to a high temperature, bifluoride salts decompose to produce fluoride salts and hydrogen fluoride:
:[HF<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup> → HF + F<sup>−</sup>
 
== Production ==
 
Bifluoride is produced by hydrogen fluoride fluorination. In this process hydrogen fluoride and fluoride anions react to produce bifluoride according to the following reaction:
:HF + F<sup>−</sup> → [HF<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup>
This process also involves μ-fluoro-fluorodihydrogen as an intermediate, and occurs in two steps. No catalyst is needed for fluorination (step 2).
#2&nbsp;HF → [H<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>]
#[H<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>] + F<sup>−</sup> → [HF<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup> + HF
 
Catalytic amounts of hydrogen fluoride are used for the process.
 
==Salts==
Some HF<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> salts are common, examples include [[potassium bifluoride]] (KHF<sub>2</sub>, also called potassium hydrogen fluoride) and [[ammonium bifluoride]] ([NH<sub>4</sub>][HF<sub>2</sub>]). Many salts claimed to be anhydrous sources of simple fluoride (F<sup>–</sup>) ions, for example, [[tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride|tetra-''n''-butylammonium fluoride]], can decompose to yield bifluoride instead.{{cn|date=April 2012}}
 
==Autodissociation of pure HF==
The bifluoride ion also contributes to the unusually high auto-protolysis constant of liquid anhydrous [[hydrogen fluoride]], which [[dissociation (chemistry)|autodissociates]] in a manner similar to the [[self-ionization of water]]. This [[chemical equilibrium|equilibrium]] can be denoted as
:HF <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> H<sup>+</sup> + F<sup>−</sup>
However, both the  H<sup>+</sup> and F<sup>−</sup> ions are [[solvation|solvated]] by HF, so a better descriptive equation is
:3HF <math>\rightleftharpoons </math> [[Fluoronium|H<sub>2</sub>F<sup>+</sup>]]<sub>(HF)</sub> + HF<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup><sub>(HF)</sub>
 
==References==
{{commonscat|bifluoride ion}}
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Anions]]
[[Category:Fluorides]]

Latest revision as of 22:25, 21 July 2013

Template:Chembox

Bifluoride (systematically named difluorohydrogenuide and difluoridohydrogenate(1−)), also named hydrogen(difluoride) is an inorganic anion with the chemical formula HFTemplate:Su (also written [HF2]). It contributes no color to bifluoride salts.

Chemical properties

Basicity

The fluorohydrogenate group (-HF) in anions such as bifluoride can assimilate a proton by recombination:

HFTemplate:Su + H+ → H2F2 → 2 HF

Because of this capture of a proton (H+), bifluoride has basic character. Its conjugate acid is the reactive intermediate, μ-fluoro-fluorodihydrogen (H2F2), which subsequently dissociates to become hydrogen fluoride. In solution, most bifluoride ions are dissociated.

HFTemplate:Su + 3 H2O

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Accomplice troops experienced to occupy east Tennessee to retain it from emulating West Virginia, nike air max 2003 Winn Parish, Louisiana, refused tosecede from the Union. Winston County, Alabama, declared alone che Republic of Winston. Unionist farmers and woodsmen in Jones County, Mississippi, nike air max women of all ages declared the Totally free Point out of Jones, Every single Confederate point out besides South Carolina supplied a regiment or at the very least a corporation of white troopers to the Union army, as perfectly nike air max 90 infrared as numerous black recruits. Armed guerrilla actions plagued each and every Confederate state. (With the exception of Missouri, and the 1863 New York City draft riots, several Union states were being troubled with such troubles.) It turned unsafe for Confederates to travel in parts of Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. The war was fought not just concerning North and South but between Unionists and Confederates within the Confederacy (and Missouri).fifty By February 1864 President Davis despaired: "Community meetings of treasonable character, in the identify of point out sovereignty, are becoming held." Hence stales' rights as an ideology was contradictory and could not mobilize the white South for the extensive haul. The racial strategies of the Accomplice states proved even much less nike air max ninety seven serviceable to the war exertion. According to Confederate ideology, blacks preferred slavery even so, to avert revolts and runaways, the Confederate states passed the "20 nigger law," exempting from armed service conscription 1 white gentleman as overseer for just about every 20 slaves. All through the war Confederates withheld as substantially as a 3rd of their preventing forces from the front strains and scattered them in the course of parts with huge slave populations to reduce slave uprisings.^one When the United nike air max 90 States allowed African Americans nike air max 2009 to enlist, Confederates were being compelled by their ideology to assert that it would not perform-blacks would rarely struggle like white adult men. The undeniable bravery of the 54th Massachusetts and other black regiments disproved the concept of black inferiority. Then arrived the incongruity of definitely beastly actions by Southern whites toward captured black troopers, these as the nike air max mild infamous Fort Pillow massacre by troops beneath Nathan Bedford Forrest, who crucified black prisoners on tent frames and then burned them alive, all in the title of preserving white civilization.fifty two Contradiction piled upon contradiction. 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The increasing ideological confusion in the Confederate states, coupled with the escalating ideological power of the United States, allows explain the Union victory. "Even with all the hardships," Carleton Bargains has noted, "the South up to the very end however experienced terrific resources and manpower." Quite a few nations and persons have continued to battle with far inferior usually means and weapons. Beals thinks that the Confederacy's ideological contradictions ended up its gravest liabilities, in the long run leading to its defeat. He displays how the Accomplice military was disbanding by the spring of 1865 in Texas and other states, even in the absence of Union techniques. 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Accomplice troops experienced to occupy east Tennessee to keep it from emulating West Virginia, nike air max 2003 Winn Parish, Louisiana, refused tosecede from the Union. Winston County, Alabama, declared by itself che Republic of Winston. Unionist farmers and woodsmen in Jones County, Mississippi, nike air max females declared the Absolutely free Point out of Jones, Each and every Accomplice state other than South Carolina equipped a regiment or at least a organization of white soldiers to the Union military, as nicely nike air max ninety infrared as a lot of black recruits. Armed guerrilla steps plagued each individual Accomplice condition. (With the exception of Missouri, and the 1863 New York City draft riots, couple Union states ended up troubled with these types of difficulties.) It became dangerous for Confederates to travel in elements of Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. The war was fought not just involving North and South but involving Unionists and Confederates in the Confederacy (and Missouri).fifty By February 1864 President Davis despaired: "Public conferences of treasonable character, in the identify of point out sovereignty, are currently being held." Therefore stales' legal rights as an ideology was contradictory and could not mobilize the white South for the prolonged haul. The racial ideas of the Confederate states proved even a lot less nike air max 97 serviceable to the war work. In accordance to Accomplice ideology, blacks preferred slavery however, to avert revolts and runaways, the Accomplice states handed the "20 nigger law," exempting from navy conscription just one white guy as overseer for just about every 20 slaves. In the course of the war Confederates withheld as a great deal as a third of their fighting forces from the front traces and scattered them all over parts with big slave populations to avoid slave uprisings.^one When the United nike air max 90 States permitted African Americans nike air max 2009 to enlist, Confederates ended up pressured by their ideology to assert that it would not perform-blacks would hardly struggle like white guys. The simple bravery of the 54th Massachusetts and other black regiments disproved the concept of black inferiority. Then arrived the incongruity of certainly beastly behavior by Southern whites toward captured black troopers, such as the nike air max gentle notorious Fort Pillow massacre by troops below Nathan Bedford Forrest, who crucified black prisoners on tent frames and then burned them alive, all in the name of preserving white civilization.52 Contradiction piled upon contradiction. Immediately after the fall of Vicksburg, President Davis proposed to arm slaves to fight for the Confederacy, promising them liberty to gain their cooperation. But if servitude was the most effective condition for the slave, protested supporters of slavery, how could liberty be a reward? To get overseas recognition, other Confederate leaders proposed to abolish slavery completely. Some newspaper editors concurred. "Though slavery is a single of the prin- 184 ?LIES MY Trainer Explained to ME ciples that we commenced to struggle for," reported the Jackson Mississippian, if it mim be jettisoned to achieve our "different nationality, away with it!" A month ahead of Appomattox, the Accomplice Congress handed a evaluate to enroll black troops, showing how the war experienced elevated even slaveowners' estimations of black qualities and also revealing total ideological disarray. What, immediately after all, would the new black soldiers be battling much? Slavery? Secession? What, for that issue, would white Southern troops be preventing for, when blacks have been also armed? A nike air max ninety five s Howell Cobb of Georgia mentioned, "If slaves will make very good troopers our whole principle of slavery is wrong."fifty five In aspect owing to these contradictions, some Confederate soldiers switched sides, starting as early as 1862. When Sherman produced his well known march to the sea from Atlanta to Savannah, his army truly grew in amount, nike air max wright since hundreds of white women of all ages nike air max Southerners volunteered together the way. In the meantime, virtually two-thirds of the Confederate army opposing Sherman disappeared by desertion,54 Eighteen thousand slaves also joined Sherman, so several that the military experienced to switch some away. Evaluate these points with the portrait prevalent in our textbooks of Sherman's marauders looting their way via a united South! The rising ideological confusion in the Confederate states, coupled with the expanding ideological toughness of the United States, assists describe the Union victory. "Even with all the hardships," Carleton Discounts has mentioned, "the South up to the really close however experienced good methods and manpower." Many nations and people today have ongoing to combat with much inferior means and weapons. Beals thinks that the Confederacy's ideological contradictions were its gravest liabilities, eventually triggering its defeat. He displays how the Confederate army was disbanding by the spring of 1865 in Texas and other states, even in the absence of Union methods. On the home front far too, as Jefferson Davis set it, "The zeal of the persons is failing."fifty five Five textbooks explain to how the problem of states' legal rights interfered with the Accomplice cause,5* Only The American Experience presents college students a Air Max 2011 clue of any other ideological weakness of the Confederacy or power of the Union. Adventure tells how slavery broke down when Union armies arrived close to and that many poor whites in the South did not aid the war due to the fact they felt they would be preventing for slaveowners. Ac/venterf also offers unique resources on the evolution of Union war aims and asks, "H nike air max women of all ages ow would these kinds of attitudes affect the carry out and outcome of the war?" No other textbook mentions strategies or ideologies as a power or weak point of possibly aspect. The Civil W nike air max 90 infrared ar was about one thing, following all. Textbooks must tell us what."

If you adored this article and you also would like to obtain more info pertaining to http://tinyurl.com/mme4pzy generously visit our own website. 2 H3OF + HO

Structure

This centrosymmetric triatomic anion features the strongest known hydrogen bond, with an FH length of 114 pm[1] and a bond strength of >155 kJ mol−1.[2] A molecular orbital diagram reveals the atoms to be held together by a 3-center 4-electron bond.[3] It is isoelectronic with the fluoroheliate anion, FHeO, whose existence is suspected[4] but not confirmed, and with the hypothetical compound helium difluoride, HeF2. "Hydrogen(difluoride)" is written as one word because it is an anion; "hydrogen difluoride" would instead imply the electrically neutral compound HF2 (CAS number 12528-21-1). It is classified as a weak base.

Chemical reactions

Bifluoride undergoes the typical chemical reactions of a fluorohydronate. Upon treatment with a standard acid, it converts to hydrofluoric acid and a metal salt. Oxidation of bifluoride gives fluorine. When heated to a high temperature, bifluoride salts decompose to produce fluoride salts and hydrogen fluoride:

[HF2] → HF + F

Production

Bifluoride is produced by hydrogen fluoride fluorination. In this process hydrogen fluoride and fluoride anions react to produce bifluoride according to the following reaction:

HF + F → [HF2]

This process also involves μ-fluoro-fluorodihydrogen as an intermediate, and occurs in two steps. No catalyst is needed for fluorination (step 2).

  1. 2 HF → [H2F2]
  2. [H2F2] + F → [HF2] + HF

Catalytic amounts of hydrogen fluoride are used for the process.

Salts

Some HF2 salts are common, examples include potassium bifluoride (KHF2, also called potassium hydrogen fluoride) and ammonium bifluoride ([NH4][HF2]). Many salts claimed to be anhydrous sources of simple fluoride (F) ions, for example, tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, can decompose to yield bifluoride instead.Template:Cn

Autodissociation of pure HF

The bifluoride ion also contributes to the unusually high auto-protolysis constant of liquid anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, which autodissociates in a manner similar to the self-ionization of water. This equilibrium can be denoted as

HF H+ + F

However, both the H+ and F ions are solvated by HF, so a better descriptive equation is

3HF H2F+(HF) + HF2(HF)

References

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  1. Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  2. Emsley, J., "Very Strong Hydrogen Bonds", Chemical Society Reviews, 1980, 9, 91-124.
  3. Pimentel, G. C. The Bonding of Trihalide and Bifluoride Ions by the Molecular Orbital Method. J. Chem. Phys. 1951, 19, 446-448. 21 year-old Glazier James Grippo from Edam, enjoys hang gliding, industrial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and camping. Finds the entire world an motivating place we have spent 4 months at Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
  4. Template:Cite web