Holomorphic functional calculus: Difference between revisions

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{{about|curvature of knots|the theorem concerning straight-line embeddings of planar graphs|Fáry's theorem}}
 
In the [[knot theory|mathematical theory of knots]], the '''Fary–Milnor theorem''', named after [[István Fáry]] and [[John Milnor]], states that three-dimensional [[smooth curve]]s with small [[total curvature]] must be [[unknot]]ted. The theorem was proved independently by Fáry in 1949 and Milnor in 1950. It was later shown to follow from the existence of [[quadrisecant]]s {{harv|Denne|2004}}.
 
==Statement of the theorem==
If ''K'' is any closed [[curve]] in [[Euclidean space]] that is sufficiently [[smooth curve|smooth]] to define the [[Curvature#Curvature of space curves|curvature]] κ at each of its points, and if the [[total curvature]] is less than or equal to 4π, then ''K'' is an [[unknot]], i.e.:
:<math> \text{If} \, \oint_K \! \kappa(s) \, \operatorname{d}s \le 4 \pi \ \text{then} \ K \ \text{is an unknot}. </math>
The [[contrapositive]] tells us that if ''K'' is not an unknot, i.e. ''K'' is not [[homotopy#Isotopy|isotopic]] to the circle, then the total curvature will be strictly greater than 4π. Notice that having the total curvature less than or equal to 4π is merely a [[sufficient condition]] for ''K'' to be an unknot; it is not a [[necessary condition]]. In other words, although all knots with total curvature less than or equal to 4π are the unknot, there exist unknots with curvature strictly greater than 4π.
 
==Generalizations to non-smooth curves==
For closed polygonal chains the same result holds with the integral of curvature replaced by the sum of angles between adjacent segments of the chain. By approximating arbitrary curves by polygonal chains one may extend the definition of total curvature to larger classes of curves, within which the Fary–Milnor theorem also holds ({{harvnb|Milnor|1950}}, {{harvnb|Sullivan|2007}}).
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{citation
| last = Denne | first = Elizabeth Jane
| arxiv = math/0510561
| publisher = University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| series = Ph.D. thesis
| title = Alternating quadrisecants of knots
| year = 2004}}.
*{{citation|first=I.|last=Fary<!-- Sic. The original publication does not accent Fáry's name. -->|authorlink=István Fáry|url=http://www.numdam.org/item?id=BSMF_1949__77__128_0|title=Sur la courbure totale d’une courbe gauche faisant un nœud|journal=Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France|volume=77|year=1949|pages=128–138}}.
*{{citation|doi=10.2307/1969467|first=J. W.|last=Milnor|authorlink=John Milnor|title=On the total curvature of knots|journal=[[Annals of Mathematics]]|volume=52|year=1950|issue=2|pages=248–257}}.
*{{cite arxiv|first=John M.|last=Sullivan|title=Curves of finite total curvature|year=2007|eprint=math/0606007 }}.
 
==External links==
*{{citation|url=http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/knot-curvature.html|title=The total curvature of a knot (long)|first=Stephen A.|last=Fenner|year=1990}}. Fenner describes a geometric proof of the theorem, and of the related theorem that any smooth closed curve has total curvature at least 2π.
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fary-Milnor theorem}}
[[Category:Knot theory]]
[[Category:Theorems in topology]]

Revision as of 21:29, 1 June 2013

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In the mathematical theory of knots, the Fary–Milnor theorem, named after István Fáry and John Milnor, states that three-dimensional smooth curves with small total curvature must be unknotted. The theorem was proved independently by Fáry in 1949 and Milnor in 1950. It was later shown to follow from the existence of quadrisecants Template:Harv.

Statement of the theorem

If K is any closed curve in Euclidean space that is sufficiently smooth to define the curvature κ at each of its points, and if the total curvature is less than or equal to 4π, then K is an unknot, i.e.:

IfKκ(s)ds4πthenKis an unknot.

The contrapositive tells us that if K is not an unknot, i.e. K is not isotopic to the circle, then the total curvature will be strictly greater than 4π. Notice that having the total curvature less than or equal to 4π is merely a sufficient condition for K to be an unknot; it is not a necessary condition. In other words, although all knots with total curvature less than or equal to 4π are the unknot, there exist unknots with curvature strictly greater than 4π.

Generalizations to non-smooth curves

For closed polygonal chains the same result holds with the integral of curvature replaced by the sum of angles between adjacent segments of the chain. By approximating arbitrary curves by polygonal chains one may extend the definition of total curvature to larger classes of curves, within which the Fary–Milnor theorem also holds (Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb).

References

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    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

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  • Template:Cite arxiv.

External links

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    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

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    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. Fenner describes a geometric proof of the theorem, and of the related theorem that any smooth closed curve has total curvature at least 2π.