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| | I'm Charlene and I live in Llanwyddelan. <br>I'm interested in Industrial and Labor Relations, Hooping and French art. I like travelling and watching The Simpsons.<br><br>Feel free to visit my web page; [http://www.Bestfritur.ru/index.php/ostavit-otzyv Fifa Coin Generator] |
| {{Infobox person
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| | name=Jurij Vega
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| | image=Georg Freiherr von Vega 1802.jpg
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| | caption=
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| | quotation=
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| | birth_date={{birth date|1754|3|23|mf=y}}
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| | birth_place=[[Zagorica pri Dolskem]], [[Slovenia]]
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| | dead=dead
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| | death_date={{death date and age|1802|9|26|1754|3|23|mf=y}}
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| | death_place=[[Nußdorf, Vienna|Nußdorf]] near [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
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| }}
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| [[Baron]] '''Jurij Bartolomej Vega''' (also correct '''Veha'''; official {{lang-la|Georgius Bartholomaei Vecha}}; {{lang-de|Georg Freiherr von Vega}}) (born ''Vehovec'', March 23, 1754 – September 26, 1802) was a [[Slovenes|Slovene]] [[mathematician]], [[physicist]] and [[artillery]] [[Commissioned officer|officer]].
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| ==Early life==
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| {{multiple image
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| | align = left
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| | footer = Jurij Vega's birth place
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| | footer_align = center
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| | image1 = Zagorica pri Dolskem Slovenia - Vehovec farm.JPG
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| | width1 = 180
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| | caption1 = Farm where Vega was born
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| | image2 = Zagorica pri Dolskem Slovenia - plaque.JPG
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| | width2 = 130
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| | caption2 = Plaque on house
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| Born to a farmer's family<ref>Šuman, Josef; Simonič, Franz. [http://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=uZkJAAAAIAAJ&dq=Georg+Vega&q=Georg+Vega&pgis=1 ''Die Völker Oesterreich-ungarns. Ethnographische und culturhistorische Schilderungen''], Vol. 10., K. Prochaska Press, 1881., p. 182. {{de icon}} {{quote|Der Bauernsohn Georg Vega, geboren 1754 zu Zagoric in der Moräutscher Pfarre (Moravče), betrat unter Kaiser Josef seine Ruhmesbahn.}}</ref> in the small village of [[Zagorica pri Dolskem|Zagorica]] east of [[Ljubljana]] in [[Slovenia]], Vega was 6 years old when his father Jernej Veha died. Vega was educated first in Moravče and later attended high school for six years (1767–1773) in Ljubljana, studying Latin, [[Greek language|Greek]], [[religion]], German, [[history]], [[geography]], [[science]], and [[mathematics]]. At that time there were about 500 students there. He was a schoolfellow of [[Anton Tomaž Linhart]], a Slovenian writer and historian. Vega completed high school when he was 19, in 1773. After completing [[Lyceum]] in Ljubljana he became a navigational engineer. ''Tentamen philosophicum'', a list of questions for his comprehensive examination, was preserved and is available in the Mathematical Library in Ljubljana. The problems cover [[logic]], [[algebra]], [[metaphysics]], [[geometry]], [[trigonometry]], [[geodesy]], [[stereometry]], [[geometry]] of [[curve]]s, [[ballistics]], and general and special [[physics]].
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| ==Military service==
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| Vega left Ljubljana five years after graduation and entered military service in 1780 as a professor of mathematics at the Artillery School in Vienna. At that time he started to sign his last name as ''Vega'' and no longer ''Veha''. When Vega was 33 he married Josefa Svoboda (Jožefa Swoboda) (1771–1800), a [[Czech Republic|Czech]] noble from [[České Budějovice]] who was 16 at that time.
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| Vega participated in several wars. In 1788 he served under Austrian Imperial Field-Marshal [[Ernst Gideon von Laudon]] (1717–1790) in a campaign against the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] at [[Belgrade]]. His command of several [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] batteries contributed considerably to the fall of the Belgrade fortress. Between 1793 and 1797 he fought [[French Revolution]]aries under the command of Austrian General [[Dagobert Wurmser|Dagobert-Sigismond de Wurmser]] (1724–1797) with the European coalition on the Austrian side. He fought at [[Fort-Louis|Fort Louis]], [[Mannheim]], [[Mainz]], [[Wiesbaden]], [[Kehl]], and [[Dietz]]. In 1795 he had two 30-pound (14 kilogram) mortars cast, with conically drilled bases and a greater charge, for a firing range up to 3000 metres (3300 yards). The old 60 lb (27 kg) mortars had a range of only 1800 m (2000 yd).
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| In September 1802 Vega was reported missing. After a few days' search his body was found. The police report concluded that it was an accident. However, the true cause of his death remains a mystery, but it is believed that he died on 26 September 1802 in [[Nußdorf, Vienna|Nußdorf]] on the [[Danube]], near the [[Austria]]n capital, [[Vienna]]. There is a well-backed theory about his death: he loved horses, and apparently he found out a miller owned a magnificent one. When he went to the miller to negotiate about the price, the miller, upon seeing his Lord and military insignia, took interest in the money he was carrying with him, murdered him; one of Vega's tools (compass) was found in the mill one year after his disappearance and it had "J V" initials on it.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}
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| ==Mathematical accomplishments==
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| Vega published a series of books of [[logarithm]] tables. The first one appeared in 1783. Much later, in 1797 it was followed by a second volume that contained a collection of integrals and other useful formulae. His ''Handbook'', which was originally published in 1793, was later translated into several languages and appeared in over 100 issues. His major work was ''[[Thesaurus Logarithmorum Completus]]'' (''Treasury of all Logarithms'') that was first published 1794 in [[Leipzig]]. This table was actually based on [[Adriaan Vlacq]]'s tables, but corrected a number of errors and extended the logarithms of trigonometric functions for the small angles. An engineer, Franc Allmer, honourable senator of the Technical university of [[Graz]], has found Vega's logarithmic tables with 10 [[decimal]] places in the Museum of Carl Friedrich Gauss in [[Göttingen]]. [[Carl Friedrich Gauss|Gauss]] used this work frequently and he has written in it several calculations. Gauss has also found some of Vega's errors in the calculations in the range of numbers, of which there are more than a million. A copy of Vega's Thesaurus belonging to the private collection of the British mathematician and computing pioneer [[Charles Babbage]] (1791–1871) is preserved at the [[Royal Observatory, Edinburgh]].
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| Over the years Vega wrote a four volume textbook ''Vorlesungen über die Mathematik'' (''Lectures about Mathematics''). ''Volume I'' appeared in 1782 when he was 28 years old, ''Volume II'' in 1784, ''Volume III'' in 1788 and ''Volume IV'' in 1800. His textbooks also contain interesting tables: for instance, in ''Volume II'' one can find [[Exact trigonometric constants|closed form expressions for sines of multiples of 3 degrees]], written in a form easy to work with.
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| Vega wrote at least six scientific papers. On August 20, 1789 Vega achieved a world record when he calculated [[pi]] to 140 places, of which the first 126 were correct.[http://www.southernct.edu/~sandifer/Ed/History/Preprints/Talks/Jurij%20Vega/Vega%20math%20script.pdf] This calculation he proposed to the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] (Санкт Петербург) in the booklet ''V. razprava (The fifth discussion)'', where he had found with his calculating method an error on the 113th place from the estimation of [[Thomas Fantet de Lagny]] (1660–1734) from 1719 of 127 places. Vega retained his record 52 years until 1841 and his method is mentioned still today. His article was not published by the Academy until six years later, in 1795. Vega had improved [[John Machin]]'s formula from 1706:
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| :<math> {\pi\over 4} = 4 \arctan \left({1\over 5}\right) - \arctan \left({1\over 239}\right)</math>
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| with his formula, which is equal to [[Leonhard Euler|Euler's]] formula from 1755:
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| :<math> {\pi\over 4} = 5 \arctan \left({1\over 7}\right) + 2 \arctan \left({3\over 79}\right) \; ,</math>
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| and which converges faster than Machin's formula. He had checked his result with the similar [[Hutton's formula]]:
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| :<math> {\pi\over 4} = 2 \arctan \left({1\over 3}\right) + \arctan \left({1\over 7}\right) \; .</math>
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| He had developed the second term in the series only once.
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| Although he worked in the subjects of ballistics, physics and [[astronomy]], his major contributions are to the mathematics of the second half of the 18th century.
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| In 1781 Vega tried to push further his idea in the Austrian [[Habsburg|Habsburg monarchy]] about the usage of the decimal [[metric system]] of units. His idea was not accepted, but it was introduced later under the emperor [[Franz Josef I of Austria|Franz Josef I]] in 1871.
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| Vega was a member of the [[University of Applied Sciences Mainz|Academy of Practical Sciences in Mainz]], the Physical and Mathematical Society of [[Erfurt]], the Bohemian Scientific Society in [[Prague]], and the Prussian Academy of Sciences in [[Berlin]]. He was also an associate member of the British Scientific Society in [[Göttingen]]. He was awarded the Order of [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] on May 11, 1796. In 1800 Vega obtained a title of hereditary baron including the right to his own coat of arms.
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| [[Post of Slovenia]] has issued a stamp honouring Vega and the National Bank of Slovenia has issued a 50 [[Slovenian tolar|tolar]] banknote in his honour.
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| [[Vega (crater)]] on the Moon is named after him.
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| An [[asteroid]] [[14966 Jurijvega]], discovered on July 30, 1997, is named after him.
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| Also, a free open-source physics library for 3D deformable object simulation Vega FEM has been named after Vega.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Logarithm]]
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| * [[Mathematical table]]
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| * [[Ballistics]]
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| * [[Vega (crater)]]
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| == References ==
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| <references/>
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| == External links ==
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| {{commons category|Jurij Vega}}
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| * [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money2.htm Jurij Vega on the Slovenian 50 Tolars banknote.]
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| * [[University of St Andrews]]' page on Vega: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Vega.html
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| * [http://www.ijp.si/JurijVega/conference.html Vega and his time]
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| * [http://www.jernejbarbic.com/vega Vega FEM library]
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=120701778}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| | NAME = Vega, Jurij
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Slovenian scientist
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = March 23, 1754
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Zagorica pri Dolskem|Zagorica]] near [[Dolsko]], [[Slovenia]]
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| | DATE OF DEATH = September 26, 1802
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| | PLACE OF DEATH = [[Nußdorf, Vienna|Nußdorf]] near [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Vega, Jurij}}
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| [[Category:1754 births]]
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| [[Category:1802 deaths]]
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| [[Category:18th-century Carniolan people]]
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| [[Category:18th-century mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:18th-century physicists]]
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| [[Category:18th-century astronomers]]
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| [[Category:Carniolan people of Slovene descent]]
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| [[Category:Carniolan mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:Carniolan physicists]]
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| [[Category:Carniolan astronomers]]
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| [[Category:Ballistics experts]]
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| [[Category:Pi]]
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| [[Category:Military Order of Maria Theresa recipients]]
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| [[Category:Barons of Austria]]
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| [[Category:Slovene nobility]]
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| [[Category:Carniolan nobility]]
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| [[Category:Unsolved deaths]]
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| {{Link FA|sl}}
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