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| name              = Gyula Kőnig
| image            = Gyula König.jpg
| image_size        = 200px
| caption          =
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1849|12|16|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Győr]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1913|04|08|1849|12|16|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Budapest]], Kingdom of Hungary
| nationality      = [[Hungary|Hungarian]]
| fields            = [[Mathematics]]
| workplaces        =
| alma_mater        = [[University of Heidelberg]]
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Leo Königsberger]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for        =
| awards            =
}}
'''Gyula Kőnig''' (16 December 1849 – 8 April 1913) was a Hungarian [[mathematician]]. His mathematical publications in foreign languages appeared under the name '''Julius König'''. His son [[Dénes Kőnig]] was a graph theorist.
 
== Biography ==
Kőnig's name in Hungarian was ''Kőnig Gyula'' or in the more common European name order ''Gyula Kőnig,'' but when Kőnig contributed to German mathematical journals he called himself "Julius König."
 
Gyula Kőnig was active literarily and mathematically. He studied medicine in [[Vienna]] and, from 1868 on, in [[Heidelberg]]. After having worked, instructed by [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], on electrical stimulation of nerves, he switched to mathematics and obtained his doctorate under the supervision of [[Leo Königsberger]], a mathematician at that time. His thesis ''Zur Theorie der Modulargleichungen der elliptischen Functionen'' covers 24 pages. As a post-doc he completed his mathematical studies in [[Berlin]] attending lessons by [[Leopold Kronecker]] and [[Karl Weierstraß]]. He then returned to Budapest where he was appointed as a ''[[dozent]]'' at the University in 1871. He became a professor at the Teacher's College in Budapest in 1873 and, in the following year, was appointed professor at the Technical University of Budapest. He remained with the university for the rest of his life. He was on three occasions Dean of the Engineering Faculty and also on three occasions was Rector of the University.  In 1889 he was elected a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1905 he retired but continued to give lessons on topics of his interest. His son [[Dénes Kőnig|Dénes]] also became a distinguished mathematician.
 
== Works ==
 
Kőnig worked in many mathematical fields. His work on polynomial ideals, discriminants and elimination theory can be considered as a link between [[Leopold Kronecker]] and [[David Hilbert]] as well as [[Emmy Noether]]. Later on his ideas were simplified considerably, to the extent that today they are only of historical interest.
 
Kőnig already considered material influences on scientific thinking and the mechanisms which stand behind thinking.
 
{{cquote|The foundations of set theory are a formalization and legalization of facts which are taken from the internal view of our consciousness, such that our "scientific thinking" itself is an object of scientific thinking.}}
 
But mainly he is remembered for his contributions to and his opposition against [[set theory]].
 
== Kőnig and set theory ==
One of the greatest achievements of [[Georg Cantor]] was the construction of a one-to-one correspondence between the points of a square and the points of one of its edges by means of [[continued fraction]]s. Kőnig found a simple method involving decimal numbers which had escaped Cantor.
 
In 1904, at the third international mathematical congress at Heidelberg, Kőnig gave a talk to disprove Cantor's [[continuum hypothesis]]. The announcement was a sensation and was widely reported by the press. All section meetings were cancelled so that everyone could hear his contribution.
 
Kőnig applied a theorem proved in the thesis of Felix Bernstein; this theorem, however, was not as generally valid as Bernstein had claimed. [[Ernst Zermelo]], the later editor of Cantor's collected works, found the error already the next day. In 1905 there appeared short notes by Bernstein, correcting his theorem, and Kőnig, withdrawing his claim.
 
Nevertheless Kőnig continued his efforts to disprove parts of set theory. In 1905 he published a paper proving that not all sets could be well-ordered.
 
{{cquote|It is easy to show that the finitely defined elements of the continuum form a subset the continuum of cardinality <math>\aleph_0</math>. The reason is that such a definition must be given completely by a finite number of letters and punctuation marks, only a finite number of which is available.}}
 
This statement was doubted by Cantor in a letter to Hilbert in 1906:
 
{{cquote|''Infinite definitions'' (which are not possible in finite time) are absurdities. If Kőnig's claim concerning the cardinality <math>\aleph_0</math> of all ''finitely definable'' real numbers was correct, it would imply that the whole continuum of real numbers was countable; this is most certainly wrong. Therefore Kőnig's assumption must be in error. Am I wrong or am I right?<ref>Original in Cantor, ed. Herbert Meschkowski und Winfried Nilson, ''Briefe'' Berlin: Springer (1991).</ref>}}
 
Cantor was wrong. Today Kőnig's assumption is generally accepted. Contrary to Cantor, presently the majority of mathematicians considers undefinable numbers not as absurdities. This assumption leads, according to Kőnig,
 
{{cquote|in a strangely simple way to the result that the continuum cannot get well-ordered. If we imagine the elements of the continuum as a well-ordered set, those elements which cannot be finitely defined form a subset of that well-ordered set which certainly contains elements of the continuum. Hence in this well-order there should be a first not finitely definable element, following upon all finitely definable numbers. This is impossible. This number has just been finitely defined by the last sentence. The assumption that the continuum could be well-ordered has led to a contradiction.}}
 
Kőnig's conclusion is not stringent. His argument does not rule out the possibility that the continuum can be well-ordered; rather, it rules out the conjunction of "the continuum can be well-ordered by a definition in language L" and "the property of being definable in language L is itself definable in language L". The latter is no longer generally held to be true. For an explanation compare [[Richard's paradox]].
 
The last part of his life Kőnig spent  working on his own approach to set theory, logic and arithmetic, which was published in 1914, one year after his death. When he died he had been working on the final chapter of the book.
 
== About Kőnig ==
At first Georg Cantor highly esteemed Kőnig. In a letter to [[Philip Jourdain]] in 1905 he wrote:
{{cquote|You certainly heard that Mr. Julius ''Kőnig'' of ''Budapest'' was lead astray, by a theorem of Mr. ''Bernstein'' which in ''general is wrong'', to give a talk at Heidelberg, on the international congress of mathematicians, opposing my theorem according to which every set, i.e., every consistent multitude can be assigned an aleph. Anyway, the positive contributions from Kőnig himself are well done.}}
 
Later on Cantor changed his attitude:
 
{{cquote|What ''[[Kronecker]]'' and his pupils as well as ''[[Paul Gordan|Gordan]]'' have said against set theory, what ''Kőnig'', ''[[Henri Poincaré|Poincaré]]'', and ''[[Émile Borel|Borel]]'' have written against it, soon will be recognized by ''all'' as a ''rubbish''.|||Letter to Hilbert, 1912}}
 
{{cquote|Then it will show up that ''Poincaré's'' and ''Kőnig's'' attacks against set theory are nonsense.|||Letter to [[Hermann Schwarz|Schwarz]], 1913}}
 
== Some papers and books by Kőnig ==
*''Zur Theorie der Modulargleichungen der elliptischen Functionen'', Thesis, Heidelberg 1870.
*''Ueber eine reale Abbildung der s.g. Nicht-Euclidischen Geometrie'', Nachrichten von der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen, No. 9 (1872) 157-164.
*''Einleitung in die allgemeine Theorie der Algebraischen Groessen'', Leipzig 1903.
*''[http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0060&DMDID=DMDLOG_0021&L=1 Zum Kontinuum-Problem]'', [[Mathematische Annalen]] '''60''' (1905) 177-180.  
*''[http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN235181684_0061&DMDID=DMDLOG_0016 Über die Grundlagen der Mengenlehre und das Kontinuumproblem]'', [[Mathematische Annalen]] '''61''' (1905) 156-160.
*''[http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0063&DMDID=DMDLOG_0020&L=1 Über die Grundlagen der Mengenlehre und das Kontinuumproblem]'' (Zweite Mitteilung), [[Mathematische Annalen]] '''63''' (1907) 217-221.
*''Neue Grundlagen der Logik, Arithmetik und Mengenlehre'', Leipzig 1914.
 
== Literature and links ==
*Brockhaus: Die Enzyklopädie, 20th ed. vol. 12, Leipzig 1996, p.&nbsp;148.
*W. Burau: Dictionary of Scientific Biography vol. 7, New York 1973, p.&nbsp;444.
*H. Meschkowski, W. Nilson (eds.): Georg Cantor Briefe, Berlin 1991.
*W. Mückenheim: Die Mathematik des Unendlichen, Aachen 2006.
*B. Szénássy, History of Mathematics in Hungary until the 20th Century, Berlin 1992.  
*J. J. O'Connor, E. F. Robertson: The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive<ref>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Konig_Julius.html Konig_Julius biography<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk</ref>
*including two portraits of Gyula Kőnig<ref>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Konig_Julius.html Konig_Julius Portraits<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk</ref>
*Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, Digitalisierungszentrum,<ref>[http://dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sub/digbib/asearch Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum: Schnellsuche<!-- bot-generated title -->] at dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de</ref><ref>[http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/helios/fachinfo/www/math/homo-heid/gdz/koenig-j.htm Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum / Julius Koenig<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de</ref>
*Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg<ref>[http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/helios/fachinfo/www/math/homo-heid/koenig-j.htm Julius Koenig<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de</ref>
*The Mathematics Genealogy Project<ref>http://genealogy.mathematik.uni-bielefeld.de/html/id.phtml?id=76335</ref>
 
==Notes==
{{More footnotes|date=September 2008}}
{{reflist}}
 
{{Authority control|VIAF=32006674}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Konig, Gyula
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Hungarian mathematician
| DATE OF BIRTH    = 16 December 1849
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Győr]], [[Hungary]]
| DATE OF DEATH    = 8 April 1913
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Budapest]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Konig, Gyula}}
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]
[[Category:Hungarian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:19th-century mathematicians]]
[[Category:20th-century mathematicians]]

Revision as of 06:32, 16 February 2014

If you need a joyful and information kitty, then allow him to try any variety of cat climbing trees. Workout is necessary for a good feline and climbing is the ideal technique for kitty to burn calories from fat and remain nicely toned.

Despite the fact that felines sleep at night approximately 18 a long time on a daily basis, they even now ought to work, plunge and run after in your home. Cat trees give outrageous amusement for frisky felines as well as a inviting destination to rest if they are completed enjoying.

It is best to give some thought to items like on the market area, volume of cats and kittens as well as the style of your own cat when picking kitty playgrounds. Pet cat home furnishings might be a uncomplicated kitty condominium or simply a more technical structure similar to a shrub with many perches. You have many choices from which to choose as ascending foliage are available in many dimensions and styles.

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- IVG makes this exciting enjoyable cat tree in brown and beige gentle carpeting. There are four dangling pom pom toys to increase additional awareness for the cat. A great element would be the most important can handle of your shrub that happen to be damaging content. There's another comfy conceal aside hole the place kitty can curl up and sleep at night, together with the leading relaxing spot.

- Medium Trees and shrubs - Average cat play areas or foliage are more costly, but absolutely give more intersting options for your personal kitten. This PetPal Beige Multi-Levels condo is a great middle of the-scaled playground. There are 6 sisal itching content, 2 napping bins a lounging program plus a sitting perch. There's also a hanging rope teaser as well as a dangling cat gadget involved.

- When you have much more living space to get more degrees of enjoy area then try out something such as the Trixie DreamWorld Mijas Cat Tree. It options two relaxing tools, a feline hammock and 2 circle barrels for perching or concealed in. It can be covered with custom rug and it has a dangling gadget for added enjoyment. The leading design of the plant is really a sisal itching blog post. At 51 inches large, it is ideal for several felines to play on together with each other.

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* A Hidden Hollow cat tree is 56 " big and is designed for people with limited space. Handcrafted with two treetop lounging platforms, flooring supplies comfort into the kitty. It’s timber structure and manufactured ivy simply leaves take the great outdoors interior for your particular kitty.

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