Chord (aircraft)

In abstract algebra, an abelian group (G,+) is called finitely generated if there exist finitely many elements x₁,...,x_s in G such that every x in G can be written in the form

x = n₁x₁ + n₂x₂ + ... + n_sx_s

with integers n₁,...,n_s. In this case, we say that the set {x₁,...,x_s} is a generating set of G or that x₁,...,x_s generate G.

Clearly, every finite abelian group is finitely generated. The finitely generated abelian groups are of a rather simple structure and can be completely classified, as will be explained below.

Examples

• the integers $\left(\mathbb {Z} ,+\right)$ are a finitely generated abelian group
• the integers modulo $n$, $\mathbb {Z} _{n}$ are a finitely generated abelian group
• any direct sum of finitely many finitely generated abelian groups is again a finitely generated abelian group
• every lattice forms a finitely-generated free abelian group

There are no other examples (up to isomorphism). In particular, the group $\left(\mathbb {Q} ,+\right)$ of rational numbers is not finitely generated: if $x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}$ are rational numbers, pick a natural number $k$ coprime to all the denominators; then $1/k$ cannot be generated by $x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}$. The group $\left(\mathbb {Q} ^{*},\cdot \right)$ of non-zero rational numbers is also not finitely generated.

Classification

The fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups (which is a special case of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain) can be stated two ways (analogously with principal ideal domains):

Primary decomposition

The primary decomposition formulation states that every finitely generated abelian group G is isomorphic to a direct sum of primary cyclic groups and infinite cyclic groups. A primary cyclic group is one whose order is a power of a prime. That is, every finitely generated abelian group is isomorphic to a group of the form

$\mathbb {Z} ^{n}\oplus \mathbb {Z} _{q_{1}}\oplus \cdots \oplus \mathbb {Z} _{q_{t}},$

where the rank n ≥ 0, and the numbers q₁,...,q_t are powers of (not necessarily distinct) prime numbers. In particular, G is finite if and only if n = 0. The values of n, q₁,...,q_t are (up to rearranging the indices) uniquely determined by G.

Invariant factor decomposition

We can also write any finitely generated abelian group G as a direct sum of the form

$\mathbb {Z} ^{n}\oplus \mathbb {Z} _{k_{1}}\oplus \cdots \oplus \mathbb {Z} _{k_{u}},$

where k₁ divides k₂, which divides k₃ and so on up to k_u. Again, the rank n and the invariant factors k₁,...,k_u are uniquely determined by G (here with a unique order).

Equivalence

These statements are equivalent because of the Chinese remainder theorem, which here states that $\mathbb {Z} _{m}\simeq \mathbb {Z} _{j}\oplus \mathbb {Z} _{k}$ if and only if j and k are coprime and m = jk.

Corollaries

Stated differently the fundamental theorem says that a finitely-generated abelian group is the direct sum of a free abelian group of finite rank and a finite abelian group, each of those being unique up to isomorphism. The finite abelian group is just the torsion subgroup of G. The rank of G is defined as the rank of the torsion-free part of G; this is just the number n in the above formulas.

A corollary to the fundamental theorem is that every finitely generated torsion-free abelian group is free abelian. The finitely generated condition is essential here: $\mathbb {Q}$ is torsion-free but not free abelian.

Every subgroup and factor group of a finitely generated abelian group is again finitely generated abelian. The finitely generated abelian groups, together with the group homomorphisms, form an abelian category which is a Serre subcategory of the category of abelian groups.

Non-finitely generated abelian groups

Note that not every abelian group of finite rank is finitely generated; the rank 1 group $\mathbb {Q}$ is one counterexample, and the rank-0 group given by a direct sum of countably infinitely many copies of $\mathbb {Z} _{2}$ is another one.

See also

• The Jordan–Hölder theorem is a non-abelian generalization

Notes

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

References

• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534