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| '''Borosilicate glass''' is a type of [[glass]] with the main glass-forming constituents [[silicon dioxide|silica]] and [[boron oxide]]. Borosilicate glasses are known for having very low [[coefficient of thermal expansion|coefficients of thermal expansion]] (~3 × 10<sup>−6</sup> /°C at 20°C), making them resistant to [[thermal shock]], more so than any other common glass. Such glass is less subject to [[thermal stress]] and is commonly used for the construction of [[reagent bottle]]s. Borosilicate glass is sold under such trade names as [http://www.simax.com Simax], [[Suprax]], [[Kimax]], [[Pyrex]], [[Endural]], [[Schott AG|Schott]], or [[Refmex GL Glass|Refmex]].
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| ==History==
| | A new Tribe is the most strong of all will probably have the planet (virtual) at your toes, and even all that with only real a brief on-line vid that may direct somebody step by step back in how to get our cheat code for Discord of Tribes.<br><br>Interweaving social styles form an actual strong net in and that we are all ensnared. When The Tygers of Pan Tang performed 'It's lonely at most of the top. Everybody's undertaking to do you in', these people borrowed much more from clash of clans hack tool no investigation. A society while not clash of clans chop tool no survey is really like a society which has no knowledge, in that can it is quite helpful.<br><br>Have no idea which play clash of clans desire ways of getting spare gems. The flagstones are very important due to the fact give the player characteristics and the power increase their gaming experience. As opposed to next equivalent games in transportable websites, especially those where individuals use various breaches in buy to bring these practical information relating to free, the nature pertaining to farmville and its format does not enable all of the varieties of hacks that an individual can put to the activity. Everyone is always looking for ways teaching you how to get free gems at clash of clans even so most important thing to perform is to employ a great venue to earn these people for free, save these businesses suitably and use these people where necessary.<br><br>Xbox game playing is just the thing for kids. Consoles have far better control with regards to content and safety, as much kids can simply blowing wind by way of [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elder+regulates elder regulates] on your computer. Using this step might help to safeguard your young ones from harm.<br><br>Its important to agenda your main apple is consistently attach from association war complications . because association wars are fought inside a modified breadth absolutely -- the following war zone. When it comes to the war region, individuals adapt and advance confrontation bases instead of endorsed villages; therefore, your neighborhoods resources, trophies, and absorber are never in risk.<br><br>A very tutorial will guide you thru your first few raids, constructions, and upgrades, having said that youre left to personal wiles pretty quickly. Your buildings take live to construct and upgrade, your army units take your time to recruit, and your supplier buildings take time to get food and gold. Like all of the truck bed cover's genre cousins, Throne Hasten is meant to played in multiple short bursts exactly like. This type of compelling gaming definitely works more beneficial on mobile devices will be always with you and tend to send push notifications when timed tasks are basically finished. Then again, the success of a lot of hit Facebook games through the years indicates that people consult Facebook often enough to produce short play [http://Mondediplo.com/spip.php?page=recherche&recherche=sessions+employment sessions employment] there too.<br><br>So as to master game play in shooter video games, grasp your weapons. See everything there is realize about each and all weapon style in video game. Each weapon excels in certain ways, but lies short in others. If you're ready to find more info about [http://prometeu.net clash of clans hack tool password] take a look at the web page. When you know the pluses and minuses coming from all each weapon, you can use them to king advantage. |
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| Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker [[Otto Schott]] in the late 19th century<ref name=vogel>Werner Vogel: "Glass Chemistry"; Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K; 2nd revised edition (November 1994), ISBN 3-540-57572-3</ref> and sold under the brand name "Duran" in 1893. After [[Corning Incorporated|Corning Glass Works]] introduced [[Pyrex]] in 1915, the name became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world.
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| The European manufacturer of Pyrex, [[Arc International]], uses borosilicate glass in its Pyrex glass kitchen products;<ref>[http://www.arc-international-cookware.com/en/aboutus/pyrex-history.php Pyrex History]</ref> however, the U.S. manufacturer of Pyrex kitchenware uses tempered [[soda-lime glass]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/food/warnings/pyrex.asp|title=Exploding Pyrex|accessdate=2009-10-27}}</ref> Thus Pyrex can refer to either soda-lime glass or borosilicate glass when discussing kitchen glassware, while Pyrex, Bomex, Duran, TGI and Simax all refer to borosilicate glass when discussing [[laboratory glassware]].
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| In addition to the [[quartz]], [[sodium carbonate]], and [[aluminum oxide]] traditionally used in glassmaking, [[boron]] is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. The composition of low expansion borosilicate glass such as those laboratory glasses mentioned above is approximately 80% [[silica]], 13% [[boric oxide]], 4% [[sodium oxide]], and 2-3% [[aluminum oxide]]. Though more difficult to make than traditional glass due to the high melting temperature required (Corning conducted a major revamp of their operations to make it), it is economical to produce. Its superior durability, chemical and heat resistance finds excellent use in [[chemistry|chemical]] [[laboratory]] equipment, cookware, lighting and, in certain cases, windows.
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| Most borosilicate glass is colorless. Colored borosilicate, for the [[studio glass]] trade, was first widely brought onto the market in 1986 when Paul Trautman founded Northstar Glassworks.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} In 2000, former Northstar Glassworks employee Henry Grimmett started [[Glass Alchemy]] and developed the first cadmium Crayon Colors and aventurine Sparkle colors in the borosilicate palette. Glass sales and supplies were brought to the industry by [[ABR Imagery]] in 1996 and glassblowing as a hobby became mainstream within about two years of this occurrence. From there, glassblowing became a household hobby amongst bead makers, lamp workers, and others.
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| ==Manufacturing process==
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| Borosilicate glass is created by adding boric oxide<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qorpak.com/Store/pages/WhatisBorosilicateGlass.aspx |title=What is Borosilicate Glass? |work=qorpak.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-02}}</ref> to the traditional glassmaker's [[frit]] of silica [[sand]], [[sodium carbonate|soda]], and ground lime. Since borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature than ordinary [[silicate glass]], some new techniques were required for industrial production. Borrowing from the [[welding]] trade, burners combining [[oxygen]] with [[natural gas]] were required.
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| ==Physical characteristics==
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| The common type of borosilicate glass used for laboratory glassware has a very low [[thermal expansion]] coefficient (3.3 x 10<sup>−6</sup>/K),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refmexgl.com/index.php/catalogo/detalle/producto/9 |title=Borosilicato |work=refmexgl.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-02}}</ref> about one-third that of ordinary soda-lime glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients which makes borosilicate a more suitable type of glass for certain applications (see below). [[Fused quartz]]ware is even better in this respect (having a fifteen times lower thermal expansion than soda-lime glass), however the difficulty of working with fused quartz makes quartzware much more expensive; borosilicate glass is a low-cost compromise. While more resistant to [[thermal shock]] than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when subjected to rapid or uneven temperature variations. When broken, borosilicate glass tends to crack into large pieces rather than shattering (it will snap rather than splinter).
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| The [[softening point]] (temperature at which [[viscosity]] is approximately <math>10^{7.6}</math> poise) of type 7740 Pyrex is {{convert|820|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tfLWfAx1ZWQC |first=G. L. |last=Weissler |title=Vacuum Physics and Technology |edition=2 |year=1979 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-475914-5 |page=315}}</ref>
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| Borosilicate glass is less [[density|dense]] (at about 2.23g/cm3) than typical soda-lime glass due to the low atomic weight of boron.
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| Optically, borosilicate glasses are [[Crown glass (optics)|crown glasses]] with low dispersion ([[Abbe number]]s around 65) and relatively low [[refractive index|refractive indices]] (1.51–1.54 across the visible range).
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| ==Usage==
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| Borosilicate glass has a wide variety of uses ranging from cookware to lab equipment as well as a component of high quality products such as implantable [[medical devices]] and devices used in space exploration
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| {{List|section|date=October 2011}}
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| ===Healthcare===
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| Virtually all modern laboratory glassware is borosilicate glass. It is widely used in this application due to its chemical and thermal resistance and good optical clarity, but the glass can be reacted with [[sodium hydride]] to produce [[sodium borohydride]], a common laboratory reducing agent. [[Fused quartz]] is also found in some laboratory equipment when its higher melting point and transmission of UV are required (e.g. for tube furnace liners and UV cuvettes), but the cost and difficulty of working with quartz make it excessive for the majority of laboratory equipment.
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| Additionally, borosilicate tubing is used as the feedstock for the production of [[parenteral]] drug packaging, such as vials and pre-filled [[syringe]]s, and is also used for the production of [[ampoule]]s and [[Dental syringe|dental cartridges]]. The chemical resistance of borosilicate glass minimizes the migration of sodium ions from the glass matrix thus making it well suited for [[Drug injection|injectable drug]] applications. This type of glass is typically referred to as USP / EP JP Type I.
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| Borosilicate is widely used in implantable [[medical devices]] such as prosthetic eyes, Artificial hip joints, bone cements, dental composite materials (white fillings)<ref>R Wananuruksawong et al 2011 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 18 192010 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/18/19/192010 Fabrication of Silicon Nitride Dental Core Ceramics with Borosilicate Veneering material</ref> and even in [[breast implants]]
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| Many implantable devices benefit from the unique advantages of borosilicate glass encapsulation. Applications include [[Microchip implant (animal)|veterinary tracking devices]], neurostimulators for the treatment of epilepsy, implantable drug pumps, cochlear implants, and physiological sensors.<ref>http://medicaldesign.com/materials/encapsulating-smaller-and-smarter-implantables-glass-act</ref>
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| ===Electronics===
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| During the mid-twentieth century, borosilicate glass tubing was used to pipe coolants (often [[distilled water]]) through high power [[vacuum tube]]–based electronic equipment, such as commercial broadcast transmitters.
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| Borosilicate glasses also find application in the [[semiconductor industry]] in the development of [[microelectromechanical systems]] (MEMS), as part of stacks of [[Etching (microfabrication)|etched]] silica [[Wafer (electronics)|wafers]] bonded to the etched borosilicate glass.
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| ===Cookware===
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| Glass cookware is another common usage. Borosilicate glass is used for measuring cups, featuring screen printed markings providing graduated measurements, which are widely used in American kitchens.
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| Borosilicate glass is sometimes used for high-quality beverage glassware. Borosilicate glass lends kitchen- and glassware increased durability along with microwave and dishwasher compatibility.
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| ===Lighting===
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| Many high-quality flashlights use borosilicate glass for the lens. This allows for a higher percentage of light transmittance through the lens compared to plastics and lower-quality glass.
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| Several types of [[High-intensity discharge lamp|high-intensity discharge]] (HID) lamps, such as [[Mercury-vapor lamp|mercury vapor]] and [[Metal-halide lamp|metal halide]] lamps, use borosilicate glass as the outer envelope material.
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| New [[lampworking]] techniques led to artistic applications such as contemporary glass [[marble (toy)|marble]]s. The modern [[studio glass]] movement has responded to color. "The availability of colors began to increase when companies such as Glass Alchemy introduced the Crayon Colors, which brought a whole new vivacity to the glass industry."<ref>danK. "Glass Industry: Then and Now" ''Glass Aficionado'' 2008: Issue 1 Print Page 54</ref> Borosilicate is commonly used in the [[glassblowing]] form of [[lampworking]] and the artists create a range of products ranging from [[jewelry]], [[kitchenware]], to [[sculpture]] as well as for artistic glass tobacco pipes.
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| Lighting manufacturers use borosilicate glass in their refractors.
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| Organic light emitting diode (for display and lighting purposes) also uses borosilicate glass (BK7). The thicknesses of the BK7 glass substrates are usually less than 1 millimeter for the [[OLED]] fabrication. Due to its optical and mechanical characteristics in relation with cost, BK7 is a common substrate in OLEDs. However, depending on the application, sodalime glass substrates of similar thicknesses are also used in OLED fabrication.
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| ===Optics===
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| Most astronomical [[reflecting telescope]] glass mirror components are made of borosilicate glass because of its low coefficient of expansion with heat. This makes very precise optical surfaces possible that change very little with temperature, and matched glass mirror components that "track" across temperature changes and retain the optical system's characteristics.
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| The optical glass most often used for making instrument [[Lens (optics)|lenses]] is [[Schott AG|Schott]] BK-7 (or the equivalent from other makers), a very finely made borosilicate [[Crown glass (optics)|crown glass]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}. It is also designated as 517642 glass after its 1.517 refractive index and 64.2 [[Abbe number]]. Other less costly borosilicate glasses, such as Schott B270 or the equivalent, are used to make "[[Crown glass (optics)|crown glass]]" eyeglass lenses. Ordinary lower-cost borosilicate glass, like that used to make kitchenware and even reflecting telescope mirrors, cannot be used for high-quality lenses because of the striations and [[Inclusion (mineral)|inclusions]] common to lower grades of this type of glass. The maximum working temperature is 515 Fahrenheit (268.3 °C). While it transitions to a liquid starting at 550 degrees Fahrenheit(just before it turns red-hot), it is not workable until it reaches over 1000 fahrenheit. That means that in order to industrially produce this glass, oxygen/fuel torches must be used. Glassblowers borrowed technology and techniques from welders.
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| ===Other===
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| Aquarium heaters are sometimes made of borosilicate glass. Due to its high heat resistance, it can tolerate the significant temperature difference between the water and the [[nichrome]] [[heating element]].
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| Many current glass [[sex toys]] use high grade Borosilicate glass. The toys are generally hand blown, their beauty combined with the ease of cleaning and a long service life make them a popular material.<ref>{{cite web|title=Toy Materials|url=http://kinseyconfidential.org/resources/sex-toys/|work=Kinsey Institute|publisher=Kinsey Confidential|accessdate=30 September 2012}}</ref>
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| Specialty [[Marijuana pipe|marijuana]] and [[Smoking pipe (tobacco)|tobacco]] [[Pipe smoking|pipes]] are made from borosilicate glass. The high heat resistance makes the pipes more durable.
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| Most premanufactured glass [[Slide guitar|guitar slides]] are also made of borosilicate glass.
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| Borosilicate is also a material of choice for [[Solar thermal collector#Evacuated tube collectors|evacuated tube solar thermal technology]], because of its high strength and heat resistance.
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| The [[Space Shuttle thermal protection system|thermal insulation tiles]] on the [[Space Shuttle]] were coated with a borosilicate glass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts_sys.html|title=SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER SYSTEMS THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM|accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>
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| Borosilicate glasses are used for immobilisation and disposal of [[radioactive waste]]s. In most countries [[High-level radioactive waste management|high-level radioactive waste]] has been incorporated into alkali borosilicate or phosphate vitreous waste forms for many years and [[Radioactive waste#Vitrification|vitrification]] is an established technology.<ref>M. I. Ojovan and W.E. Lee. An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 315pp. (2005)</ref> Vitrification is a particularly attractive immobilization route because of the high chemical durability of the vitrified glass product. This characteristic has been used by industry for centuries.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} The chemical resistance of glass can allow it to remain in a corrosive environment for many thousands and even millions of years.
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| ==Borosilicate nanoparticles==
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| It was initially thought that borosilicate glass could not be formed into [[nanoparticle]]s, since an unstable [[boron oxide]] precursor prevented successful forming of these shapes. However, in 2008 a team of researchers from the Swiss [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|Federal Institute of Technology]] at [[Lausanne]] were successful in forming borosilicate nanoparticles of 100 to 500 [[nanometer]]s in diameter. The researchers formed a [[gel]] of tetraethylorthosilicate and trimethoxyboroxine. When this gel is exposed to water under proper conditions, a dynamic reaction ensues which results in the nanoparticles.<ref>''[[Chemical & Engineering News]]'' Vol. 86 No. 37, 15 September 2008, "Making Borosilicate nanoparticles is now possible", p. 35</ref>
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| ==In lampworking==
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| Borosilicate, or "boro" (as it is often called), is used extensively in the [[glassblowing]] process [[lampworking]]; the glassworker uses a burner torch to melt and form glass, using a variety of metal and [[graphite]] tools to shape it. Borosilicate is referred to as "hard glass" and has a higher melting point (approximately 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit / 1649 degrees Celsius) than "soft glass," which is preferred for glassblowing by beadmakers. Raw glass used in lampworking comes in glass rods for solid work and glass tubes for hollow work tubes and vessels/containers. Lampworking is used to make complex and custom scientific apparatus; most major universities have a lampworking shop to manufacture and repair their glassware. For this kind of "scientific glassblowing", the specifications must be exact and the glassblower must be highly skilled and able to work with precision. Lampworking is also done as art and common items made include goblets, paper weights, pendants, compositions and figurines.
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| ===Beadmaking===
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| In recent years, with the resurgence of lampworking as a technique to make handmade glass beads, boro has become a popular material in many glass artists' studios. Boro for beadmaking comes in thin, pencil-like rods. [http://northstarglass.com/ Northstar], [http://www.momkasglass.com/ Momka's Glass], [http://www.taglass.com/ Trautman Art Glass], and [http://glassalchemy.com/ Glass Alchemy] are popular manufacturers, although there are other brands available. The metals used to color boro glass, particularly silver, often create strikingly beautiful and unpredictable results when melted in an oxygen-gas torch flame. Because it retains heat longer than soft glass, and because it is stronger than soft glass, boro is particularly suited for sculpting and creating large beads, including figurines. The tools used for making glass beads from boro glass are the same as those used for making glass beads from soft glass. Colored borosilicate lampworking glass is most often considerably more expensive than "soft" lampworking glass, and this is usually reflected in the selling price of handmade artisan borosilicate beads and other creations.
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{Wiktionary|Borosilicate glass}}
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| {{Commons category|Borosilicate glass}}
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| * [http://www.refmexgl.com/index.php/catalogo/detalle/producto/9 REFMEX GL Borosilicate Glass]
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| * [http://www.corning.com/docs/specialtymaterials/pisheets/WaferSht.pdf Corning Glass Product PDF]
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| * [http://www.makeitfrom.com/data/?material=Borosilicate_Glass Material Properties Data: Borosilicate Glass]
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| * [http://www.duran-group.com/en/about-duran/duran-properties.html Properties of SCHOTT DURAN Borosilicate Glass - Overview]
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| {{Glass science}}
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| {{Glass makers and brands}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Borosilicate Glass}}
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| [[Category:Glass compositions]]
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| [[Category:Boron compounds]]
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| [[Category:Transparent materials]]
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