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Many different '''units of length''' have been used around the world. The main units in modern use are [[U.S. customary units]] in the [[United States]] and the [[Metric system]] elsewhere. British [[Imperial unit]]s are still used for some purposes in the [[United Kingdom]] and some other countries. The metric system is sub-divided into [[International System of Units|SI]] and non-SI units.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardarelli|first=François|title=Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights, and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins|year=2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781852336820 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=Hinkelman>{{cite book|last=Hinkelman|first=Edward G.|coauthors=Sibylla Putzi |title=Dictionary Of International Trade: Handbook Of The Global Trade Community|year=2005|publisher=World Trade Press|page=245|isbn=9781885073723}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Judson|first=Lewis Van Hagen|title=Units of Weight and Measure (United States Customary and Metric): Definitions and Tables of Equivalents, Issue 233|year=1960|pages=3&ndash;4|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Mialg1senzMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Units+of+Weight+and+Measure+(United+States+Customary+and+Metric)&source=bl&ots=0JAs-6uKEu&sig=f8BSRt44JIZPrxDvUklqe9KBrd4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GHh9UL3hM-TbigKHqYHwDg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Units%20of%20Weight%20and%20Measure%20(United%20States%20Customary%20and%20Metric)&f=false |accessdate=16 October 2012}}</ref>


==Metric system==
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{{main|Metric system}}


===SI===
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{{main|International System of Units}}
{{See also|Orders of magnitude (length)}}
The [[SI base unit|base unit]] in the International System of Units (SI) is the [[metre]], defined as "the length of the path travelled by [[speed of light|light]] in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a [[second]]."<ref name="Res1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/17/1/ |title=17th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1983), Resolution 1. |accessdate=2012-09-19}}</ref> It is approximately equal to 1.0936&nbsp;yards. Other units are derived from the metre by adding [[Metric prefix|prefixes]] from the table below:
 
{{SI-Prefixes}}
 
For example, a [[kilometre]] is 1000&nbsp;metres.
 
===Non-SI===
In the [[Centimetre–gram–second system of units]], the basic unit of length is the [[centimetre]], or 1/100 of a metre.
 
Non-SI units of length include:
* [[fermi (unit)|fermi]] (fm) (= 1 [[femtometre]] in SI units)
* [[ångström]] (Å) (= 100 [[picometre]]s in SI units)
* micron (= 1 [[micrometre]] in SI units)
* [[Norwegian/Swedish mil]]/[[myriametre]] (= 10,000 metres)
* [[x unit]] (= 0.1 picometre)
 
==Imperial/US==
{{main|Imperial unit|U.S. customary units}}
 
The basic unit of length in the Imperial and U.S. customary systems is the [[yard]], defined as exactly 0.9144&nbsp;m by international treaty in 1959.<ref name=Hinkelman/><ref name="Fenna2002">{{cite book|author=Donald Fenna|title=A dictionary of weights, measures, and units|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SISFRzNPLPsC&pg=PA130|accessdate=8 January 2012|date=26 October 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-860522-5|pages=130–1}}</ref>
 
Common Imperial units and U.S. customary units of length include:<ref>{{harvnb|Cardarelli|2003|pp=29&ndash;30}}</ref>
* [[thou (unit of length)|thou]] or mil (1/1000 of an inch)
* [[Line (unit)|line]] (1/12 of an inch)
* [[inch]] (2.54&nbsp;cm)
* [[foot (length)|foot]] (12&nbsp;inches, 0.3048 m)
* [[yard]] (3&nbsp;ft, 0.9144 m)
* (terrestrial) [[mile]] (5280&nbsp;ft, 1609.344 m)
* (land) [[League (unit)|league]] (3 miles)
 
==Marine==
In addition, the following are used by mariners:
* [[fathom]] (for depth; only in non-metric countries) (2 yards = 1.8288 m)
* [[nautical mile]] (one minute of arc of latitude = 1852 m)
 
==Aviation==
Aviators use feet (same as US) for altitude worldwide (except in Russia and China) and nautical miles for distance.
 
==Surveying==
[[Surveyor (surveying)|Surveyor]]s in the [[United States]] continue to use:
* [[chain (unit)|chain]] (~20.1m)
* [[rod (unit)|rod]] (also called pole or perch) (~5 m)
 
==Science==
 
===Astronomy===
{{main|Astronomical system of units}}
[[Astronomy|Astronomical]] measure uses:
*[[Earth radius]] (<math>R_\oplus</math>) (&asymp;6,371&nbsp;km<ref name="Moritz2000">{{cite journal |last=Moritz |first=H. |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=March 2000 |title=Geodetic Reference System 1980 |journal=Journal of Geodesy |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=128–133 |doi=10.1007/s001900050278 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/0bgccvjj5bedgdfu/about/ |accessdate= |quote= |bibcode = 2000JGeod..74..128. }}</ref>)
*[[astronomical unit]] (au or ua) (defined in 2012 as 149,597,870,700&nbsp;m<ref name=Nature2012>{{cite web
| url = http://www.nature.com/news/the-astronomical-unit-gets-fixed-1.11416
| title = The astronomical unit gets fixed: Earth–Sun distance changes from slippery equation to single number.
| author = Geoff Brumfiel
| date = 14 Sep 2012
| accessdate = 14 Sep 2012
}}</ref>)  Approximately the distance between the Earth and Sun.
*[[light year]] (ly) (&asymp;9,460,730,472,580.8&nbsp;km) The distance that light travels in a [[vacuum]] in one [[Julian year (astronomy)|Julian year]].<ref name="IAUgen">{{citation| url = http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/measuring/ | title = The IAU and astronomical units | publisher = International Astronomical Union | accessdate=2008-07-05}}</ref>
*[[parsec]] (pc) (&asymp;30,856,775,814,671.9&nbsp;km or about 3.26156&nbsp;ly)
*[[Hubble length]] (13.8 billon light year/306593922 parsec)
 
===Physics===
{{See also|Natural units}}
*Atomic unit of length ([[Bohr radius]]): <math>a_0 \approx 0.529\;177\;210\;92 \times 10^{-10} \mbox{ m}</math><ref>{{cite web |publisher=NIST |title=atomic unit of length  |url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?tbohrrada0|search_for=nonsi_in! |work=The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty |accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref>
*Natural unit of length: <math>\bar{\lambda}_\text{C} \approx 386.159\;268\;00 \times 10^{-15} \mbox{m}</math><ref>{{cite web |publisher=NIST |title=natural unit of length  |url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?tecomwlbar |work=The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty |accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref>
*[[Planck length]]: <math>\ell_\text{P} \approx 1.616\;199 \times 10^{-35} \mbox{ m}</math><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[NIST]] |title=Planck length |url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?plkl |work=The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty |accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref>
 
==Archaic==
{{main|Ancient weights and measures}}
Archaic units of distance include:
*[[cana (unit of length)|cana]]
*[[cubit]]
*[[Rope (unit)|rope]]
*[[league (unit)|league]]
*[[Li (unit)|li]] ([[China]])
*[[Pace (unit of length)|pace]] (the "double pace" of about 5 feet used in [[Ancient Rome]])
*[[verst]] ([[Russia]])
See also [[English units#Length|English units of length]].
 
==Informal==
In everyday conversation, and in informal literature, it is common to see lengths measured in units of objects of which everyone knows the approximate width. Common examples are:
*[[Double-decker bus]] (9.5–10.9 metres in length)
*[[Football]] field (generally around 110 metres, depending on the country)
*Thickness of a human [[hair]] (around 80 micrometres)
*A [[beard-second]] is a unit created as a teaching concept.  It is the distance that a beard grows in a second (about 5 nanometres)
*[[Smoot]], a jocular unit of length created as part of an [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] fraternity prank
 
==Other==
[[Horse racing]] and other equestrian activities keep alive:
* [[furlong]] = ~ {{convert|0.125|mi|m}}
*[[length (horse racing)|horse length]] = ~ {{convert|8|ft|m}}
 
==See also==
*[[English unit]]
*[[Medieval weights and measures]]
*[[Orders of magnitude (length)]]
*[[Systems of measurement]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Whitelaw|first=Ian|title=A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement|year=2007|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780312370268}}
 
{{Systems of measurement}}
{{Units of length used in Astronomy}}
 
[[Category:Units of length]]

Latest revision as of 15:58, 18 August 2014


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