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'''DIIS''' ('''direct inversion in the iterative subspace''' or '''direct inversion of the iterative subspace'''), also known as '''Pulay mixing''', is an [[extrapolation]] technique. DIIS was developed by [[Peter Pulay]] in the field of computational [[quantum chemistry]] with the intent to accelerate and stabilize the convergence of the [[Hartree&ndash;Fock]] self-consistent field method.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pulay|first=Péter |year=1980|title=Convergence acceleration of iterative sequences. the case of SCF iteration|journal=Chemical Physics Letters|volume=73|issue=2|pages=393&ndash;398|doi=10.1016/0009-2614(80)80396-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Pulay|first=Péter |year=1982|title=Improved SCF Convergence Acceleration|journal=Journal of Computational Chemistry|volume=3|issue=4|pages=556&ndash;560|doi=10.1002/jcc.540030413}}</ref>
A '''period 8 element''' is any one of 46 hypothetical [[chemical element]]s ([[ununennium]] through unhexquadium) belonging to an eighth [[Periodic table period|period]] of the [[extended periodic table|periodic table of the elements]]. Sometimes, elements 169 to 172 are also considered to be in period 8 as their outermost electrons fill the 8p<sub>3/2</sub> subshells, despite behaving chemically more like the [[period 9 element]]s. They may be referred to using [[IUPAC]] [[systematic element name]]s. None of these elements have been [[synthetic element|synthesized]],<ref group="note">The heaviest element that has been synthesized to date is [[ununoctium]] with atomic number 118, which is the last [[period 7 element]].</ref> and it is possible that none have isotopes with stable enough nuclei to receive significant attention in the near future. It is also probable that, due to [[Proton drip line|drip instabilities]], only the lower period 8 elements are physically possible and the periodic table may end soon after the [[island of stability]] at [[unbihexium]] with atomic number 126.<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}</ref>{{Rp|593|date=November 2012}} The names given to these unattested elements are all [[systematic element name|IUPAC systematic names]].


At a given iteration, the approach constructs a [[linear combination]] of approximate error vectors from previous iterations. The coefficients of the linear combination are determined so to best approximate, in a [[least squares]] sense, the [[null vector]]. The newly determined coefficients are then used to extrapolate the function variable for the next iteration.
If it were possible to produce sufficient quantities of sufficiently long-lived isotopes of these elements that would allow the study of their chemistry, these elements may well behave very differently from those of previous periods. This is because their [[electronic configuration]]s may be altered by [[quantum mechanics|quantum]] and [[Theory of relativity|relativistic]] effects, as the energy levels of the 5g, 6f, 7d and 8p<sub>1/2</sub> [[atomic orbital|orbitals]] are so close to each other that they may well exchange electrons with each other.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1063/1.1672054}}</ref> This would result in a large number of elements in the [[superactinide]] series that would have extremely similar chemical properties that would be quite unrelated to elements of lower atomic number.<ref name="Fricke"/>


==Details==
==History==
There are currently seven [[period (periodic table)|period]]s in the [[periodic table]] of [[chemical elements]], culminating with [[atomic number]] 118. If further elements with higher atomic numbers than this are discovered, they will be placed in additional periods, laid out (as with the existing periods) to illustrate periodically recurring trends in the properties of the elements concerned. Any additional periods are expected to contain a larger number of elements than the seventh period, as they are calculated to contain elements with filled g-[[atomic orbital|orbital]]s in their ground state. An eight-period table containing these elements was suggested by [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] in 1969.<ref name="LBNL">{{ cite web |url=http://www.lbl.gov/LBL-PID/Nobelists/Seaborg/65th-anniv/29.html |title= An Early History of LBNL |first=Glenn |last=Seaborg|authorlink=Glenn T. Seaborg|date=August 26, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3963006 | last1 = Frazier | first1 = K. | title = Superheavy Elements | journal = Science News | volume = 113 | issue = 15 | pages = 236–238 | year = 1978 | jstor = 3963006}}</ref> No elements in this region have been synthesized or discovered in nature. While Seaborg's version of the extended period had the heavier elements following the pattern set by lighter elements, as it did not take into account [[relativistic quantum chemistry|relativistic effects]], models that take relativistic effects into account do not. [[Pekka Pyykkö]] and B. Fricke used computer modeling to calculate the positions of elements up to ''[[Atomic number|Z]]'' = 172 (comprising periods 8 and [[period 9 element|9]]), and found that several were displaced from the Madelung rule.<ref name="Fricke">{{cite journal |last1=Fricke |first1=B. |last2=Greiner |first2=W. |last3=Waber |first3=J. T. |year=1971 |title=The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements |journal=Theoretica chimica acta |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=235–260 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/BF01172015 |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01172015?LI=true# |accessdate=28 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="rsc.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemScience/Volume/2010/11/Extended_elements.asp |title=Extended elements: new periodic table |year=2010}}</ref> Fricke predicted the structure of the extended periodic table up to ''Z'' = 172 to be:
{{Extended periodic table (by Fricke, 32 columns, compact)}}


At each iteration, an approximate error vector, {{math|'''e'''<sub>''i''</sub>}}, corresponding to the variable value, {{math|'''p'''<sub>''i''</sub>}} is determined. After sufficient iterations, a linear combination of {{math|''m''}} previous error vectors is constructed
==Predicted properties==


:<math>\mathbf e_{m+1}=\sum_{i = 1}^m\ c_i\mathbf e_i.</math>
===Chemical and physical properties===


The DIIS method seeks to minimize the norm of {{math|'''e'''<sub>''m''+1</sub>}} under the constraint that the coefficients sum to one. The reason why the coefficients must sum to one be can seen if we write the trial vector as the sum of the exact solution ({{math|'''p'''<sup>f</sup>}}) and an error vector. In the DIIS approximation, we get:
====8s elements====
:<math>
<div style="float: right; margin: 1px; font-size:85%;">
\begin{align}
:{| class="wikitable sortable"
\mathbf p &= \sum_i c_i \left( \mathbf p^\text{f} + \mathbf e_i \right) \\
|+ Some predicted properties of elements 119 and 120<ref name="Fricke"/><ref name="Haire"/>
  &= \mathbf p^\text{f} \sum_i c_i + \sum_i c_i \mathbf e_i
! Property
\end{align}
! 119
</math>
! 120
We minimize the second term while it is clear that the sum coefficients must be equal to one if we want to find the exact solution.
|-
The minimization is done by a [[Lagrange multiplier]] technique. Introducing an undetermined multiplier {{math|''λ''}}, a Lagrangian is constructed as
! [[Relative atomic mass]]
| [322]
| [325]
|-
! [[Periodic table group|Group]]
| [[alkali metal|1]]
| [[alkaline earth metal|2]]
|-
! Valence [[electron configuration]]
| 8s<sup>1</sup>
| 8s<sup>2</sup>
|-
! Stable [[oxidation state]]s
| '''1''', 3
| '''2''', 4
|-
! First [[ionization energy]]
| 437.1 [[kilojoule per mole|kJ/mol]]
| 578.9 kJ/mol
|-
! [[Metallic radius]]
| 260 pm
| 200 pm
|-
! [[Density]]
| 3 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 7 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
|-
! [[Melting point]]
| 0–30&nbsp;[[degree Celsius|°C]]
| 680&nbsp;°C
|-
! [[Boiling point]]
| 630&nbsp;[[degree Celsius|°C]]
| 1700&nbsp;°C
|}
</div>
The first two elements of period 8 are expected to be [[ununennium]] and [[unbinilium]], elements 119 and 120. Their electron configurations should have the 8s shell being filled. However, the 8s orbital is relativistically stabilized and contracted and thus, elements 119 and 120 should be more like [[caesium]] and [[barium]] than their immediate neighbours above, [[francium]] and [[radium]]. Another effect of the relativistic contraction of the 8s orbital is that the [[atomic radius|atomic radii]] of these two elements should be about the same of those of francium and radium. They should behave like normal [[alkali metal|alkali]] and [[alkaline earth metal]]s, normally forming +1 and +2 [[oxidation state]]s respectively, but the relativistic destabilization of the 7p<sub>3/2</sub> subshell and the relatively low [[ionization energy|ionization energies]] of the 7p<sub>3/2</sub> electrons should make higher oxidation states like +3 and +4 (respectively) possible as well.<ref name="Fricke"/><ref name=Haire>{{cite book| title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements| editor1-last = Morss|editor2-first = Norman M.| editor2-last = Edelstein| editor3-last = Fuger|editor3-first = Jean| last = Haire|first = Richard G.| chapter = Transactinides and the future elements| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]]| year = 2006| isbn = 1-4020-3555-1| location = Dordrecht, The Netherlands| edition = 3rd| ref = CITEREFHaire2006}}</ref>


:<math>
====Superactinides====
\begin{align}
The superactinide series is expected to contain elements [[unbiunium|121]] to 155. In the superactinide series, the 7d<sub>3/2</sub>, 8p<sub>1/2</sub>, 6f<sub>5/2</sub> and 5g<sub>7/2</sub> shells should all fill simultaneously. The first superactinide, unbiunium (element 121), should be a [[Congener (chemistry)|congener]] of [[lanthanum]] and [[actinium]] and should have similar properties to them. In the first few superactinides, the binding energies of the added electrons are predicted to be small enough that they can lose all their valence electrons; for example, [[unbihexium]] (element 126) would usually form a +8 oxidation state, and even higher oxidation states for the next few elements may be possible. The presence of electrons in g-orbitals, which do not exist in the ground state electron configuration of any currently known element, should allow presently unknown [[orbital hybridisation|hybrid]] orbitals to form and influence the chemistry of the superactinides in new ways, although the absence of ''g'' electrons in known elements makes predicting their chemistry more difficult.<ref name=Fricke/>
L&=\left\|\mathbf e_{m+1}\right\|^2-\lambda\left(\sum_i\ c_i-1\right),\\
&=\sum_{ij}c_jB_{ji}c_i-\lambda\left(\sum_i\ c_i-1\right),\text{ where } B_{ij}=\langle\mathbf e_j, \mathbf e_i\rangle.
\end{align}
</math>


Equating zero to the derivatives of {{math|''L''}} with respect to the coefficients and the multiplier leads to a system of {{math|(''m'' + 1)}} [[linear equation|linear equations]] to be solved for the {{math|''m''}} coefficients (and the Lagrange multiplier). The coefficients are then used to update the variable as
In the later superactinides, the oxidation states should become lower. By element 132, the predominant most stable oxidation state will be only +6; this is further reduced to +3 and +4 by element 144, and at the end of the superactinide series it will be only +2 (and possibly even 0) because the 6f shell, which is being filled at that point, is deep inside the electron cloud and the 8s and 8p<sub>1/2</sub> electrons are bound too strongly to be chemically active. The 5g shell should be filled at element 144 and the 6f shell at around element 154, and at this region of the superactinides the 8p<sub>1/2</sub> electrons are bound so strongly that they are no longer active chemically, so that only a few electrons can participate in chemical reactions. Calculations by Fricke ''et al.'' predict that at element 154, the 6f shell is full and there are no d- or other electron [[wave function]]s outside the chemically inactive 8s and 8p<sub>1/2</sub> shells. This would cause element 154 to be very [[reactivity (chemistry)|unreactive]], so that it may exhibit properties similar to those of the noble gases.<ref name=Fricke/><ref name=Haire/>


:<math>\mathbf p_{m+1}=\sum_{i = 1}^m c_i\mathbf p_i.</math>
Similarly to the [[lanthanide contraction|lanthanide and actinide contractions]], there should be a superactinide contraction in the superactinide series where the [[ionic radius|ionic radii]] of the superactinides are smaller than expected. In the [[lanthanide]]s, the contraction is about 4.4&nbsp;pm per element; in the [[actinide]]s, it is about 3&nbsp;pm per element. The contraction is larger in the lanthanides than in the actinides due to the greater localization of the 4f wave function as compared to the 5f wave function. Comparisons with the wave functions of the outer electrons of the lanthanides, actinides, and superactinides lead to a prediction of a contraction of about 2&nbsp;pm per element in the superactinides; although this is smaller than the contractions in the lanthanides and actinides, its total effect is larger due to the fact that 32 electrons are filled in the deeply buried 5g and 6f shells, instead of just 14 electrons being filled in the 4f and 5f shells in the lanthanides and actinides respectively.<ref name=Fricke/>


==Citations==
====Transition metals====
{{reflist}}
The transition metals in period 8 are expected to be element 156 to 164. Although the 8s and 8p<sub>1/2</sub> electrons are bound so strongly in these elements that they should not be able to take part in any chemical reactions, the 9s and 9p<sub>1/2</sub> levels are expected to be readily available for hybridization such that these elements will still behave chemically like their lighter [[homology (chemistry)|homologues]] in the periodic table, showing the same oxidation states as they do, in contrast to earlier predictions which predicted the period 8 transition metals to have main oxidation states two less than those of their lighter congeners.<ref name=Fricke/><ref name=Haire/>
 
The noble metals of this series of transition metals are not expected to be as noble as their lighter homologues, due to the absence of an outer ''s'' shell for shielding and also because the 7d shell is strongly split into two subshells due to relativistic effects. This causes the first ionization energies of the 7d transition metals to be smaller than those of their lighter congeners. Calculations predict that the 7d electrons of element 164 (unhexquadium) should participate very readily in chemical reactions, so that unhexquadium should be able to show +6 and +4 oxidation states in addition to the normal +2 state in [[aqueous solution]]s with strong [[ligand]]s. Unhexquadium should thus be able to form compounds like Uhq([[carbonyl|CO]])<sub>4</sub>, Uhq([[phosphorus trifluoride|PF<sub>3</sub>]])<sub>4</sub> (both [[tetrahedral molecular geometry|tetrahedral]]), and {{chem|Uhq([[cyanide|CN]])|2|2-}} ([[linear molecular geometry|linear]]), which is very different behavior from that of [[lead]], which unhexquadium would be a heavier [[homology (chemistry)|homologue]] of if not for relativistic effects. Unhexquadium should be a [[hardness|soft]] metal like [[mercury (element)|mercury]], and metallic unhexquadium should have a high melting point as it is predicted to bond [[covalent bond|covalently]]. It should also have some similarities to [[ununoctium]] as well as to the other group 12 elements. The eighth period of the periodic table is expected to end here.<ref name=Fricke/><ref name=Haire/>
 
<div style="float: center; margin: 1px; font-size:85%;">
:{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Some predicted properties of the 7d transition metals. The metallic radii and densities are first approximations.<ref name="Fricke"/><ref name="Haire"/>
! Property
! 156
! 157
! 158
! 159
! 160
! 161
! 162
! 163
! 164
|-
! [[Relative atomic mass]]
| [445]
| [448]
| [452]
| [456]
| [459]
| [463]
| [466]
| [470]
| [474]
|-
! [[Periodic table group|Group]]
| [[group 4 element|4]]
| [[group 5 element|5]]
| [[group 6 element|6]]
| [[group 7 element|7]]
| [[group 8 element|8]]
| [[group 9 element|9]]
| [[group 10 element|10]]
| [[group 11 element|11]]
| [[group 12 element|12]]
|-
! Valence [[electron configuration]]
| 7d<sup>2</sup>
| 7d<sup>3</sup>
| 7d<sup>4</sup>
| 7d<sup>5</sup>
| 7d<sup>6</sup>
| 7d<sup>7</sup>
| 7d<sup>8</sup>
| 7d<sup>9</sup>
| 7d<sup>10</sup>
|-
! Stable [[oxidation state]]s
| 2, 4
| 3, 5
| 4, 6
| 1, 5, 7
| 2, 6, 8
| 3, 7
| 4, 8
| 3, 5
| 0, 2, 4, 6
|-
! First [[ionization energy]]
| 395.6 kJ/mol
| 453.5 kJ/mol
| 521.0 kJ/mol
| 337.7 kJ/mol
| 424.5 kJ/mol
| 472.8 kJ/mol
| 559.6 kJ/mol
| 617.5 kJ/mol
| 685.0 kJ/mol
|-
! [[Metallic radius]]
| 170 pm
| 163 pm
| 157 pm
| 152 pm
| 148 pm
| 148 pm
| 149 pm
| 152 pm
| 158 pm
|-
! [[Density]]
| 26 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 28 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 30 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 33 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 36 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 40 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 45 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 47 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 46 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
|}
</div>
 
===Nuclear properties===
The first [[island of stability]] is expected to be centered around [[unbibium]]-306 (with 122 protons and 184 neutrons),<ref name=Kratz>
{{cite conference
|last1=Kratz |first1=J. V.
|date=5 September 2011
|title=The Impact of Superheavy Elements on the Chemical and Physical Sciences
|url=http://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/06_Sep/S_1/02_Kratz.pdf
|conference=4th International Conference  on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements
|accessdate=27 August 2013
}}</ref> and the second is expected to be center around [[unhexquadium]]-482 (with 164 protons and 318 neutrons).<ref>http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-04/acs-nse031108.php</ref><ref>http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01406719/lookinside/000.png</ref>
 
==Synthesis==
The only period 8 elements that have had synthesis attempts were elements 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, and 127. So far, none of these synthesis attempts were successful.
 
===Ununennium===
The synthesis of ununennium was attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of [[einsteinium]]-254 with [[calcium]]-48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California:
:<math>\,^{254}_{99}\mathrm{Es} + \,^{48}_{20}\mathrm{Ca} \to \,^{302}_{119}\mathrm{Uue} ^{*} </math>
No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting yield of 300 [[barn (unit)|nb]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Search for superheavy elements using <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>254</sup>Es<sup>g</sup> reaction|author=R. W. Lougheed, J. H. Landrum, E. K. Hulet, J. F. Wild, R. J. Dougan, A. D. Dougan, H. Gäggeler, M. Schädel, K. J. Moody, K. E. Gregorich, and [[Glenn T. Seaborg|G. T. Seaborg]]|journal=Physical Reviews C|year=1985|pages=1760–1763|url=http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v32/p1760|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760|volume=32|issue=5|bibcode = 1985PhRvC..32.1760L }}</ref>
As of May 2012, plans are under way to attempt to synthesize the isotopes <sup>295</sup>Uue and <sup>296</sup>Uue by bombarding a target of [[berkelium]] with [[titanium]] at the [[GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research]] in [[Darmstadt]], Germany:<ref name="economist">[http://www.economist.com/node/21554502 Modern alchemy: Turning a line], [[The Economist]]</ref><ref>http://fias.uni-frankfurt.de/kollo/Duellmann_FIAS-Kolloquium.pdf</ref>
:<math>\,^{249}_{97}\mathrm{Bk} + \,^{50}_{22}\mathrm{Ti} \to \,^{296}_{119}\mathrm{Uue} \,+3\,^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n}</math>
 
:<math>\,^{249}_{97}\mathrm{Bk} + \,^{50}_{22}\mathrm{Ti} \to \,^{295}_{119}\mathrm{Uue} \,+4\,^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n}</math>
 
====Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=119 compound nuclei====
The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with an atomic number of 119.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 
!Target!!Projectile!!CN!!Attempt result
|-
!<sup>254</sup>Es
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>302</sup>Uue||{{no|Failure to date}}
|-
!<sup>249</sup>Bk
|<sup>50</sup>Ti||<sup>299</sup>Uue||{{unk|Planned reaction}}
|}
 
===Unbinilium===
Attempts to date to synthesize the element using fusion reactions at low excitation energy have met with failure, although there are reports that the fission of nuclei of unbinilium at very high excitation has been successfully measured, indicating a strong shell effect at Z=120.
In March–April 2007, the synthesis of unbinilium was attempted at the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions]] in [[Dubna]] by bombarding a [[plutonium]]-244 target with [[iron]]-58 [[ion]]s.<ref>[http://www.jinr.ru/plan/ptp-2007/e751004.htm THEME03-5-1004-94/2009]</ref> Initial analysis revealed that no atoms of element 120 were produced providing a limit of 400 [[barn (unit)|fb]] for the cross section at the energy studied.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Phys. Rev. C|volume=79|page=024603|year=2009|title=Attempt to produce element 120 in the <sup>244</sup>Pu+<sup>58</sup>Fe reaction|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.79.024603|last1=Oganessian|first1=Yu. Ts.|last2=Utyonkov|first2=V.|last3=Lobanov|first3=Yu.|last4=Abdullin|first4=F.|last5=Polyakov|first5=A.|last6=Sagaidak|first6=R.|last7=Shirokovsky|first7=I.|last8=Tsyganov|first8=Yu.|last9=Voinov|first9=A.|last10=N.N.|displayauthors=9|issue=2 |bibcode = 2009PhRvC..79b4603O }}</ref>
 
:<math>\,^{244}_{94}\mathrm{Pu} + \,^{58}_{26}\mathrm{Fe} \to \,^{302}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn} ^{*} \to \ \mathit{fission\ only}</math>
 
The Russian team are planning to upgrade their facilities before attempting the reaction again.<ref name=Duellmann>>http://fias.uni-frankfurt.de/kollo/Duellmann_FIAS-Kolloquium.pdf</ref>
 
In April 2007, the team at [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung|GSI]] attempted to create unbinilium using [[uranium]]-238 and [[nickel]]-64:<ref name=Duellmann/>
 
:<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \,^{64}_{28}\mathrm{Ni} \to \,^{302}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn} ^{*} \to \ \mathit{fission\ only}</math>
 
No atoms were detected providing a limit of 1.6 pb on the cross section at the energy provided. The GSI repeated the experiment with higher sensitivity in three separate runs from April–May 2007, Jan–March 2008, and Sept–Oct 2008, all with negative results and providing a cross section limit of 90 fb.<ref name=Duellmann/>
 
In June–July 2010, scientists at the GSI attempted the fusion reaction:<ref name=Duellmann/>
 
:<math>\,^{248}_{96}\mathrm{Cm} + \,^{54}_{24}\mathrm{Cr} \to \,^{302}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn} ^{*} </math>
 
They were unable to detect any atoms but exact details are not currently available.<ref name=Duellmann/>
 
In August–October 2011, a different team at the GSI using the TASCA facility tried the new reaction:<ref name=Duellmann/>
 
:<math>\,^{249}_{98}\mathrm{Cf} + \,^{50}_{22}\mathrm{Ti} \to \,^{299}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn} ^{*} </math>
 
Results from this experiment are not yet available.<ref name=Duellmann/>
In 2008, the team at GANIL, France, described the results from a new technique which attempts to measure the fission [[half-life]] of a compound nucleus at high excitation energy, since the yields are significantly higher than from neutron evaporation channels. It is also a useful method for probing the effects of shell closures on the survivability of compound nuclei in the super-heavy region, which can indicate the exact position of the next proton shell (Z=114, 120, 124, or 126).
The team studied the nuclear fusion reaction between uranium ions and a target of natural nickel:
 
::::<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \,^{nat}_{28}\mathrm{Ni} \to \,^{296,298,299,300,302}\mathrm{Ubn} ^{*} \to \ \mathit{fission}.</math>
 
The results indicated that nuclei of unbinilium were produced at high (~70 MeV) excitation energy which underwent fission with measurable half-lives > 10<sup>−18</sup> s. Although very short, the ability to measure such a process indicates a strong shell effect at Z=120. At lower excitation energy (see neutron evaporation), the effect of the shell will be enhanced and ground-state nuclei can be expected to have relatively long half-lives. This result could partially explain the relatively long half-life of <sup>294</sup>[[ununoctium|Uuo]] measured in experiments at Dubna. Similar experiments have indicated a similar phenomenon at Z=124 (see [[unbiquadium]]) but not for [[flerovium]], suggesting that the next proton shell does in fact lie at Z>120.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/Physics.1.12|title=How stable are the heaviest nuclei?|year=2008|author=Natowitz, Joseph|journal=Physics|volume=1|pages=12|bibcode = 2008PhyOJ...1...12N }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|volume=101|year=2008|page=072701|title=Fission Time Measurements: A New Probe into Superheavy Element Stability|author=Morjean, M. et al.|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.072701|pmid=18764526|bibcode=2008PhRvL.101g2701M|issue=7}}</ref>
The team at RIKEN have begun a program utilizing <sup>248</sup>Cm targets and have indicated future experiments to probe the possibility of Z=120 being the next magic number using the aforementioned nuclear reactions to form <sup>302</sup>Ubn.<ref>see slide 11 in [http://www-win.gsi.de/tasca07/contributions/TASCA07_Contribution_Morita.pdf Future Plan of the Experimental Program on Synthesizing the Heaviest Element at RIKEN]</ref>
 
====Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=120 compound nuclei====
The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with an atomic number of 120.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Target !! Projectile !! CN !! Attempt result
|-
!<sup>208</sup>Pb
|<sup>88</sup>Sr||<sup>296</sup>Ubn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted<ref name=Haire/>}}
|-
!<sup>238</sup>U
|<sup>64</sup>Ni||<sup>302</sup>Ubn||{{no|Failure to date, σ < 94 fb}}
|-
!<sup>244</sup>Pu
|<sup>58</sup>Fe||<sup>302</sup>Ubn||{{no|Failure to date, σ < 0.4 pb}}
|-
!<sup>248</sup>Cm
|<sup>54</sup>Cr||<sup>302</sup>Ubn||{{no|Failure to date, not all details available}}
|-
!<sup>250</sup>Cm
|<sup>54</sup>Cr||<sup>304</sup>Ubn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>249</sup>Cf
|<sup>50</sup>Ti||<sup>299</sup>Ubn||{{unk|Results are not yet available}}
|-
!<sup>252</sup>Cf
|<sup>50</sup>Ti||<sup>302</sup>Ubn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>257</sup>Fm
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>305</sup>Ubn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|}
 
===Unbibium===
The first attempt to synthesize unbibium was performed in 1972 by [[Georgy Flerov|Flerov]] ''et al.'' at [[JINR]], using the hot fusion reaction:<ref name="emsley"/>
 
:<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \,^{66}_{30}\mathrm{Zn} \to \,^{304}_{122}\mathrm{Ubb} ^{*} \to \ \mbox{no atoms}.</math>
 
No atoms were detected and a yield limit of 5 [[Barn (unit)|mb]] (5,000,000,000 [[barn (unit)|pb]]) was measured. Current results (see [[flerovium]]) have shown that the sensitivity of this experiment was too low by at least 6 orders of magnitude.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}
 
In 2000, the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] (GSI) performed a very similar experiment with much higher sensitivity:<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|page=588}}</ref>
 
:<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \,^{70}_{30}\mathrm{Zn} \to \,^{308}_{122}\mathrm{Ubb} ^{*} \to \ \mbox{no atoms}.</math>
 
These results indicate that the synthesis of such heavier elements remains a significant challenge and further improvements of beam intensity and experimental efficiency is required. The sensitivity should be increased to 1 [[barn (unit)|fb]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}
 
Another unsuccessful attempt to synthesize unbibium was carried out in 1978 at the GSI, where a natural [[erbium]] target was bombarded with [[xenon-136]] ions:<ref name="emsley"/>
 
:<math>\,^{nat}_{68}\mathrm{Er} + \,^{136}_{54}\mathrm{Xe} \to \,^{298,300,302,303,304,306}\mathrm{Ubb} ^{*} \to \ \mbox{no atoms}.</math>
 
The two attempts in the 1970s to synthesize unbibium were caused by research investigating whether superheavy elements could potentially be naturally occurring.<ref name="emsley"/>
Several experiments have been performed between 2000-2004 at the Flerov laboratory of Nuclear Reactions studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus <sup>306</sup>Ubb. Two nuclear reactions have been used, namely <sup>248</sup>Cm + <sup>58</sup>Fe and <sup>242</sup>Pu + <sup>64</sup>Ni.<ref name="emsley"/> The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling [[nuclear shell model|closed shell]] nuclei such as <sup>132</sup>Sn (Z=50, N=82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between <sup>48</sup>Ca and <sup>58</sup>Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of <sup>58</sup>Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation.<ref>see Flerov lab annual reports 2000–2004 inclusive http://www1.jinr.ru/Reports/Reports_eng_arh.html</ref>
 
===Unbiquadium===
In a series of experiments, scientists at GANIL have attempted to measure the direct and delayed fission of compound nuclei of elements with Z=114, 120, and 124 in order to probe [[nuclear shell|shell]] effects in this region and to pinpoint the next spherical proton shell. This is because having complete nuclear shells (or, equivalently, having a [[magic number (physics)|magic number]] of [[proton]]s or [[neutron]]s) would confer more stability on the nuclei of such superheavy elements, thus moving closer to the [[island of stability]]. In 2006, with full results published in 2008, the team provided results from a reaction involving the bombardment of a natural germanium target with uranium ions:
 
:<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} +  \,^{nat}_{32}\mathrm{Ge} \to \,^{308,310,311,312,314}\mathrm{Ubq} ^{*} \to \  fission.</math>
 
The team reported that they had been able to identify compound nuclei fissioning with half-lives > 10<sup>−18</sup> s. A compound nucleus is a loose combination of [[nucleon]]s that have not arranged themselves into nuclear shells yet. It has no internal structure and is held together only by the collision forces between the target and projectile nuclei. It is estimated that it requires around 10<sup>−14</sup>&nbsp;s for the nucleons to arrange themselves into nuclear shells, at which point the compound nucleus becomes an [[nuclide]], and this number is used by [[IUPAC]] as the minimum [[half-life]] a claimed isotope must have to potentially be recognised as being discovered. Thus, the GANIL experiments do not count as a discovery of element 124.<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|page=590}}</ref>
 
===Unbihexium===
The first and only attempt to synthesize unbihexium, which was unsuccessful, was performed in 1971 at [[CERN]] by [[René Bimbot]] and John M. Alexander<!--don't link; the article titled "John M. Alexander" goes to a different John M. Alexander--> using the hot fusion reaction:<ref name="emsley"/>
 
: {{nuclide2|thorium|232|link=y}} + {{nuclide2|krypton|84|link=y}} → {{nuclide2|unbihexium|316}}* → ''no atoms''<!-- please, drop the attitude to use the resource-consuming <math> for any (non-mathematical) crap which one cannot easily type-as-it-reads on an en-US keyboard.  learn templates, HTML and Unicode -->
 
A high energy [[alpha particle]] was observed and taken as possible evidence for the synthesis of unbihexium. Recent research{{which|date=October 2011}} suggests that this is highly unlikely as the sensitivity of experiments performed in 1971 would have been several orders of magnitude too low according to current understanding.
 
===Unbiseptium===
Unbiseptium has had one failed attempt at [[Synthetic element|synthesis]] in 1978 at the Darmstadt UNILAC accelerator by bombarding a natural [[tantalum]] target with [[xenon]] ions:<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|page=593}}</ref>
 
:<math>\,^{nat}_{73}\mathrm{Ta} +  \,^{136}_{54}\mathrm{Xe} \to \,^{316, 317}\mathrm{Ubs} ^{*} \to \mbox{no atoms}.</math>
 
====Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=127 compound nuclei====
 
The below table shows various combinations of targets and projectiles leading to compound nuclei with an atomic number of 127.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Target !! Projectile !! CN !! Attempt result
|-
!<sup>180m</sup>Ta
|<sup>136</sup>Xe||<sup>316</sup>Ubs||{{no|Failure to date}}
|-
!<sup>181</sup>Ta
|<sup>136</sup>Xe||<sup>317</sup>Ubs||{{no|Failure to date}}
|-
|}


==References==
==See also==
* {{cite journal|last1=Garza|first1=Alejandro J.|last2=Scuseria|first2=Gustavo E.|year=2012|title=Comparison of self-consistent field convergence acceleration techniques|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=173|issue=5|page=054110|doi=10.1063/1.4740249}}
* [[Extended periodic table]]: extension of the table beyond the 7th period
* {{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10910-011-9863-y|title=An analysis for the DIIS acceleration method used in quantum chemistry calculations|year=2011|last1=Rohwedder|first1=Thorsten|last2=Schneider|first2=Reinhold|journal=Journal of Mathematical Chemistry|volume=49|issue=9|pages=1889}}
* [[Nucleon drip line]]
* [[Period 9 element]]


==External links==
==Notes==
* [http://vergil.chemistry.gatech.edu/notes/diis/node2.html The Mathematics of DIIS]
{{reflist|group=note}}


[[Category:Quantum chemistry]]
==References==
[[Category:Numerical linear algebra]]
{{reflist}}


{{Navbox periodic table}}
{{Extended periodic table (by Fricke, 32 columns, compact)}}


{{theoretical-chem-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Period 08}}
{{physical-chemistry-stub}}
[[Category:Periods in the periodic table]]
{{applied-math-stub}}
[[Category:Hypothetical chemical elements]]

Revision as of 20:27, 12 August 2014

A period 8 element is any one of 46 hypothetical chemical elements (ununennium through unhexquadium) belonging to an eighth period of the periodic table of the elements. Sometimes, elements 169 to 172 are also considered to be in period 8 as their outermost electrons fill the 8p3/2 subshells, despite behaving chemically more like the period 9 elements. They may be referred to using IUPAC systematic element names. None of these elements have been synthesized,[note 1] and it is possible that none have isotopes with stable enough nuclei to receive significant attention in the near future. It is also probable that, due to drip instabilities, only the lower period 8 elements are physically possible and the periodic table may end soon after the island of stability at unbihexium with atomic number 126.[1]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.

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If it were possible to produce sufficient quantities of sufficiently long-lived isotopes of these elements that would allow the study of their chemistry, these elements may well behave very differently from those of previous periods. This is because their electronic configurations may be altered by quantum and relativistic effects, as the energy levels of the 5g, 6f, 7d and 8p1/2 orbitals are so close to each other that they may well exchange electrons with each other.[2] This would result in a large number of elements in the superactinide series that would have extremely similar chemical properties that would be quite unrelated to elements of lower atomic number.[3]

History

There are currently seven periods in the periodic table of chemical elements, culminating with atomic number 118. If further elements with higher atomic numbers than this are discovered, they will be placed in additional periods, laid out (as with the existing periods) to illustrate periodically recurring trends in the properties of the elements concerned. Any additional periods are expected to contain a larger number of elements than the seventh period, as they are calculated to contain elements with filled g-orbitals in their ground state. An eight-period table containing these elements was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969.[4][5] No elements in this region have been synthesized or discovered in nature. While Seaborg's version of the extended period had the heavier elements following the pattern set by lighter elements, as it did not take into account relativistic effects, models that take relativistic effects into account do not. Pekka Pyykkö and B. Fricke used computer modeling to calculate the positions of elements up to Z = 172 (comprising periods 8 and 9), and found that several were displaced from the Madelung rule.[3][6] Fricke predicted the structure of the extended periodic table up to Z = 172 to be: Template:Extended periodic table (by Fricke, 32 columns, compact)

Predicted properties

Chemical and physical properties

8s elements

Some predicted properties of elements 119 and 120[3][7]
Property 119 120
Relative atomic mass [322] [325]
Group 1 2
Valence electron configuration 8s1 8s2
Stable oxidation states 1, 3 2, 4
First ionization energy 437.1 kJ/mol 578.9 kJ/mol
Metallic radius 260 pm 200 pm
Density 3 g/cm3 7 g/cm3
Melting point 0–30 °C 680 °C
Boiling point 630 °C 1700 °C

The first two elements of period 8 are expected to be ununennium and unbinilium, elements 119 and 120. Their electron configurations should have the 8s shell being filled. However, the 8s orbital is relativistically stabilized and contracted and thus, elements 119 and 120 should be more like caesium and barium than their immediate neighbours above, francium and radium. Another effect of the relativistic contraction of the 8s orbital is that the atomic radii of these two elements should be about the same of those of francium and radium. They should behave like normal alkali and alkaline earth metals, normally forming +1 and +2 oxidation states respectively, but the relativistic destabilization of the 7p3/2 subshell and the relatively low ionization energies of the 7p3/2 electrons should make higher oxidation states like +3 and +4 (respectively) possible as well.[3][7]

Superactinides

The superactinide series is expected to contain elements 121 to 155. In the superactinide series, the 7d3/2, 8p1/2, 6f5/2 and 5g7/2 shells should all fill simultaneously. The first superactinide, unbiunium (element 121), should be a congener of lanthanum and actinium and should have similar properties to them. In the first few superactinides, the binding energies of the added electrons are predicted to be small enough that they can lose all their valence electrons; for example, unbihexium (element 126) would usually form a +8 oxidation state, and even higher oxidation states for the next few elements may be possible. The presence of electrons in g-orbitals, which do not exist in the ground state electron configuration of any currently known element, should allow presently unknown hybrid orbitals to form and influence the chemistry of the superactinides in new ways, although the absence of g electrons in known elements makes predicting their chemistry more difficult.[3]

In the later superactinides, the oxidation states should become lower. By element 132, the predominant most stable oxidation state will be only +6; this is further reduced to +3 and +4 by element 144, and at the end of the superactinide series it will be only +2 (and possibly even 0) because the 6f shell, which is being filled at that point, is deep inside the electron cloud and the 8s and 8p1/2 electrons are bound too strongly to be chemically active. The 5g shell should be filled at element 144 and the 6f shell at around element 154, and at this region of the superactinides the 8p1/2 electrons are bound so strongly that they are no longer active chemically, so that only a few electrons can participate in chemical reactions. Calculations by Fricke et al. predict that at element 154, the 6f shell is full and there are no d- or other electron wave functions outside the chemically inactive 8s and 8p1/2 shells. This would cause element 154 to be very unreactive, so that it may exhibit properties similar to those of the noble gases.[3][7]

Similarly to the lanthanide and actinide contractions, there should be a superactinide contraction in the superactinide series where the ionic radii of the superactinides are smaller than expected. In the lanthanides, the contraction is about 4.4 pm per element; in the actinides, it is about 3 pm per element. The contraction is larger in the lanthanides than in the actinides due to the greater localization of the 4f wave function as compared to the 5f wave function. Comparisons with the wave functions of the outer electrons of the lanthanides, actinides, and superactinides lead to a prediction of a contraction of about 2 pm per element in the superactinides; although this is smaller than the contractions in the lanthanides and actinides, its total effect is larger due to the fact that 32 electrons are filled in the deeply buried 5g and 6f shells, instead of just 14 electrons being filled in the 4f and 5f shells in the lanthanides and actinides respectively.[3]

Transition metals

The transition metals in period 8 are expected to be element 156 to 164. Although the 8s and 8p1/2 electrons are bound so strongly in these elements that they should not be able to take part in any chemical reactions, the 9s and 9p1/2 levels are expected to be readily available for hybridization such that these elements will still behave chemically like their lighter homologues in the periodic table, showing the same oxidation states as they do, in contrast to earlier predictions which predicted the period 8 transition metals to have main oxidation states two less than those of their lighter congeners.[3][7]

The noble metals of this series of transition metals are not expected to be as noble as their lighter homologues, due to the absence of an outer s shell for shielding and also because the 7d shell is strongly split into two subshells due to relativistic effects. This causes the first ionization energies of the 7d transition metals to be smaller than those of their lighter congeners. Calculations predict that the 7d electrons of element 164 (unhexquadium) should participate very readily in chemical reactions, so that unhexquadium should be able to show +6 and +4 oxidation states in addition to the normal +2 state in aqueous solutions with strong ligands. Unhexquadium should thus be able to form compounds like Uhq(CO)4, Uhq(PF3)4 (both tetrahedral), and Template:Chem (linear), which is very different behavior from that of lead, which unhexquadium would be a heavier homologue of if not for relativistic effects. Unhexquadium should be a soft metal like mercury, and metallic unhexquadium should have a high melting point as it is predicted to bond covalently. It should also have some similarities to ununoctium as well as to the other group 12 elements. The eighth period of the periodic table is expected to end here.[3][7]

Some predicted properties of the 7d transition metals. The metallic radii and densities are first approximations.[3][7]
Property 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164
Relative atomic mass [445] [448] [452] [456] [459] [463] [466] [470] [474]
Group 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Valence electron configuration 7d2 7d3 7d4 7d5 7d6 7d7 7d8 7d9 7d10
Stable oxidation states 2, 4 3, 5 4, 6 1, 5, 7 2, 6, 8 3, 7 4, 8 3, 5 0, 2, 4, 6
First ionization energy 395.6 kJ/mol 453.5 kJ/mol 521.0 kJ/mol 337.7 kJ/mol 424.5 kJ/mol 472.8 kJ/mol 559.6 kJ/mol 617.5 kJ/mol 685.0 kJ/mol
Metallic radius 170 pm 163 pm 157 pm 152 pm 148 pm 148 pm 149 pm 152 pm 158 pm
Density 26 g/cm3 28 g/cm3 30 g/cm3 33 g/cm3 36 g/cm3 40 g/cm3 45 g/cm3 47 g/cm3 46 g/cm3

Nuclear properties

The first island of stability is expected to be centered around unbibium-306 (with 122 protons and 184 neutrons),[8] and the second is expected to be center around unhexquadium-482 (with 164 protons and 318 neutrons).[9][10]

Synthesis

The only period 8 elements that have had synthesis attempts were elements 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, and 127. So far, none of these synthesis attempts were successful.

Ununennium

The synthesis of ununennium was attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium-254 with calcium-48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California:

99254Es+2048Ca119302Uue*

No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting yield of 300 nb.[11] As of May 2012, plans are under way to attempt to synthesize the isotopes 295Uue and 296Uue by bombarding a target of berkelium with titanium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany:[12][13]

97249Bk+2250Ti119296Uue+301n
97249Bk+2250Ti119295Uue+401n

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=119 compound nuclei

The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with an atomic number of 119.

Target Projectile CN Attempt result
254Es 48Ca 302Uue Hi! You have arrived here trying to find a reliable and ethical real estate agent in Singapore to assist with your property needs. Whether you are an expat, local or firm seeking to rent, let loose, purchase or sell, I have entry to the complete property market and supply the highest high quality, confirmed service to all my purchasers.

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249Bk 50Ti 299Uue Template:Unk

Unbinilium

Attempts to date to synthesize the element using fusion reactions at low excitation energy have met with failure, although there are reports that the fission of nuclei of unbinilium at very high excitation has been successfully measured, indicating a strong shell effect at Z=120. In March–April 2007, the synthesis of unbinilium was attempted at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna by bombarding a plutonium-244 target with iron-58 ions.[14] Initial analysis revealed that no atoms of element 120 were produced providing a limit of 400 fb for the cross section at the energy studied.[15]

94244Pu+2658Fe120302Ubn*fissiononly

The Russian team are planning to upgrade their facilities before attempting the reaction again.[16]

In April 2007, the team at GSI attempted to create unbinilium using uranium-238 and nickel-64:[16]

92238U+2864Ni120302Ubn*fissiononly

No atoms were detected providing a limit of 1.6 pb on the cross section at the energy provided. The GSI repeated the experiment with higher sensitivity in three separate runs from April–May 2007, Jan–March 2008, and Sept–Oct 2008, all with negative results and providing a cross section limit of 90 fb.[16]

In June–July 2010, scientists at the GSI attempted the fusion reaction:[16]

96248Cm+2454Cr120302Ubn*

They were unable to detect any atoms but exact details are not currently available.[16]

In August–October 2011, a different team at the GSI using the TASCA facility tried the new reaction:[16]

98249Cf+2250Ti120299Ubn*

Results from this experiment are not yet available.[16] In 2008, the team at GANIL, France, described the results from a new technique which attempts to measure the fission half-life of a compound nucleus at high excitation energy, since the yields are significantly higher than from neutron evaporation channels. It is also a useful method for probing the effects of shell closures on the survivability of compound nuclei in the super-heavy region, which can indicate the exact position of the next proton shell (Z=114, 120, 124, or 126). The team studied the nuclear fusion reaction between uranium ions and a target of natural nickel:

92238U+28natNi296,298,299,300,302Ubn*fission.

The results indicated that nuclei of unbinilium were produced at high (~70 MeV) excitation energy which underwent fission with measurable half-lives > 10−18 s. Although very short, the ability to measure such a process indicates a strong shell effect at Z=120. At lower excitation energy (see neutron evaporation), the effect of the shell will be enhanced and ground-state nuclei can be expected to have relatively long half-lives. This result could partially explain the relatively long half-life of 294Uuo measured in experiments at Dubna. Similar experiments have indicated a similar phenomenon at Z=124 (see unbiquadium) but not for flerovium, suggesting that the next proton shell does in fact lie at Z>120.[17][18] The team at RIKEN have begun a program utilizing 248Cm targets and have indicated future experiments to probe the possibility of Z=120 being the next magic number using the aforementioned nuclear reactions to form 302Ubn.[19]

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=120 compound nuclei

The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with an atomic number of 120.

Target Projectile CN Attempt result
208Pb 88Sr 296Ubn Template:Unk
238U 64Ni 302Ubn Hi! You have arrived here trying to find a reliable and ethical real estate agent in Singapore to assist with your property needs. Whether you are an expat, local or firm seeking to rent, let loose, purchase or sell, I have entry to the complete property market and supply the highest high quality, confirmed service to all my purchasers.

In the final six month of 2013, $1.1 billion worth of potential transactions have been referred to worldwide agents by Juwai.com, the most important real estate portal that targets Chinese language patrons trying abroad. It was unclear what number of deals were actually completed. He and his co-employee in New York were referred a Chinese businessman by Juwai.com on the http://bh-weddings.club/ finish of last 12 months. The shopper gave them a budget of $one hundred million to put money into actual property in New York. They've been communicating over QQ Chat, a preferred immediate messenger in China run by Tencent, and the buyer has made plans to visit the U.S. metropolis to check out his options. Though most buyers want to check out properties in individual earlier than shopping for, some have agreed to long-distance offers. Condominium net presence

Majority of dwelling-patrons begin their search online via portals equivalent to PropertyGuru It is handy, fast, and photographs can be found. All through its historical past, ERA has achieved quite a few "firsts" within the business together with the primary to provide an expert actual property training program, and the primary to be licensed SISIR ISO 9002 compliant. With the present market scenario it's essential to restructure your portfolio to HEDGE YOUR DANGERS so you can MAKE THE UTMOST PROFIT. Are you searching for an alternate job with no financial limits ? Maybeare simply tired of your demanding boss and questioning if the rumor of how well paid real property agents is true? What are some practical tips for fulfillment in the real property business?

Only if you go each paper within the RES exams, can you apply for the salesperson license with Council of Estate Agency through Knight Frank. An annual payment of $299.60 is payable to CEA for this license via Knight Frank. Create a Monetary Finances.is important given the up and down of this unstable market place. Your monetary budget ought to plan to your advertising costs, any further costs equivalent to schooling and your forecasted income. Attention-grabbing, fascinated or still uncertain? Name Leon Low @ 9369 5588 and you could find out extra on how he and his Team members can assist you on this Real Property Enterprise. See you real soon! By guest contributor Getty Goh, Director of Ascendant Property , a real estate analysis and funding consultancy agency.

Successful advertising and marketing efforts herald several affords. The dilemma facing all sellers is which provide to just accept. Smart cash would be on the highest provide with the least connected circumstances. Not all consumers would be willing to wait too long for an acceptance of their offer. Effective negotiating requires being prompt. In the event you feel it is a fair offer in your property, it's clever to negotiate instantly and enter into a gross sales contract. It might never be repeated. A chook in the hand is value two within the bush. All the time discuss with your agent as to the eligibility of the buyer, completion interval, and your legal obligations as a vendor.

You have excitedly moved into your new crib, solely to grasp that the air-con is not working and the plumbing is choked. Can your agent negotiate with the vendor to pay for the repairs? Sorry, his palms are tied. To assist me understand and cater to your wants, inform me extra about your self and what you are searching for in my Buying or Renting enquiry type (click on green text accordingly). RES is the new and only business entry qualifying exams for Actual Estate Salespersons. Updates on the foundations, regulations, insurance policies and procedures pertaining to real property agency follow. Paper 2 - Actual Estate Salespersons Apply and Rules Most profitable real property transactions are performed thru exclusive agency - the popular methodology by each brokers and sellers.

Underneath this arrangement, it's a healthy transaction and competition between purchaser and vendor's brokers. Of course buyer's agent will work very laborious to get you the listings to view and negotiate for you the property you need to purchase, while the vendor's agent would do the identical for their seller to earn the commission. Right now, we have lost all confidence in obtaining our dream house and at a superb deal by means of agents here except we wish to undergo this very frustrating and worrying dwelling buying course of in Singapore again. WE would in all probability just purchase in Hong Kong or again home in New York where real property agents have been more professionally educated and operated. bookstores and shops Mighty Minds Singapore Streets Listing Expat Properties
244Pu 58Fe 302Ubn Hi! You have arrived here trying to find a reliable and ethical real estate agent in Singapore to assist with your property needs. Whether you are an expat, local or firm seeking to rent, let loose, purchase or sell, I have entry to the complete property market and supply the highest high quality, confirmed service to all my purchasers.

In the final six month of 2013, $1.1 billion worth of potential transactions have been referred to worldwide agents by Juwai.com, the most important real estate portal that targets Chinese language patrons trying abroad. It was unclear what number of deals were actually completed. He and his co-employee in New York were referred a Chinese businessman by Juwai.com on the http://bh-weddings.club/ finish of last 12 months. The shopper gave them a budget of $one hundred million to put money into actual property in New York. They've been communicating over QQ Chat, a preferred immediate messenger in China run by Tencent, and the buyer has made plans to visit the U.S. metropolis to check out his options. Though most buyers want to check out properties in individual earlier than shopping for, some have agreed to long-distance offers. Condominium net presence

Majority of dwelling-patrons begin their search online via portals equivalent to PropertyGuru It is handy, fast, and photographs can be found. All through its historical past, ERA has achieved quite a few "firsts" within the business together with the primary to provide an expert actual property training program, and the primary to be licensed SISIR ISO 9002 compliant. With the present market scenario it's essential to restructure your portfolio to HEDGE YOUR DANGERS so you can MAKE THE UTMOST PROFIT. Are you searching for an alternate job with no financial limits ? Maybeare simply tired of your demanding boss and questioning if the rumor of how well paid real property agents is true? What are some practical tips for fulfillment in the real property business?

Only if you go each paper within the RES exams, can you apply for the salesperson license with Council of Estate Agency through Knight Frank. An annual payment of $299.60 is payable to CEA for this license via Knight Frank. Create a Monetary Finances.is important given the up and down of this unstable market place. Your monetary budget ought to plan to your advertising costs, any further costs equivalent to schooling and your forecasted income. Attention-grabbing, fascinated or still uncertain? Name Leon Low @ 9369 5588 and you could find out extra on how he and his Team members can assist you on this Real Property Enterprise. See you real soon! By guest contributor Getty Goh, Director of Ascendant Property , a real estate analysis and funding consultancy agency.

Successful advertising and marketing efforts herald several affords. The dilemma facing all sellers is which provide to just accept. Smart cash would be on the highest provide with the least connected circumstances. Not all consumers would be willing to wait too long for an acceptance of their offer. Effective negotiating requires being prompt. In the event you feel it is a fair offer in your property, it's clever to negotiate instantly and enter into a gross sales contract. It might never be repeated. A chook in the hand is value two within the bush. All the time discuss with your agent as to the eligibility of the buyer, completion interval, and your legal obligations as a vendor.

You have excitedly moved into your new crib, solely to grasp that the air-con is not working and the plumbing is choked. Can your agent negotiate with the vendor to pay for the repairs? Sorry, his palms are tied. To assist me understand and cater to your wants, inform me extra about your self and what you are searching for in my Buying or Renting enquiry type (click on green text accordingly). RES is the new and only business entry qualifying exams for Actual Estate Salespersons. Updates on the foundations, regulations, insurance policies and procedures pertaining to real property agency follow. Paper 2 - Actual Estate Salespersons Apply and Rules Most profitable real property transactions are performed thru exclusive agency - the popular methodology by each brokers and sellers.

Underneath this arrangement, it's a healthy transaction and competition between purchaser and vendor's brokers. Of course buyer's agent will work very laborious to get you the listings to view and negotiate for you the property you need to purchase, while the vendor's agent would do the identical for their seller to earn the commission. Right now, we have lost all confidence in obtaining our dream house and at a superb deal by means of agents here except we wish to undergo this very frustrating and worrying dwelling buying course of in Singapore again. WE would in all probability just purchase in Hong Kong or again home in New York where real property agents have been more professionally educated and operated. bookstores and shops Mighty Minds Singapore Streets Listing Expat Properties
248Cm 54Cr 302Ubn Hi! You have arrived here trying to find a reliable and ethical real estate agent in Singapore to assist with your property needs. Whether you are an expat, local or firm seeking to rent, let loose, purchase or sell, I have entry to the complete property market and supply the highest high quality, confirmed service to all my purchasers.

In the final six month of 2013, $1.1 billion worth of potential transactions have been referred to worldwide agents by Juwai.com, the most important real estate portal that targets Chinese language patrons trying abroad. It was unclear what number of deals were actually completed. He and his co-employee in New York were referred a Chinese businessman by Juwai.com on the http://bh-weddings.club/ finish of last 12 months. The shopper gave them a budget of $one hundred million to put money into actual property in New York. They've been communicating over QQ Chat, a preferred immediate messenger in China run by Tencent, and the buyer has made plans to visit the U.S. metropolis to check out his options. Though most buyers want to check out properties in individual earlier than shopping for, some have agreed to long-distance offers. Condominium net presence

Majority of dwelling-patrons begin their search online via portals equivalent to PropertyGuru It is handy, fast, and photographs can be found. All through its historical past, ERA has achieved quite a few "firsts" within the business together with the primary to provide an expert actual property training program, and the primary to be licensed SISIR ISO 9002 compliant. With the present market scenario it's essential to restructure your portfolio to HEDGE YOUR DANGERS so you can MAKE THE UTMOST PROFIT. Are you searching for an alternate job with no financial limits ? Maybeare simply tired of your demanding boss and questioning if the rumor of how well paid real property agents is true? What are some practical tips for fulfillment in the real property business?

Only if you go each paper within the RES exams, can you apply for the salesperson license with Council of Estate Agency through Knight Frank. An annual payment of $299.60 is payable to CEA for this license via Knight Frank. Create a Monetary Finances.is important given the up and down of this unstable market place. Your monetary budget ought to plan to your advertising costs, any further costs equivalent to schooling and your forecasted income. Attention-grabbing, fascinated or still uncertain? Name Leon Low @ 9369 5588 and you could find out extra on how he and his Team members can assist you on this Real Property Enterprise. See you real soon! By guest contributor Getty Goh, Director of Ascendant Property , a real estate analysis and funding consultancy agency.

Successful advertising and marketing efforts herald several affords. The dilemma facing all sellers is which provide to just accept. Smart cash would be on the highest provide with the least connected circumstances. Not all consumers would be willing to wait too long for an acceptance of their offer. Effective negotiating requires being prompt. In the event you feel it is a fair offer in your property, it's clever to negotiate instantly and enter into a gross sales contract. It might never be repeated. A chook in the hand is value two within the bush. All the time discuss with your agent as to the eligibility of the buyer, completion interval, and your legal obligations as a vendor.

You have excitedly moved into your new crib, solely to grasp that the air-con is not working and the plumbing is choked. Can your agent negotiate with the vendor to pay for the repairs? Sorry, his palms are tied. To assist me understand and cater to your wants, inform me extra about your self and what you are searching for in my Buying or Renting enquiry type (click on green text accordingly). RES is the new and only business entry qualifying exams for Actual Estate Salespersons. Updates on the foundations, regulations, insurance policies and procedures pertaining to real property agency follow. Paper 2 - Actual Estate Salespersons Apply and Rules Most profitable real property transactions are performed thru exclusive agency - the popular methodology by each brokers and sellers.

Underneath this arrangement, it's a healthy transaction and competition between purchaser and vendor's brokers. Of course buyer's agent will work very laborious to get you the listings to view and negotiate for you the property you need to purchase, while the vendor's agent would do the identical for their seller to earn the commission. Right now, we have lost all confidence in obtaining our dream house and at a superb deal by means of agents here except we wish to undergo this very frustrating and worrying dwelling buying course of in Singapore again. WE would in all probability just purchase in Hong Kong or again home in New York where real property agents have been more professionally educated and operated. bookstores and shops Mighty Minds Singapore Streets Listing Expat Properties
250Cm 54Cr 304Ubn Template:Unk
249Cf 50Ti 299Ubn Template:Unk
252Cf 50Ti 302Ubn Template:Unk
257Fm 48Ca 305Ubn Template:Unk

Unbibium

The first attempt to synthesize unbibium was performed in 1972 by Flerov et al. at JINR, using the hot fusion reaction:[1]

92238U+3066Zn122304Ubb*no atoms.

No atoms were detected and a yield limit of 5 mb (5,000,000,000 pb) was measured. Current results (see flerovium) have shown that the sensitivity of this experiment was too low by at least 6 orders of magnitude.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

In 2000, the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) performed a very similar experiment with much higher sensitivity:[1]

92238U+3070Zn122308Ubb*no atoms.

These results indicate that the synthesis of such heavier elements remains a significant challenge and further improvements of beam intensity and experimental efficiency is required. The sensitivity should be increased to 1 fb.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

Another unsuccessful attempt to synthesize unbibium was carried out in 1978 at the GSI, where a natural erbium target was bombarded with xenon-136 ions:[1]

68natEr+54136Xe298,300,302,303,304,306Ubb*no atoms.

The two attempts in the 1970s to synthesize unbibium were caused by research investigating whether superheavy elements could potentially be naturally occurring.[1] Several experiments have been performed between 2000-2004 at the Flerov laboratory of Nuclear Reactions studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus 306Ubb. Two nuclear reactions have been used, namely 248Cm + 58Fe and 242Pu + 64Ni.[1] The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as 132Sn (Z=50, N=82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between 48Ca and 58Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of 58Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation.[20]

Unbiquadium

In a series of experiments, scientists at GANIL have attempted to measure the direct and delayed fission of compound nuclei of elements with Z=114, 120, and 124 in order to probe shell effects in this region and to pinpoint the next spherical proton shell. This is because having complete nuclear shells (or, equivalently, having a magic number of protons or neutrons) would confer more stability on the nuclei of such superheavy elements, thus moving closer to the island of stability. In 2006, with full results published in 2008, the team provided results from a reaction involving the bombardment of a natural germanium target with uranium ions:

92238U+32natGe308,310,311,312,314Ubq*fission.

The team reported that they had been able to identify compound nuclei fissioning with half-lives > 10−18 s. A compound nucleus is a loose combination of nucleons that have not arranged themselves into nuclear shells yet. It has no internal structure and is held together only by the collision forces between the target and projectile nuclei. It is estimated that it requires around 10−14 s for the nucleons to arrange themselves into nuclear shells, at which point the compound nucleus becomes an nuclide, and this number is used by IUPAC as the minimum half-life a claimed isotope must have to potentially be recognised as being discovered. Thus, the GANIL experiments do not count as a discovery of element 124.[1]

Unbihexium

The first and only attempt to synthesize unbihexium, which was unsuccessful, was performed in 1971 at CERN by René Bimbot and John M. Alexander using the hot fusion reaction:[1]

Template:Nuclide2 + Template:Nuclide2Template:Nuclide2* → no atoms

A high energy alpha particle was observed and taken as possible evidence for the synthesis of unbihexium. Recent researchTemplate:Which suggests that this is highly unlikely as the sensitivity of experiments performed in 1971 would have been several orders of magnitude too low according to current understanding.

Unbiseptium

Unbiseptium has had one failed attempt at synthesis in 1978 at the Darmstadt UNILAC accelerator by bombarding a natural tantalum target with xenon ions:[1]

73natTa+54136Xe316,317Ubs*no atoms.

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=127 compound nuclei

The below table shows various combinations of targets and projectiles leading to compound nuclei with an atomic number of 127.

Target Projectile CN Attempt result
180mTa 136Xe 316Ubs Hi! You have arrived here trying to find a reliable and ethical real estate agent in Singapore to assist with your property needs. Whether you are an expat, local or firm seeking to rent, let loose, purchase or sell, I have entry to the complete property market and supply the highest high quality, confirmed service to all my purchasers.

In the final six month of 2013, $1.1 billion worth of potential transactions have been referred to worldwide agents by Juwai.com, the most important real estate portal that targets Chinese language patrons trying abroad. It was unclear what number of deals were actually completed. He and his co-employee in New York were referred a Chinese businessman by Juwai.com on the http://bh-weddings.club/ finish of last 12 months. The shopper gave them a budget of $one hundred million to put money into actual property in New York. They've been communicating over QQ Chat, a preferred immediate messenger in China run by Tencent, and the buyer has made plans to visit the U.S. metropolis to check out his options. Though most buyers want to check out properties in individual earlier than shopping for, some have agreed to long-distance offers. Condominium net presence

Majority of dwelling-patrons begin their search online via portals equivalent to PropertyGuru It is handy, fast, and photographs can be found. All through its historical past, ERA has achieved quite a few "firsts" within the business together with the primary to provide an expert actual property training program, and the primary to be licensed SISIR ISO 9002 compliant. With the present market scenario it's essential to restructure your portfolio to HEDGE YOUR DANGERS so you can MAKE THE UTMOST PROFIT. Are you searching for an alternate job with no financial limits ? Maybeare simply tired of your demanding boss and questioning if the rumor of how well paid real property agents is true? What are some practical tips for fulfillment in the real property business?

Only if you go each paper within the RES exams, can you apply for the salesperson license with Council of Estate Agency through Knight Frank. An annual payment of $299.60 is payable to CEA for this license via Knight Frank. Create a Monetary Finances.is important given the up and down of this unstable market place. Your monetary budget ought to plan to your advertising costs, any further costs equivalent to schooling and your forecasted income. Attention-grabbing, fascinated or still uncertain? Name Leon Low @ 9369 5588 and you could find out extra on how he and his Team members can assist you on this Real Property Enterprise. See you real soon! By guest contributor Getty Goh, Director of Ascendant Property , a real estate analysis and funding consultancy agency.

Successful advertising and marketing efforts herald several affords. The dilemma facing all sellers is which provide to just accept. Smart cash would be on the highest provide with the least connected circumstances. Not all consumers would be willing to wait too long for an acceptance of their offer. Effective negotiating requires being prompt. In the event you feel it is a fair offer in your property, it's clever to negotiate instantly and enter into a gross sales contract. It might never be repeated. A chook in the hand is value two within the bush. All the time discuss with your agent as to the eligibility of the buyer, completion interval, and your legal obligations as a vendor.

You have excitedly moved into your new crib, solely to grasp that the air-con is not working and the plumbing is choked. Can your agent negotiate with the vendor to pay for the repairs? Sorry, his palms are tied. To assist me understand and cater to your wants, inform me extra about your self and what you are searching for in my Buying or Renting enquiry type (click on green text accordingly). RES is the new and only business entry qualifying exams for Actual Estate Salespersons. Updates on the foundations, regulations, insurance policies and procedures pertaining to real property agency follow. Paper 2 - Actual Estate Salespersons Apply and Rules Most profitable real property transactions are performed thru exclusive agency - the popular methodology by each brokers and sellers.

Underneath this arrangement, it's a healthy transaction and competition between purchaser and vendor's brokers. Of course buyer's agent will work very laborious to get you the listings to view and negotiate for you the property you need to purchase, while the vendor's agent would do the identical for their seller to earn the commission. Right now, we have lost all confidence in obtaining our dream house and at a superb deal by means of agents here except we wish to undergo this very frustrating and worrying dwelling buying course of in Singapore again. WE would in all probability just purchase in Hong Kong or again home in New York where real property agents have been more professionally educated and operated. bookstores and shops Mighty Minds Singapore Streets Listing Expat Properties
181Ta 136Xe 317Ubs Hi! You have arrived here trying to find a reliable and ethical real estate agent in Singapore to assist with your property needs. Whether you are an expat, local or firm seeking to rent, let loose, purchase or sell, I have entry to the complete property market and supply the highest high quality, confirmed service to all my purchasers.

In the final six month of 2013, $1.1 billion worth of potential transactions have been referred to worldwide agents by Juwai.com, the most important real estate portal that targets Chinese language patrons trying abroad. It was unclear what number of deals were actually completed. He and his co-employee in New York were referred a Chinese businessman by Juwai.com on the http://bh-weddings.club/ finish of last 12 months. The shopper gave them a budget of $one hundred million to put money into actual property in New York. They've been communicating over QQ Chat, a preferred immediate messenger in China run by Tencent, and the buyer has made plans to visit the U.S. metropolis to check out his options. Though most buyers want to check out properties in individual earlier than shopping for, some have agreed to long-distance offers. Condominium net presence

Majority of dwelling-patrons begin their search online via portals equivalent to PropertyGuru It is handy, fast, and photographs can be found. All through its historical past, ERA has achieved quite a few "firsts" within the business together with the primary to provide an expert actual property training program, and the primary to be licensed SISIR ISO 9002 compliant. With the present market scenario it's essential to restructure your portfolio to HEDGE YOUR DANGERS so you can MAKE THE UTMOST PROFIT. Are you searching for an alternate job with no financial limits ? Maybeare simply tired of your demanding boss and questioning if the rumor of how well paid real property agents is true? What are some practical tips for fulfillment in the real property business?

Only if you go each paper within the RES exams, can you apply for the salesperson license with Council of Estate Agency through Knight Frank. An annual payment of $299.60 is payable to CEA for this license via Knight Frank. Create a Monetary Finances.is important given the up and down of this unstable market place. Your monetary budget ought to plan to your advertising costs, any further costs equivalent to schooling and your forecasted income. Attention-grabbing, fascinated or still uncertain? Name Leon Low @ 9369 5588 and you could find out extra on how he and his Team members can assist you on this Real Property Enterprise. See you real soon! By guest contributor Getty Goh, Director of Ascendant Property , a real estate analysis and funding consultancy agency.

Successful advertising and marketing efforts herald several affords. The dilemma facing all sellers is which provide to just accept. Smart cash would be on the highest provide with the least connected circumstances. Not all consumers would be willing to wait too long for an acceptance of their offer. Effective negotiating requires being prompt. In the event you feel it is a fair offer in your property, it's clever to negotiate instantly and enter into a gross sales contract. It might never be repeated. A chook in the hand is value two within the bush. All the time discuss with your agent as to the eligibility of the buyer, completion interval, and your legal obligations as a vendor.

You have excitedly moved into your new crib, solely to grasp that the air-con is not working and the plumbing is choked. Can your agent negotiate with the vendor to pay for the repairs? Sorry, his palms are tied. To assist me understand and cater to your wants, inform me extra about your self and what you are searching for in my Buying or Renting enquiry type (click on green text accordingly). RES is the new and only business entry qualifying exams for Actual Estate Salespersons. Updates on the foundations, regulations, insurance policies and procedures pertaining to real property agency follow. Paper 2 - Actual Estate Salespersons Apply and Rules Most profitable real property transactions are performed thru exclusive agency - the popular methodology by each brokers and sellers.

Underneath this arrangement, it's a healthy transaction and competition between purchaser and vendor's brokers. Of course buyer's agent will work very laborious to get you the listings to view and negotiate for you the property you need to purchase, while the vendor's agent would do the identical for their seller to earn the commission. Right now, we have lost all confidence in obtaining our dream house and at a superb deal by means of agents here except we wish to undergo this very frustrating and worrying dwelling buying course of in Singapore again. WE would in all probability just purchase in Hong Kong or again home in New York where real property agents have been more professionally educated and operated. bookstores and shops Mighty Minds Singapore Streets Listing Expat Properties

See also

Notes

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

59 year old Library Technician Fant from Barwick, has several pursuits which include model railways, property developers in singapore and bowling. Completed a cruise ship experience that was comprised of passing by Church of the Ascension.

My website - http://hardmagic.com/ Template:Extended periodic table (by Fricke, 32 columns, compact)


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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "emsley" defined multiple times with different content
  2. Template:Cite doi
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  4. Template:Cite web
  5. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  6. Template:Cite web
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
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    You can view that web-site... ccleaner free download
  9. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-04/acs-nse031108.php
  10. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01406719/lookinside/000.png
  11. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  12. Modern alchemy: Turning a line, The Economist
  13. http://fias.uni-frankfurt.de/kollo/Duellmann_FIAS-Kolloquium.pdf
  14. THEME03-5-1004-94/2009
  15. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 >http://fias.uni-frankfurt.de/kollo/Duellmann_FIAS-Kolloquium.pdf
  17. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  18. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  19. see slide 11 in Future Plan of the Experimental Program on Synthesizing the Heaviest Element at RIKEN
  20. see Flerov lab annual reports 2000–2004 inclusive http://www1.jinr.ru/Reports/Reports_eng_arh.html