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A '''cure''' is the end of a medical condition; the substance or procedure that ends the medical condition, such as a [[medication]], a [[surgery|surgical operation]], a change in lifestyle, or even a philosophical mindset that helps end a person's sufferings. It may also refer to the state of being healed, or cured. | |||
A '''remission''' is a temporary end to the [[medical sign]]s and [[symptom]]s of an incurable disease. A disease is said to be '''incurable''' if there is always a chance of the patient [[relapsing]], no matter how long the patient has been in remission. | |||
The proportion of people with a disease that are cured by a given treatment, called the '''cure fraction''' or '''cure rate''', is determined by comparing disease-free survival of treated people against a matched control group that never had the disease.<ref name="isbn0-89838-555-5">{{cite book |author=Fuller, Arlan F.; Griffiths, C. M. |title=Gynecologic oncology |publisher=M. Nijhoff |location=The Hague |year=1983 |pages= |isbn=0-89838-555-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
Inherent in the idea of a cure is the permanent end to the specific instance of the disease.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nearing a Cancer Cure? | |||
|publisher=Harvard Health Commentaries. | |||
|date=21 August 2006}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/medical_care/curable.html What's the Difference Between a Treatment and a Cure?]</ref> When a person has the [[common cold]], and then recovers from it, the person is said to be ''cured'', even though the person might someday catch another cold. Conversely, a person that has successfully managed a disease, such as [[diabetes mellitus]], so that it produces no undesirable symptoms for the moment, but without actually permanently ending it, is not cured. | |||
Related concepts, whose meaning can differ, include ''response'', ''remission'' and ''recovery''. | |||
== Statistical model == | |||
In complex diseases, such as cancer, researchers rely on statistical comparisons of disease-free survival (DFS) of patients against matched, healthy control groups. This logically rigorous approach essentially equates '''indefinite remission''' with cure.<ref name="pmid18083680">{{cite journal |author=Barnes E |title=Between remission and cure: patients, practitioners and the transformation of leukaemia in the late twentieth century |journal=Chronic Illn |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=253–64 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18083680 |doi=10.1177/1742395307085333 |url=}}</ref> The comparison is usually made through the [[Kaplan-Meier estimator]] approach.<ref name="isbn0-471-41137-X">{{cite book |author=Friis, Robert H.; Chernick, Michael L. |title=Introductory biostatistics for the health sciences: modern applications including bootstrap |publisher=Wiley-Interscience |location=New York |year=2003 |pages=348–349 |isbn=0-471-41137-X |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
The simplest '''cure rate model''' was published by Berkson and Gage in 1952.<ref name="isbn0-471-41137-X" /> In this model, the survival at any given time is equal to those that are cured plus those that are not cured, but who have not yet died or, in the case of diseases that feature asymptomatic remissions, have not yet re-developed signs and symptoms of the disease. When all of the non-cured people have died or re-developed the disease, only the permanently cured members of the population will remain, and the DFS curve will be perfectly flat. The earliest point in time that the curve goes flat is the point at which all remaining disease-free survivors are declared to be permanently cured. If the curve never goes flat, then the disease is formally considered '''incurable''' (with the existing treatments). | |||
The Berkson and Gage equation is | |||
<math>S(t) = p + [(1 -p) \times S^*(t)]</math> | |||
where <math>S(t)</math> is the proportion of people surviving at any given point in time, <math>p</math> is the proportion that are permanently cured, and <math>S^*(t)</math> is an exponential curve that represents the survival of the non-cured people. | |||
Cure rate curves can be determined through an analysis of the data.<ref name="isbn0-471-41137-X" /> The analysis allows the statistician to determine the proportion of people that are permanently cured by a given treatment, and also how long after treatment it is necessary to wait before declaring an asymptomatic individual to be cured. | |||
Several cure rate models exist, such as the [[expectation-maximization algorithm]] and [[Markov chain Monte Carlo]] model.<ref name="isbn0-471-41137-X" /> It is possible to use cure rate models to compare the efficacy of different treatments.<ref name="isbn0-471-41137-X" /> Generally, the [[survival curve]]s are adjusted for the effects of normal aging on mortality, especially when diseases of older people are being studied.<ref name="isbn0-632-05531-6">{{cite book |author=Tobias, Jeffrey M.; Souhami, Robert L. |title=Cancer and its management |publisher=Blackwell Science |location=Oxford |year=2003 |pages=11 |isbn=0-632-05531-6 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
From the perspective of the patient, particularly one that has received a new treatment, the statistical model may be frustrating.<ref name="pmid18083680" /> It may take many years to accumulate sufficient information to determine the point at which the DFS curve flattens (and therefore no more relapses are expected). Some diseases may be discovered to be technically incurable, but also to require treatment so infrequently as to be not materially different from a cure. Other diseases may prove to have a multiple plateaus, so that what was once hailed as a "cure" results unexpectedly in very late relapses. Consequently, patients, parents and psychologists developed the notion of '''psychological cure''', or the moment at which the patient decides that the treatment was sufficiently likely to be a cure as to be called a cure.<ref name="pmid18083680" /> For example, a patient may declare himself to be "cured", and to determine to live his life as if the cure were definitely confirmed, immediately after treatment. | |||
== Similar concepts == | |||
=== Remission === <!-- target for redirect --> | |||
'''Remission''' is the state of absence of [[disease]] activity in patients known to have a [[chronic illness]] that cannot be cured. It is commonly used to refer to absence of active [[cancer]] or [[inflammatory bowel disease]] when these diseases are expected to manifest again in the future. A '''partial remission''' may be defined for cancer as 50% or greater reduction in the measurable parameters of tumor growth as may be found on physical examination, radiologic study, or by biomarker levels from a blood or urine test. A '''complete remission''' is defined as complete disappearance of all such manifestations of disease. Each disease or even [[clinical trial]] can have its own definition of a partial remission. | |||
===Others=== | |||
* A '''response''' is a partial reduction in symptoms after treatment. | |||
* A '''recovery''' is a restoration of health or functioning. A person who has been cured may not be fully recovered, and a person who has recovered may not be cured, as in the case of a person in a temporary remission or who is an asymptomatic carrier for an infectious disease. | |||
* '''[[Preventive medicine|Prevention]]''' is a way to avoid an injury, sickness, disability, or disease in the first place, and generally it will not help someone who is already ill (though there are exceptions). For instance, many babies and young children are vaccinated against [[polio]] and other [[infectious diseases]], which prevents them from contracting polio. But the vaccination does not work on patients who already have polio. A treatment or cure is applied after a medical problem has already started. | |||
* '''[[Therapy]]''' treats a problem, and may or may not lead to its cure. In incurable conditions, a treatment ameliorates the medical condition, often only for as long as the treatment is continued or for a short while after treatment is ended. For example, there is no cure for AIDS, but treatments are available to slow down the harm done by HIV and extend the treated person's life. Treatments don't always work. For example, [[chemotherapy]] is a treatment for cancer, but it may not work for every patient. In easily cured forms of cancer, such as childhood leukemias, testicular cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma, cure rates may approach 90%.<ref>[http://www.dana-farber.org/abo/news/publications/pop/fall-winter-2008/what-is-a-cure_3.html What is a Cure?] page 3.</ref> In other forms, treatment may be essentially impossible. A treatment need not be successful in 100% of patients to be considered curative. A given treatment may permanently cure only a small number of patients; so long as those patients are cured, the treatment is considered curative. | |||
== Examples == | |||
The most common example of a complete cure is a [[bacterial infection]] treated with [[antibiotics]].<ref>[http://www.dana-farber.org/abo/news/publications/pop/fall-winter-2008/what-is-a-cure_2.html What Is a cure?] page 2.</ref> In 1999, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] and the [[World Health Organization]] established a goal to cure 85% of [[tuberculosis]] patients in [[Russia]]. They reached an 80% success rate, with 75% of the diseased cured, and 5% that had otherwise successfully finished treatment. | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[Eradication of infectious diseases]] | |||
* [[Preventive medicine]] | |||
* [[Spontaneous remission]] | |||
* [[Relapse]], the reappearance of a disease | |||
== References == | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
{{Medical terms to describe disease conditions}} | |||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Medical terminology]] | |||
Revision as of 23:12, 23 July 2013
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I'm learning Norwegian literature at a local college and I'm just about to graduate.
I have a part time job in a the office.
my site; wellness [continue reading this..]
A cure is the end of a medical condition; the substance or procedure that ends the medical condition, such as a medication, a surgical operation, a change in lifestyle, or even a philosophical mindset that helps end a person's sufferings. It may also refer to the state of being healed, or cured.
A remission is a temporary end to the medical signs and symptoms of an incurable disease. A disease is said to be incurable if there is always a chance of the patient relapsing, no matter how long the patient has been in remission.
The proportion of people with a disease that are cured by a given treatment, called the cure fraction or cure rate, is determined by comparing disease-free survival of treated people against a matched control group that never had the disease.[1]
Inherent in the idea of a cure is the permanent end to the specific instance of the disease.[2][3] When a person has the common cold, and then recovers from it, the person is said to be cured, even though the person might someday catch another cold. Conversely, a person that has successfully managed a disease, such as diabetes mellitus, so that it produces no undesirable symptoms for the moment, but without actually permanently ending it, is not cured.
Related concepts, whose meaning can differ, include response, remission and recovery.
Statistical model
In complex diseases, such as cancer, researchers rely on statistical comparisons of disease-free survival (DFS) of patients against matched, healthy control groups. This logically rigorous approach essentially equates indefinite remission with cure.[4] The comparison is usually made through the Kaplan-Meier estimator approach.[5]
The simplest cure rate model was published by Berkson and Gage in 1952.[5] In this model, the survival at any given time is equal to those that are cured plus those that are not cured, but who have not yet died or, in the case of diseases that feature asymptomatic remissions, have not yet re-developed signs and symptoms of the disease. When all of the non-cured people have died or re-developed the disease, only the permanently cured members of the population will remain, and the DFS curve will be perfectly flat. The earliest point in time that the curve goes flat is the point at which all remaining disease-free survivors are declared to be permanently cured. If the curve never goes flat, then the disease is formally considered incurable (with the existing treatments).
The Berkson and Gage equation is
where is the proportion of people surviving at any given point in time, is the proportion that are permanently cured, and is an exponential curve that represents the survival of the non-cured people.
Cure rate curves can be determined through an analysis of the data.[5] The analysis allows the statistician to determine the proportion of people that are permanently cured by a given treatment, and also how long after treatment it is necessary to wait before declaring an asymptomatic individual to be cured.
Several cure rate models exist, such as the expectation-maximization algorithm and Markov chain Monte Carlo model.[5] It is possible to use cure rate models to compare the efficacy of different treatments.[5] Generally, the survival curves are adjusted for the effects of normal aging on mortality, especially when diseases of older people are being studied.[6]
From the perspective of the patient, particularly one that has received a new treatment, the statistical model may be frustrating.[4] It may take many years to accumulate sufficient information to determine the point at which the DFS curve flattens (and therefore no more relapses are expected). Some diseases may be discovered to be technically incurable, but also to require treatment so infrequently as to be not materially different from a cure. Other diseases may prove to have a multiple plateaus, so that what was once hailed as a "cure" results unexpectedly in very late relapses. Consequently, patients, parents and psychologists developed the notion of psychological cure, or the moment at which the patient decides that the treatment was sufficiently likely to be a cure as to be called a cure.[4] For example, a patient may declare himself to be "cured", and to determine to live his life as if the cure were definitely confirmed, immediately after treatment.
Similar concepts
Remission
Remission is the state of absence of disease activity in patients known to have a chronic illness that cannot be cured. It is commonly used to refer to absence of active cancer or inflammatory bowel disease when these diseases are expected to manifest again in the future. A partial remission may be defined for cancer as 50% or greater reduction in the measurable parameters of tumor growth as may be found on physical examination, radiologic study, or by biomarker levels from a blood or urine test. A complete remission is defined as complete disappearance of all such manifestations of disease. Each disease or even clinical trial can have its own definition of a partial remission.
Others
- A response is a partial reduction in symptoms after treatment.
- A recovery is a restoration of health or functioning. A person who has been cured may not be fully recovered, and a person who has recovered may not be cured, as in the case of a person in a temporary remission or who is an asymptomatic carrier for an infectious disease.
- Prevention is a way to avoid an injury, sickness, disability, or disease in the first place, and generally it will not help someone who is already ill (though there are exceptions). For instance, many babies and young children are vaccinated against polio and other infectious diseases, which prevents them from contracting polio. But the vaccination does not work on patients who already have polio. A treatment or cure is applied after a medical problem has already started.
- Therapy treats a problem, and may or may not lead to its cure. In incurable conditions, a treatment ameliorates the medical condition, often only for as long as the treatment is continued or for a short while after treatment is ended. For example, there is no cure for AIDS, but treatments are available to slow down the harm done by HIV and extend the treated person's life. Treatments don't always work. For example, chemotherapy is a treatment for cancer, but it may not work for every patient. In easily cured forms of cancer, such as childhood leukemias, testicular cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma, cure rates may approach 90%.[7] In other forms, treatment may be essentially impossible. A treatment need not be successful in 100% of patients to be considered curative. A given treatment may permanently cure only a small number of patients; so long as those patients are cured, the treatment is considered curative.
Examples
The most common example of a complete cure is a bacterial infection treated with antibiotics.[8] In 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization established a goal to cure 85% of tuberculosis patients in Russia. They reached an 80% success rate, with 75% of the diseased cured, and 5% that had otherwise successfully finished treatment.
See also
- Eradication of infectious diseases
- Preventive medicine
- Spontaneous remission
- Relapse, the reappearance of a disease
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
Template:Medical terms to describe disease conditions
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ What's the Difference Between a Treatment and a Cure?
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
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A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ What is a Cure? page 3.
- ↑ What Is a cure? page 2.