Parallelizable manifold: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:09, 20 January 2014

In mathematics, reduced homology is a minor modification made to homology theory in algebraic topology, designed to make a point have all its homology groups zero. This change is required to make statements without some number of exceptional cases (Alexander duality being an example).

If P is a single-point space, then with the usual definitions the integral homology group

H₀(P)

is an infinite cyclic group, while for i ≥ 1 we have

H_i(P) = {0}.

More generally if X is a simplicial complex or finite CW complex, then the group H₀(X) is the free abelian group with the connected components of X as generators. The reduced homology should replace this group, of rank r say, by one of rank r − 1. Otherwise the homology groups should remain unchanged. An ad hoc way to do this is to think of a 0-th homology class not as a formal sum of connected components, but as such a formal sum where the coefficients add up to zero.

In the usual definition of homology of a space X, we consider the chain complex

\dots \overset{\partial_{n + 1}}{⟶} C_{n} \overset{\partial_{n}}{⟶} C_{n - 1} \overset{\partial_{n - 1}}{⟶} \dots \overset{\partial_{2}}{⟶} C_{1} \overset{\partial_{1}}{⟶} C_{0} \overset{\partial_{0}}{⟶} 0

and define the homology groups by $H_{n} (X) = \ker \partial_{n} / i m (\partial_{n + 1})$ .

To define reduced homology, we start with the augmented chain complex

$\dots \overset{\partial_{n + 1}}{⟶} C_{n} \overset{\partial_{n}}{⟶} C_{n - 1} \overset{\partial_{n - 1}}{⟶} \dots \overset{\partial_{2}}{⟶} C_{1} \overset{\partial_{1}}{⟶} C_{0} \overset{ϵ}{⟶} ℤ \to 0$

where $ϵ (\sum_{i} n_{i} σ_{i}) = \sum_{i} n_{i}$ . Now we define the reduced homology groups by

\tilde{H_{n}} (X) = \ker (\partial_{n}) / i m (\partial_{n + 1})

for positive n and

{\tilde{H}}_{0} (X) = \ker (ϵ) / i m (\partial_{1})

.

One can show that $H_{0} (X) = {\tilde{H}}_{0} (X) \oplus ℤ$ ; evidently $H_{n} (X) = {\tilde{H}}_{n} (X)$ for all positive n.

Armed with this modified complex, the standard ways to obtain homology with coefficients by applying the tensor product, or reduced cohomology groups from the cochain complex made by using a Hom functor, can be applied.

References

Hatcher, A., (2002) Algebraic Topology Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79540-0. Detailed discussion of homology theories for simplicial complexes and manifolds, singular homology, etc.

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+In [[mathematics]], '''reduced homology''' is a minor modification made to [[homology theory]] in [[algebraic topology]], designed to make a point have all its [[homology group]]s zero. This change is required to make statements without some number of exceptional cases ([[Alexander duality]] being an example).
+If ''P'' is a single-point space, then with the usual definitions the integral homology group
+:''H''<sub>0</sub>(''P'')
+is an [[infinite cyclic group]], while for ''i'' ≥ 1 we have
+:''H''<sub>''i''</sub>(''P'') = {0}.
+More generally if ''X'' is a [[simplicial complex]] or finite [[CW complex]], then the group  ''H''<sub>0</sub>(''X'') is the [[free abelian group]] with the [[connected space|connected component]]s of ''X'' as generators. The reduced homology should replace this group, of rank ''r'' say, by one of rank ''r'' &minus; 1. Otherwise the homology groups should remain unchanged. An ''ad hoc'' way to do this is to think of a 0-th homology class not as a [[formal sum]] of connected components, but as such a formal sum where the coefficients add up to zero.
+In the usual definition of [[homology (mathematics)|homology]] of a space ''X'', we consider the chain complex
+:<math>\dotsb\overset{\partial_{n+1}}{\longrightarrow\,}C_n
+\overset{\partial_n}{\longrightarrow\,}C_{n-1}
+\overset{\partial_{n-1}}{\longrightarrow\,}
+\dotsb
+\overset{\partial_2}{\longrightarrow\,}
+C_1
+\overset{\partial_1}{\longrightarrow\,}
+C_0\overset{\partial_0}{\longrightarrow\,} 0</math>
+and define the homology groups by <math>H_n(X) = \ker \partial_n / \mathrm{im}(\partial_{n+1})</math>.
+To define reduced homology, we start with the ''augmented'' chain complex
+<math>\dotsb\overset{\partial_{n+1}}{\longrightarrow\,}C_n
+\overset{\partial_n}{\longrightarrow\,}C_{n-1}
+\overset{\partial_{n-1}}{\longrightarrow\,}
+\dotsb
+\overset{\partial_2}{\longrightarrow\,}
+C_1
+\overset{\partial_1}{\longrightarrow\,}
+C_0\overset{\epsilon}{\longrightarrow\,} \mathbb{Z} \to 0
+</math>
+where <math>\epsilon \left( \sum_i n_i \sigma_i \right) = \sum_i n_i </math>. Now we define the ''reduced'' homology groups by
+:<math> \tilde{H_n}(X) = \ker(\partial_n) / \mathrm{im}(\partial_{n+1})</math> for positive ''n'' and <math>\tilde{H}_0(X) = \ker(\epsilon) / \mathrm{im}(\partial_1)</math>.
+One can show that <math> H_0(X) = \tilde{H}_0(X) \oplus \mathbb{Z}</math>; evidently <math>H_n(X) = \tilde{H}_n(X)</math> for all positive ''n''.
+Armed with this modified complex, the standard ways to obtain homology with coefficients by applying the [[tensor product]], or ''reduced'' [[cohomology group]]s from the [[cochain complex]] made by using a [[Hom functor]], can be applied.
+==References==
+* Hatcher, A., (2002) ''[http://www.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/AT/ATchapters.html Algebraic Topology]''  Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79540-0. Detailed discussion of homology theories for simplicial complexes and manifolds, singular homology, etc.
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Reduced Homology}}
+[[Category:Homology theory]]

Parallelizable manifold: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:09, 20 January 2014

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