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In [[mathematics]], the '''Neumann''' (or '''second-type''') '''boundary condition''' is a type of [[boundary condition]], named after [[Carl Neumann]].<ref>Cheng, A. and D. T. Cheng (2005). Heritage and early history of the boundary element method, ''Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements'', '''29''', 268–302.</ref>
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When imposed on an [[ordinary differential equation|ordinary]] or a [[partial differential equation]], it specifies the values that the [[derivative]] of a solution is to take on the [[boundary (topology)|boundary]] of the [[Domain (mathematics)|domain]]. In engineering applications, the following would be considered Neumann boundary conditions:
* In [[thermodynamics]], where a surface has a prescribed heat flux, such as a perfect insulator (where flux is zero) or an electrical component dissipating a known power.
 
For an ordinary differential equation, for instance:
 
:<math>y'' + y = 0~</math>
 
the Neumann boundary conditions on the interval <math>[a, \, b]</math> take the form:
 
:<math>y'(a)= \alpha \ \text{and} \ y'(b) = \beta</math>
 
where <math>\alpha</math> and <math>\beta</math> are given numbers.
 
* For a partial differential equation, for instance:
 
:<math>\nabla^2 y + y = 0</math>
 
where <math>\nabla^2</math> denotes the [[Laplace operator|Laplacian]], the Neumann boundary conditions on a domain <math>\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^n</math> take the form:
 
:<math>\frac{\partial y}{\partial \mathbf{n}}(\mathbf{x}) = f(\mathbf{x}) \quad \forall \mathbf{x} \in \partial \Omega.</math>
 
where <math>\mathbf{n}</math> denotes the (typically exterior) [[normal vector|normal]] to the [[boundary (topology)|boundary]] <math>\partial \Omega</math> and ''f'' is a given [[scalar function]].
 
The [[normal derivative]] which shows up on the left-hand side is defined as:
 
:<math>\frac{\partial y}{\partial \mathbf{n}}(\mathbf{x})=\nabla y(\mathbf{x})\cdot \mathbf{n}(\mathbf{x})</math>
 
where <math>\nabla</math> is the [[gradient]] (vector) and the dot is the [[inner product]].
 
It becomes clear that the boundary must be sufficiently smooth such that the normal derivative can exist, since for example at corner points of the boundary the normal vector is not well defined.  
 
 
Many other boundary conditions are possible. For example, there is the [[Cauchy boundary condition]], or the [[mixed boundary condition]] which is a combination of the Neumann and [[Dirichlet boundary condition|Dirichlet]] conditions.
 
==See also==
 
*[[Dirichlet boundary condition]]
*[[Mixed boundary condition]]
*[[Cauchy boundary condition]]
*[[Robin boundary condition]]
 
==References==
<references />
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Neumann Boundary Condition}}
[[Category:Boundary conditions]]

Latest revision as of 05:04, 18 June 2014

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