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The '''Dietary Reference Intake''' ('''DRI''') is a system of [[nutrition]] recommendations from the [[Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) of the U.S. [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]. The DRI system is used by both the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] and is intended for the general public and health professionals.  Applications include:
 
* Composition of diets for schools, prisons, hospitals or nursing homes
* Industries developing new food stuffs
* Healthcare policy makers and public health officials
 
The DRI was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). The DRI values are not currently used in [[nutrition labeling]], where the older [[Reference Daily Intake]]s are still used.
 
==History==
 
The '''Recommended Dietary Allowance''' ('''RDA''') was developed during [[World War II]] by Lydia J. Roberts, [[Hazel Stiebeling]], and Helen S. Mitchell, all part of a committee established by the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]] in order to investigate issues of nutrition that might "affect national defense" (Nestle, 35).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Harper AE |title=Contributions of women scientists in the U.S. to the development of Recommended Dietary Allowances |journal=J. Nutr. |volume=133 |issue=11 |pages=3698–702 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14608098 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/11/3698}}</ref> The committee was renamed the Food and Nutrition Board in 1941, after which they began to deliberate on a set of recommendations of a standard daily allowance for each type of nutrient. The standards would be used for nutrition recommendations for the armed forces, for civilians, and for overseas population who might need food relief. Roberts, Stiebeling, and Mitchell surveyed all available data, created a tentative set of allowances for "energy and eight nutrients", and submitted them to experts for review (Nestle, 35). The final set of guidelines, called RDAs for Recommended Dietary Allowances, were accepted in 1941. The allowances were meant to provide superior nutrition for civilians and military personnel, so they included a "margin of safety." Because of food [[rationing]] during the war, the food guides created by government agencies to direct citizens' nutritional intake also took food availability into account.
 
The Food and Nutrition Board subsequently revised the RDAs every five to ten years. In the early 1950s, [[United States Department of Agriculture]] nutritionists made a new set of guidelines that also included the number of servings of each food group in order to make it easier for people to receive their RDAs of each nutrient.
 
==Current recommendations==
 
The current Dietary Reference Intake recommendation is composed of:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/reference/cons_info-guide_cons-eng.php  |title=A Consumer's Guide to the DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes)  |publisher=Health Canada  |date=2010-11-29  |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref>
 
* '''Estimated Average Requirements''' (EAR), expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group based on a review of the scientific literature.
* '''Recommended Dietary Allowances''' (RDA), the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient by the Food and Nutrition Board to meet the requirements of 97.5% of healthy individuals in each life-stage and sex group.  It is calculated based on the EAR and is usually approximately 20% higher than the EAR (See [[#Calculating the RDA|Calculating the RDA]]).
* '''Adequate Intake''' (AI), where no RDA has been established, but the amount established is somewhat less firmly believed to be adequate for everyone in the demographic group.
* '''Tolerable upper intake levels''' (UL), to caution against excessive intake of nutrients (like [[vitamin A]]) that can be harmful in large amounts. This is the highest level of daily consumption that current data have shown to cause no side effects in  humans when used indefinitely without medical supervision.
 
The RDA is used to determine the Recommended Daily Value (RDV) which is printed on food labels in the U.S. and Canada.
 
===Vitamins and minerals===
 
EARs, RDA/AIs and ULs for an average healthy 44-year old male are shown below.  EARs shown as "NE" have not yet been established or not yet evaluated.  ULs shown as "ND" could not be determined, and it is recommended that intake from these nutrients be from food only, to prevent adverse effects.  Amounts and "ND" status for other age and gender groups, pregnant women, lactating women, and breastfeeding infants may be much different.<ref name=IOM>{{citation
  | title = Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals
  | publisher = Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
  | year = 2004
  | url = http://www.iom.edu/Global/News%20Announcements/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRI_Summary_Listing.pdf
  | accessdate = 2009-06-09 }}
</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nutrient !! EAR !! RDA/AI !! UL<ref>[http://iom.edu/Activities/Nutrition/SummaryDRIs/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/ULs%20for%20Vitamins%20and%20Elements.pdf Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins.], Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies, 1997</ref> !! Unit !! Top Sources in Common Measures, USDA<ref name=USDA>[http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=20958 USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, SR23, 2010]</ref>
|-
| [[Vitamin A]] || 625 || 900 || 3000 || µg || [[carrot]]s, [[turkey (bird)|turkey]], [[pumpkin]], egg yolk, liver
|-
| [[Vitamin C]] || 75 || 90 || 2000 || mg || [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s, [[grapefruit]]s, [[peach]]es, [[kiwifruit]], [[bell peppers]]
|-
| [[Vitamin D]]<ref name=vitD-Calcium2>{{cite book |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D |publisher=National Academy Press |location=Washington DC |year=2011 |isbn=0-309-16394-3 |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13050 |laysummary=[http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D.aspx ..., The IOM finds that the evidence supports a role for vitamin D and calcium in bone health but not in other health conditions. Further, emerging evidence indicates that too much of these nutrients may be harmful, challenging the concept that “more is better]}}</ref> || 10 || 15 || 100 || µg || fortified [[cereals]], [[mushrooms]], [[yeast]], [[sockeye salmon]], [[swordfish]], [[rainbow trout]], sardines, cod liver oil (also fortified foods and beverages)
|-
| [[Vitamin K]] || NE || 120 || ND || µg || [[kale]], [[collards]], [[spinach]], yellow split peas, white beans, green peas
|-
| [[Vitamin B6|Vitamin B<sub>6</sub>]] || 1.1 || 1.3 || 100 || mg || fortified [[cereal]]s, [[chickpea]]s, [[sockeye salmon]]
|-
| [[Tocopherol|α-tocopherol]] (Vitamin E) || 12 || 15 || 1000 || mg || fortified cereals, [[tomato paste]], [[sunflower seed]]s
|-
| [[Biotin]] (B<sub>7</sub>) || NE || 30 || ND || µg || whole grains, [[almond]]s, [[peanut]]s, [[beef liver]], egg yolk, salmon<ref>{{cite web |title=Biotin |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University |url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/biotin/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Calcium]]<ref name=vitD-Calcium2/> || 800 || 1000 || 2500 || mg || fortified cereals, [[collards]], [[almond]]s, [[condensed milk|condensed cow's milk]], [[cheese]], figs, orange juice
|-
| [[Chloride]] || NE || 2300 || 3600 || mg || [[table salt]]
|-
| [[Chromium]] || NE || 35 || ND || µg || [[broccoli]], [[turkey ham]], [[grape juice]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chromium |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University |url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/chromium/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Choline]] || NE || 550 || 3500 || mg || egg yolk, meats, lecithin, broccoli, beef liver, condensed milk
|-
| [[Copper]] || 700 || 900 || 10000 || µg || sunflower seeds, [[oyster]]s, [[lobster]], cashews, dark chocolate
|-
| [[Cyanocobalamin]] (B<sub>12</sub>) || 2.0 || 2.4 || ND || µg || fortified cereals, turkey, [[clam]]s, beef, egg yolk, sardines, tuna fish
|-
| [[Fluoride]] || NE || 4 || 10 || mg || public drinking water, where [[Water fluoridation|fluoridation]] is performed or natural fluorides are present
|-
| [[Folate]] (B<sub>9</sub>) || 320 || 400 || 1000 || µg || [[leafy greens]], enriched [[white rice]], fortified cereals, enriched [[cornmeal]]
|-
| [[Iodine]] || 95 || 150 || 1100 || µg || [[iodized salt]], kelp, cod
|-
| [[Iron]] || 6 || 8 || 45 || mg || fortified cereals, turkey, [[walnut]]s, dark chocolate
|-
| [[Magnesium]] || 330 ||  400 || 350<sup>a</sup> || mg || [[buckwheat]] flour, rolled [[oats]], [[spinach]], [[almonds]], dark [[chocolate]]
|-
| [[Manganese]] || NE || 2.3 || 11 || mg || [[oat bran]], whole grain wheat flour, bulgur, rolled oats, brown rice, dark [[chocolate]]
|-
| [[Molybdenum]] || 34 || 45 || 2000 || µg || [[legume]]s, grain products, green peas, [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] and [[seed]]s<ref>{{cite web |title=Molybdenum |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University |url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/molybdenum/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Niacin]] (B<sub>3</sub>) || 12 || 16 || 35 || mg || fortified cereals, [[yellowfin tuna]], sockeye salmon, chicken meat
|-
| [[Pantothenic acid]] (B<sub>5</sub>) || NE || 5 || ND || mg || fortified cereals, beef liver, [[shiitake]] mushrooms
|-
| [[Phosphorus]] || 580 || 700 || 4000 || mg || cornmeal, condensed milk, wheat flour, rolled oats, brown rice, bulgur, milk
|-
| [[Potassium]] || NE || 4700 || ND || mg || [[potato]]es, [[banana]]s, tomato paste, tomatoes, orange juice, [[beet greens]], quinoa, rolled oats, bulgur, beans, peas, cashews, pistachio nuts
|-
| [[Riboflavin]] (B<sub>2</sub>) || 1.1 || 1.3 || ND || mg || [[almond]]s, [[sesame seeds]], [[spaghetti]], beef liver, turkey
|-
| [[Selenium]] || 45 || 55 || 400 || µg || [[Brazil nuts]], [[Sebastidae|rockfish]], yellowfin tuna, beef, sardines, salmon, egg yolk
|-
| [[Sodium]] || NE || 1500 || 2300 || mg || [[onion soup]] mix, [[miso]], [[table salt]], egg whites
|-
| [[Thiamin]] (B<sub>1</sub>) || 1.0 || 1.2 || ND || mg || fortified cereals, enriched wheat flour, [[breadcrumb]]s
|-
| [[Zinc]] || 9.4 || 11 || 40 || mg || nuts, [[oyster]]s, fortified cereals, beef, [[baked beans]]
|}
 
<small>
'''EAR''': Estimated Average Requirements; '''RDA''': Recommended Dietary Allowances; '''AI''': Adequate Intake; '''UL''': Tolerable upper intake levels.
:<sup>a</sup> The UL for magnesium represents extra intake from dietary supplements. High doses of magnesium from dietary supplements or medications often result in diarrhea that can be accompanied by nausea and abdominal cramping.<ref>http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/</ref> There is no evidence of adverse effects from the consumption of naturally occurring magnesium in foods.
</small>
 
It is also recommended that the following substances '''not''' be added to food or dietary supplements. Research has been conducted into adverse effects, but was not conclusive in many cases:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Substance !! RDA/AI !! UL !! units per day
|-
| [[Arsenic]] || — || ND || —
|-
| [[Silicon]] || — || ND || —
|-
| [[Vanadium]] || — || 1.8 || mg
|}
 
===Macronutrients===
 
RDA/AI is shown below for males and females aged 40–50 years.<ref name=IOM />
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Substance
! Amount (males)
! Amount (females)
! Top Sources in Common Measures<ref name=USDA/>
|-
|[[Drinking water|Water]]<sup>b</sup>
|3.7 L/day
|2.7 L/day
|water, [[watermelon]], [[iceberg lettuce]]
|-
|[[Carbohydrates]]
|130 g/day
|130 g/day
| milk, grains, fruits, vegetables
|-
|[[Protein]]<sup>c</sup>
|56 g/day
|46 g/day
| meats, fish, legumes (pulses and lentils), nuts, milk, cheeses, eggs
|-
|[[Dietary fiber|Fiber]]
|38 g/day
|25 g/day
| barley, bulgur, rolled oats, legumes, nuts, beans, apples,  
|-
|[[Fat]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|20–35% of calories
| oils, butter, lard, nuts, seeds, fatty meat cuts, egg yolk, cheeses
|-
|[[Linoleic acid]], an [[omega-6 fatty acid]] ([[polyunsaturated]])
|17 g/day
|12 g/day
| sunflower seeds, sunflower oil, safflower oil,
|-
|[[alpha-Linolenic acid]], an [[omega-3 fatty acid]] ([[polyunsaturated]])
|1.6 g/day
|1.1 g/day
| [[Linseed oil]] ([[Flax seed]]), salmon, sardines
|-
|[[Cholesterol]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|300 milligrams(mg)<ref name=App14FLG2009>{{cite book |author= |chapter=14. Appendix F: Calculate the Percent Daily Value for the Appropriate Nutrients |chapterurl=http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/FoodLabelingGuide/ucm064928.htm |editor= |title=Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide |publisher=Office of Nutrition, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |date=October 2009 |url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/FoodLabelingGuide/default.htm}}</ref>
| chicken [[giblets]], turkey giblets, beef liver, egg yolk
|-
|[[Trans fatty acids]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|As low as possible
|
|-
|[[Saturated fatty acids]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet <ref>"http://www.iom.edu/Global/News%20Announcements/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRI_Summary_Listing.pdf"</ref>
| [[coconut]] meat, coconut oil, lard, cheeses, butter, chocolate, egg yolk
|-
|Added sugar
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|No more than 25% of calories
| foods that taste sweet but are not found in nature, like: sweets, cookies, cakes, jams, energy drinks, soda drinks, many processed foods,
|}
 
:<sup>b</sup> Includes water from food, beverages, and drinking water.
:<sup>c</sup> Based on 0.8 g/kg of body weight
 
==Calculating the RDA==
 
The equations used to calculate the RDA are as follows:
 
"If the [[standard deviation]] (SD) of the EAR is available and the requirement for the nutrient is [[normal distribution|symmetrically distributed]], the RDA is set at two SDs above the EAR:
 
<math>RDA = EAR + 2SD(EAR)</math>
 
If data about variability in requirements are insufficient to calculate an SD, a [[coefficient of variation]] (CV) for the EAR of 10 percent is assumed, unless available data indicate a greater variation in requirements. If 10 percent is assumed to be the CV, then twice that amount when added to the EAR is defined as equal to the RDA. The resulting equation for the RDA is then
 
<math>RDA = 1.2EAR</math>
 
This level of intake statistically represents 97.5 percent of the requirements
of the population."<ref>{{harvnb|Panel on Micronutrients|2001}}</ref>
 
==Recent developments==
In September 2007, the Institute of Medicine held a workshop entitled “The Development of DRIs 1994–2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges.”<ref>[http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12086 ''The Development of DRIs 1994–2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges. Workshop Summary'', November 30, 2007]</ref> At that meeting, several speakers stated that the current Dietary Recommended Intakes (DRI’s) were largely based upon the very '''lowest''' rank in the [[Evidence strength|quality of evidence pyramid]], that is, opinion, rather than the highest level – randomized controlled clinical trials.  Speakers called for a higher standard of evidence to be utilized when making dietary recommendations.
 
==See also==
* [[Healthy diet]]
* [[Acceptable daily intake]] — upper limit on intake (United Kingdom)
* [[Dietary Reference Values]] — recommended dietary requirements (United Kingdom)
{|
|-
|
* [[Vitamin poisoning]]
* [[Canada's Food Guide]]
* [[Food guide pyramid]]
* [[Dietary mineral]]
|
* [[Essential amino acid]]
* [[Essential fatty acid]]
* [[Essential nutrient]]
* [[Food composition]]
|}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Nestle, Marion |title=Food Politics |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=2002 |isbn=0-520-22465-5 }}
*{{cite book |author=Panel on Micronutrients, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and of Interpretation and Use of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc |publisher=National Academy Press |location=Washington DC |year=2001 |isbn=0-309-07279-4 |url=http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10026 |ref={{harvid|Panel on Micronutrients|2001}}}}
 
==External links==
* US Government [http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=2&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342 Food and Nutrition Information Center] list of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA, the deprecated nutritional recommendations)
* [http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/dga/rda.pdf USDA RDA chart] ([[PDF]] file)
* [http://www.iom.edu/Global/News%20Announcements/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRI_Summary_Listing.pdf USDA Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)]
* [http://europe.ilsi.org/file/ilsieuroope-vitandmineralsarticle.pdf Article comparing recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals in different countries] from the [[European Union]] ([[PDF]] file)
* [http://www.nassdb.org.uk/f2/Vitamins_Minerals.htm Differences in RDA set by medical authorities] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], the [[European Union]] and the [[United States|USA]].
 
[[Category:Nutrition]]
[[Category:Vitamins]]

Revision as of 02:25, 29 August 2013

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. The DRI system is used by both the United States and Canada and is intended for the general public and health professionals. Applications include:

  • Composition of diets for schools, prisons, hospitals or nursing homes
  • Industries developing new food stuffs
  • Healthcare policy makers and public health officials

The DRI was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). The DRI values are not currently used in nutrition labeling, where the older Reference Daily Intakes are still used.

History

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) was developed during World War II by Lydia J. Roberts, Hazel Stiebeling, and Helen S. Mitchell, all part of a committee established by the United States National Academy of Sciences in order to investigate issues of nutrition that might "affect national defense" (Nestle, 35).[1] The committee was renamed the Food and Nutrition Board in 1941, after which they began to deliberate on a set of recommendations of a standard daily allowance for each type of nutrient. The standards would be used for nutrition recommendations for the armed forces, for civilians, and for overseas population who might need food relief. Roberts, Stiebeling, and Mitchell surveyed all available data, created a tentative set of allowances for "energy and eight nutrients", and submitted them to experts for review (Nestle, 35). The final set of guidelines, called RDAs for Recommended Dietary Allowances, were accepted in 1941. The allowances were meant to provide superior nutrition for civilians and military personnel, so they included a "margin of safety." Because of food rationing during the war, the food guides created by government agencies to direct citizens' nutritional intake also took food availability into account.

The Food and Nutrition Board subsequently revised the RDAs every five to ten years. In the early 1950s, United States Department of Agriculture nutritionists made a new set of guidelines that also included the number of servings of each food group in order to make it easier for people to receive their RDAs of each nutrient.

Current recommendations

The current Dietary Reference Intake recommendation is composed of:[2]

  • Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group based on a review of the scientific literature.
  • Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient by the Food and Nutrition Board to meet the requirements of 97.5% of healthy individuals in each life-stage and sex group. It is calculated based on the EAR and is usually approximately 20% higher than the EAR (See Calculating the RDA).
  • Adequate Intake (AI), where no RDA has been established, but the amount established is somewhat less firmly believed to be adequate for everyone in the demographic group.
  • Tolerable upper intake levels (UL), to caution against excessive intake of nutrients (like vitamin A) that can be harmful in large amounts. This is the highest level of daily consumption that current data have shown to cause no side effects in humans when used indefinitely without medical supervision.

The RDA is used to determine the Recommended Daily Value (RDV) which is printed on food labels in the U.S. and Canada.

Vitamins and minerals

EARs, RDA/AIs and ULs for an average healthy 44-year old male are shown below. EARs shown as "NE" have not yet been established or not yet evaluated. ULs shown as "ND" could not be determined, and it is recommended that intake from these nutrients be from food only, to prevent adverse effects. Amounts and "ND" status for other age and gender groups, pregnant women, lactating women, and breastfeeding infants may be much different.[3]

Nutrient EAR RDA/AI UL[4] Unit Top Sources in Common Measures, USDA[5]
Vitamin A 625 900 3000 µg carrots, turkey, pumpkin, egg yolk, liver
Vitamin C 75 90 2000 mg oranges, grapefruits, peaches, kiwifruit, bell peppers
Vitamin D[6] 10 15 100 µg fortified cereals, mushrooms, yeast, sockeye salmon, swordfish, rainbow trout, sardines, cod liver oil (also fortified foods and beverages)
Vitamin K NE 120 ND µg kale, collards, spinach, yellow split peas, white beans, green peas
Vitamin B6 1.1 1.3 100 mg fortified cereals, chickpeas, sockeye salmon
α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) 12 15 1000 mg fortified cereals, tomato paste, sunflower seeds
Biotin (B7) NE 30 ND µg whole grains, almonds, peanuts, beef liver, egg yolk, salmon[7]
Calcium[6] 800 1000 2500 mg fortified cereals, collards, almonds, condensed cow's milk, cheese, figs, orange juice
Chloride NE 2300 3600 mg table salt
Chromium NE 35 ND µg broccoli, turkey ham, grape juice[8]
Choline NE 550 3500 mg egg yolk, meats, lecithin, broccoli, beef liver, condensed milk
Copper 700 900 10000 µg sunflower seeds, oysters, lobster, cashews, dark chocolate
Cyanocobalamin (B12) 2.0 2.4 ND µg fortified cereals, turkey, clams, beef, egg yolk, sardines, tuna fish
Fluoride NE 4 10 mg public drinking water, where fluoridation is performed or natural fluorides are present
Folate (B9) 320 400 1000 µg leafy greens, enriched white rice, fortified cereals, enriched cornmeal
Iodine 95 150 1100 µg iodized salt, kelp, cod
Iron 6 8 45 mg fortified cereals, turkey, walnuts, dark chocolate
Magnesium 330 400 350a mg buckwheat flour, rolled oats, spinach, almonds, dark chocolate
Manganese NE 2.3 11 mg oat bran, whole grain wheat flour, bulgur, rolled oats, brown rice, dark chocolate
Molybdenum 34 45 2000 µg legumes, grain products, green peas, nuts and seeds[9]
Niacin (B3) 12 16 35 mg fortified cereals, yellowfin tuna, sockeye salmon, chicken meat
Pantothenic acid (B5) NE 5 ND mg fortified cereals, beef liver, shiitake mushrooms
Phosphorus 580 700 4000 mg cornmeal, condensed milk, wheat flour, rolled oats, brown rice, bulgur, milk
Potassium NE 4700 ND mg potatoes, bananas, tomato paste, tomatoes, orange juice, beet greens, quinoa, rolled oats, bulgur, beans, peas, cashews, pistachio nuts
Riboflavin (B2) 1.1 1.3 ND mg almonds, sesame seeds, spaghetti, beef liver, turkey
Selenium 45 55 400 µg Brazil nuts, rockfish, yellowfin tuna, beef, sardines, salmon, egg yolk
Sodium NE 1500 2300 mg onion soup mix, miso, table salt, egg whites
Thiamin (B1) 1.0 1.2 ND mg fortified cereals, enriched wheat flour, breadcrumbs
Zinc 9.4 11 40 mg nuts, oysters, fortified cereals, beef, baked beans

EAR: Estimated Average Requirements; RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowances; AI: Adequate Intake; UL: Tolerable upper intake levels.

a The UL for magnesium represents extra intake from dietary supplements. High doses of magnesium from dietary supplements or medications often result in diarrhea that can be accompanied by nausea and abdominal cramping.[10] There is no evidence of adverse effects from the consumption of naturally occurring magnesium in foods.

It is also recommended that the following substances not be added to food or dietary supplements. Research has been conducted into adverse effects, but was not conclusive in many cases:

Substance RDA/AI UL units per day
Arsenic — ND —
Silicon — ND —
Vanadium — 1.8 mg

Macronutrients

RDA/AI is shown below for males and females aged 40–50 years.[3]

Substance Amount (males) Amount (females) Top Sources in Common Measures[5]
Waterb 3.7 L/day 2.7 L/day water, watermelon, iceberg lettuce
Carbohydrates 130 g/day 130 g/day milk, grains, fruits, vegetables
Proteinc 56 g/day 46 g/day meats, fish, legumes (pulses and lentils), nuts, milk, cheeses, eggs
Fiber 38 g/day 25 g/day barley, bulgur, rolled oats, legumes, nuts, beans, apples,
Fat 20–35% of calories oils, butter, lard, nuts, seeds, fatty meat cuts, egg yolk, cheeses
Linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid (polyunsaturated) 17 g/day 12 g/day sunflower seeds, sunflower oil, safflower oil,
alpha-Linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid (polyunsaturated) 1.6 g/day 1.1 g/day Linseed oil (Flax seed), salmon, sardines
Cholesterol 300 milligrams(mg)[11] chicken giblets, turkey giblets, beef liver, egg yolk
Trans fatty acids As low as possible
Saturated fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet [12] coconut meat, coconut oil, lard, cheeses, butter, chocolate, egg yolk
Added sugar No more than 25% of calories foods that taste sweet but are not found in nature, like: sweets, cookies, cakes, jams, energy drinks, soda drinks, many processed foods,
b Includes water from food, beverages, and drinking water.
c Based on 0.8 g/kg of body weight

Calculating the RDA

The equations used to calculate the RDA are as follows:

"If the standard deviation (SD) of the EAR is available and the requirement for the nutrient is symmetrically distributed, the RDA is set at two SDs above the EAR:

RDA=EAR+2SD(EAR)

If data about variability in requirements are insufficient to calculate an SD, a coefficient of variation (CV) for the EAR of 10 percent is assumed, unless available data indicate a greater variation in requirements. If 10 percent is assumed to be the CV, then twice that amount when added to the EAR is defined as equal to the RDA. The resulting equation for the RDA is then

RDA=1.2EAR

This level of intake statistically represents 97.5 percent of the requirements of the population."[13]

Recent developments

In September 2007, the Institute of Medicine held a workshop entitled “The Development of DRIs 1994–2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges.”[14] At that meeting, several speakers stated that the current Dietary Recommended Intakes (DRI’s) were largely based upon the very lowest rank in the quality of evidence pyramid, that is, opinion, rather than the highest level – randomized controlled clinical trials. Speakers called for a higher standard of evidence to be utilized when making dietary recommendations.

See also

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

Further reading

  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

External links

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  2. ↑ Template:Cite web
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  4. ↑ Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins., Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies, 1997
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, SR23, 2010
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  7. ↑ Template:Cite web
  8. ↑ Template:Cite web
  9. ↑ Template:Cite web
  10. ↑ http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/
  11. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  12. ↑ "http://www.iom.edu/Global/News%20Announcements/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRI_Summary_Listing.pdf"
  13. ↑ Template:Harvnb
  14. ↑ The Development of DRIs 1994–2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges. Workshop Summary, November 30, 2007
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