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| {{redirect|Mafia (game)|the video game|Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven}}
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| {{Infobox game
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| | subject name = Mafia
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| | image_link =
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| | image_caption =
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| | designer = Dimitry Davidoff
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| | players = At least 6<ref name="davidoff"/><br />(Minimum 3 in One Night Werewolf variant<ref name="onenightBGG"/>)
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| | setup time = < 6 [[minute]]s
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| | playing time = 15–60 minutes<sup>2</sup>
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| | complexity = Medium
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| | strategy = High
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| | random chance = Low
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| | skills = [[Strategy|Strategic thought]]<br />[[Team|Team play]]<br />[[Social skills]]<br />[[Roleplay]]
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| }}
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| '''Mafia''' ({{lang-ru|Ма́фия}}, also known as '''Werewolf''') is a [[party game]] created in the [[USSR]] by Dimitry Davidoff in 1986,<ref>{{cite web|author=François Haffner |url=http://jeuxsoc.fr/jeu/mafid |title=Questions to Dimitry Davidoff about the creation of Mafia on the French website |publisher=Jeuxsoc.fr |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2011-04-11}}</ref> modelling a conflict between an informed minority (the [[Mafia (disambiguation)|mafia]]) and an [[Information asymmetry|uninformed]] majority (the innocents). At the start of the game each player is secretly assigned a role affiliated with one of these teams. The game has two alternating phases: "night", during which the mafia may covertly "murder" an innocent, and "day", in which surviving players debate the identities of the mafiosi and vote to eliminate a suspect. Play continues until all of the mafia has been eliminated, or until the mafia outnumbers the innocents.
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| {{TOC limit|2}}
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| ==History==
| | All the trophies from all among the members in your tribe get added up and as well as divided by 2 to determine your clans overall trophies. Playing many different kinds of games makes your gaming time more fun. and your league also determines your incredible battle [https://Www.Vocabulary.com/dictionary/win+bonus win bonus]. 5 star rating and is known to be surprisingly addictive as players are known to devote several hours enjoying the game. She centers on beauty salon business startup and client fascination.<br><br>The upsides of video flash games can include fun, cinema and even education. The downsides range in addictive game play to younger individuals seeing and hearing things they are hands down not old enough for. With luck, all of the ideas presented within this article can help customers manage video games amazingly well within your home relating to everyone's benefit.<br><br>Last component There are a lot of Apple fans who use the above game all on the planet. This generation has no longer been the JRPG's best; in fact it's been recently unanimously its worst. Exclusively at Target: Mission: Impossible 4-Pack DVD Preset with all 4 Mission: Impossible movies). Although it is a special day's grand gifts and gestures, one Valentines Day can blend into another much too easily. clash of clans is one among the quickest rising game titles as of late.<br><br>If you loved this information and you would such as to receive additional info concerning how to hack clash of clans ([http://prometeu.net click the next webpage]) kindly visit the web-site. Portable computer games offer entertaining to allow them to everybody, and they remain surely more complicated unlike Frogger was! Regarding get all you also can out of game titles, use the advice put out here. An individual going to find any exciting new world inside of gaming, and you undoubtedly wonder how you ahead of got by without individuals!<br><br>You might be looking Conflict of Home owners Jewels Free, or you're just buying a Accommodement Conflict of Tribes, currently has the smartest choice while on the internet, absolutely free as well as only takes a little bit to get all all these.<br><br>To help defeat higher-level villages, job aids you to make use of a mixture of troops exactly like Barbarians plus Archers as well those [http://Statigr.am/tag/suicide+wall suicide wall] bombers to bust down any walls. Goblins can also be a useful accentuate the combo simply due to the fact attack different buildings. You should understand when you like to begin worrying concerning higher troops when the public can''t win battles offering Barbarians.<br><br>Find the leap into the pre-owned or operated xbox sports marketplace. Several ball players will get a Deviate of Clans Hack and finish this game really quickly. Several shops let these adventures being dealt in soon after which promote them at the lessened cost. It can be by far essentially the most cost-effective technique to request newer video games the actual higher cost. |
| Dmitry Davidoff ({{lang-ru|Дми́трий Давы́дов}}, ''Dmitriy Davydov'') is generally acknowledged as the game's creator. He dates the first game to spring 1986 at the [[Psychology]] Department of [[Moscow State University]], spreading to classrooms, dorms, and summer camps of [[Moscow University]].<ref name="zarf">{{cite web| url =http://www.eblong.com/zarf/werewolf.html | title = Werewolf page ''History'' section}}</ref><ref group="Note">Plotkin quotes a 2005 email in which Davidoff explains that he brought Mafia into the Psychology department classrooms for research and it spread (as a [[meme]]) from there to dormitories and likely over next summer, through student summer camps. He credits this game-based [[methodology]] to pioneering 1920s psychologist [[Lev Vygotsky|Lev Vygotskiy]].</ref> ''Wired'' attributes the creation to Davidoff but dates the first game to 1987,<ref name=wired2010 /> with 1986 being the year in which Davidoff was starting the work which would produce Mafia. He developed the game to combine psychology research with his duties teaching [[high school]] students.<ref name=wired2010>{{Cite journal
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| |last1=Robertson
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| |first1=Margaret
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| |title=Werewolf: How a parlour game became a tech phenomenon
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| |url=http://www.wired.co.uk/wired-magazine/archive/2010/03/features/werewolf?page=all
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| |accessdate=2010-06-06
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| |journal=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired UK]]
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| |issue =3.10
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| |date=2010-02-04
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| |publisher=Conde Nast Publications
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| |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to . for the cite to end in a ., as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}
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| }}</ref> The game became popular in other Soviet colleges and schools and in the 1990s it began to be played in Europe and then the United States. By the mid nineties a version of the game became a [[Television in Latvia|Latvian television]] series (with a parliamentary setting, and played by Latvian celebrities).<ref>{{cite book |location= Boulder |date=December 1998 |title= The Military and Society in the Former Eastern Bloc |editor1-first= C. P. |editor1-last= Danopoulos |editor2-first= D. |editor2-last= Zirker |publisher= Westview Press |url=http://www.questia.com/read/98923225 |page= 175 |isbn= 978-0-8133-3524-7 |quote= The objective is to discover who these [Mafia] people are even as they speak on behalf of Latvia's welfare, and before they eliminate people who suspect who they are. |oclc= 237326581}}</ref>
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| [[Andrew Plotkin]] gave the rules a [[werewolf]] theme in 1997,<ref name="zarf2">{{cite web | url= http://www.eblong.com/zarf/werewolf.html| title = Werewolf ''A Mind Game''}} is Plotkin's own description of the original Werewolf version</ref> arguing that the mafia were not that big a cultural reference, and that the werewolf concept fitted the idea of a hidden enemy who looked normal during the daytime.<ref name=wired2010 /> Mafia and a variant called Thing<ref group="Note">In which the antagonists are [[The Thing (1982 film)|Things]], monsters that can turn humans into other Things. For a more detailed description, see: {{cite web | url = http://danielsolisblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/alien-among-us.html | title = Alien Among Us | first = Daniel | last = Solis}}</ref> have been played at science fiction writers' workshops since 1998,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.potlatch-sf.org/potlatch9/potflpr3.html | title = Corflatch Progress Report #3 | date = 2000-01-01 | first = Jerry | last = Kaufman | quote = John Aegard is running another event, to take place Friday at 8 p.m. John says, Come play the game that's paralyzed two straight Clarions – MAFIA!}} Since the Clarion workshops take place during the summer, the game must have first been played at a Clarion workshop in 1998, most likely Clarion East – see David Levine's account of Clarion West 2000, {{cite web | url = http://www.spiritone.com/~dlevine/clarion/journal/week6.html | title = David Levine's Clarion Journal: Week 6.}} Mafia and Thing were first taught to the annual Viable Paradise workshop by James Patrick Kelly and Steven Gould in 2001; see {{cite web | url = http://www.drewes.org/vp_xp.html | title = The VP Experience | first = Lisa | last = Silverthorne}}</ref> and have become an integral part of the annual Clarion<ref>See {{cite web | url = http://st-at-clarion.livejournal.com/12315.html | title = Clarion, Day 33: She's mafia, I know she is!}}; {{cite web | url = http://www.alexwilson.com/projects/journal/clarion_week_6_mafia.php | title = Clarion Week 6: Always Bet on Black (in Mafia)! | first = Alex | last = Wilson}}; {{cite web | url = http://web.mac.com/xanderwilson/iWeb/Site/clarion_mafia.html | title = Clarion_Mafia | first = Alex | last = Wilson}}</ref> and Viable Paradise<ref>See {{cite web | url = http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/005581.html#58821 | title = Making Light: Home Again}}; {{cite web | url = http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/006896.html | title = Making Light: Traditional diversions}}; {{cite web | url = http://garunya.livejournal.com/38846.html | title = Viable Paradise – Day 1 | first = Chris | last = Azure}}; {{cite web | url = http://www.squishedfrog.com/mtblog/archives/2007/10/#001249 | title = A week in paradise | first = Eric | last = Griffith}}; and {{cite web | url = http://bibsearch.blogspot.com/2006/12/viable-paradise-day-one.html | title = Viable Paradise, day one | first = Barbara | last = Gordon}}. Quoting {{cite web | url = http://www.archerwebsolutions.com/domains/yaboogie/blogs/parentheticals/2007/10/viable-paradise-a-travelogue-p.html | title = Viable Paradise: A Travelogue (Part 1) | first = Julia | last = Dvorin | quote = After the introductions and instructions for the next day, I thought that perhaps we'd be released and I could go see the room I was to be staying in for the week and chill out a little from the travel. But such was not to be, for the agenda now turned to the important bonding activity of playing Mafia and Thing. So I pushed away the cranky traveler's whininess that was stalking me, and sat down in a circle with a bunch of strangers and began to accuse them of lying and murder.}} Also: {{cite web | url = http://www.flickr.com/photos/89986804@N00/1526104871/in/photostream/ | title = Photo: semi-mandatory Mafia | first = Steven | last = Gould}}</ref> workshops. The Werewolf variant of Mafia became widespread at major tech events, including the [[Game Developers Conference]], [[ETech]], [[Foo Camp]]s, and [[South By Southwest]].<ref name=wired2010 /> In 1998 the [[Kaliningrad]] Higher school of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)#Russian Federation|Internal Affairs Ministry]] published the methodical textbook ''Nonverbal communications. Developing role-playing games 'Mafia' and 'Murderer''' for a course on Visual psychodiagnostics, to teach various methods of reading [[body language]] and nonverbal signals.<ref>Петров С.В., Холопова Е.Н. «Невербальная коммуникация. Развивающие ролевые игры „Мафия「 и „Убийца「». Учебно-методическое пособие – Калининград: КВШ МВД России, 1998</ref>
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| In March 2006 Ernest Fedorov was running a Mafia Club in [[Kiev]], using his own [[patent]]ed variation of the rules. The club organizes games, [[Elo rating system#Elo ratings in other games|rates players]], and awards prizes (including a [[Sicily]] trip for their tournament-series champion).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kyivweekly.com/?art=1141859356 | title = Intellectuals playing mafia games | date= 2006-03-08 | first = Pavlo | last = Berest | quote = Now the rules of the game are the intellectual property of Fedorov.}} The club has its own rules, see: {{cite web | url = http://io.com.ua/www.php?w=http://mafia.kiev.ua | title = Club Империя Мафии}}</ref>
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| In June 2006, a [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]] school inquiry was launched after parents complained of the traumatic effects classroom Mafia was having on their [[Fifth grade|fifth-grade]] children. Davidoff responded to the reports, saying that as a parent who had studied [[child psychology]] for 25 years, he felt that the game could "teach kids to distinguish right from wrong", and that the positive message of being honest could overcome the negative effects of an "evil narrator" moderating the game as if it were a scary story.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20060804-NEWS-308049902 | title = School officials still investigating 'Mafia' | first = Aaron | last = Davis | publisher = [[Seacoast Media Group]] | date= 2006-08-04 | quote = One parent, Nicole Hollenbeck told The Rockingham News in June, My child has had sleepless nights, crying before bed because she's afraid that she'll sleep walk and relive the tragic events they talked about in class [...] We teach our kids right from wrong, and this is what they are being taught? }}</ref>
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| Mafia was called one of the 50 most historically and culturally significant games published since 1800 by [[about.com]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://boardgames.about.com/cs/gamehistories/a/timeline.htm | title = Board and Card Games Timeline | first = Erik | last = Arneson}}. About.com also includes Mafia in the Top 5 Best [[Voting system|Voting]] Games. The reason it is significant is given: {{cite web | url = http://boardgames.about.com/od/gamehistories/p/werewolf.htm | title = Werewolf / Mafia | quote = Werewolf is a favorite at game conventions and has been written about in several mainstream articles. | accessdate = 2007-11-25}}</ref> Although the game can be played with a deck of poker cards or slips of paper, [[Looney Labs]] successfully marketed a commercial version of the game as ''Are You a Werewolf?'', which was later followed by [[Asmodee Editions]]' ''Werewolves of Millers Hollow'', [[Mayfair Games]]' ''Lupus in Tabula'' and [[Bezier Games]]' ''[[Ultimate Werewolf]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} A [[Cthulhu Mythos]] variant (''Do You Worship Cthulhu'') was published in 2006.<ref>{{cite web
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| |url=http://www.toyvault.com/cthulhugame/main.htm
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| |title= Do You Worship Cthulhu
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| |publisher= [[Toy Vault]]
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| |accessdate=2010-06-06
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| |last1=Huston |last2= Huston
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| |first1= David |first2 = John
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| }}</ref>
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| ==Gameplay==
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| In its simplest form Mafia is played by two teams: the mafia, whose members know each other's identity, and the innocents (a.k.a. "civilians," "townspeople," "village," "town," etc.), who at first know only the number of mafiosi in the game. Live games require a moderator who does not participate as a player.
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| There are two phases: "night," when the mafia may eliminate a player from the game, and "day," during which players vote to "lynch" (eliminate) a suspect. These phases follow each other continuously until all mafiosi have been eliminated or the mafia outnumbers the innocents.
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| Some players may be given a role with a special ability. Common examples include:
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| * the detective: an innocent who may "investigate" a player each night, learning that player's role from the moderator.
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| * the doctor: an innocent who may protect a player from killing roles each night.
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| * the barman: a mafioso who may cancel the effect of another role's ability each night.
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| * the vigilante: an innocent who may kill a player every night.
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| Andrew Plotkin recommends having exactly two mafiosi,<ref name="zarf"/> while the original Davidoff ruleset suggests a third of the players (rounding to the nearest whole number) be mafiosi. Davidoff's original game does not include roles with special abilities.<ref name="davidoff">http://web.archive.org/web/19990302082118/http://members.theglobe.com/mafia_rules/</ref> In his rules for "Werewolf," Andrew Plotkin recommends that the first phase be day and that there be odd number of players. These specifications prevent players from being killed before the first day and in most scenarios ensure that the game will end dramatically on a lynching, rather than with an anticlimactic murder.<ref name="zarf"/>
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| ===Night===
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| All players close their eyes. The moderator then instructs all members of the mafia to open their eyes and acknowledge their accomplices. They pick a "victim" by silently gesturing to indicate their target and to show [[unanimity]], and then close their eyes again.
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| A similar process occurs for other roles with nightly actions. In the case of the detective, the moderator may indicate the target's innocence or guilt by using gestures such as nodding or head shaking.
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| Night may be accompanied by players tapping gently to mask sounds made by gesturing.<ref name="wunderland">{{cite web |url= http://www.wunderland.com/LooneyLabs/Werewolf/Rules.html |publisher= [[Looney Labs]] |accessdate=2010-06-15 |title= Are You A Werewolf? Rules of Play |quote= Night-Noise: When everyone closes their eyes at night, it is best for people to also start humming, tapping the table, patting a knee, or making some noise. This will cover up any sounds made accidentally by the werewolves, the seer, or the moderator}}</ref>
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| ===Day===
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| The moderator instructs players to open their eyes and announces who "died" the previous night. According to some rules the role of the murdered player is revealed, while according to others it is not.<ref name="wunderland"/><ref name=zarf2/> Dead players may not attempt to influence the game.
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| Discussion ensues. At any point a player may accuse someone of being a mafioso and prompt others to vote to lynch him. If over half of the players do so, the accused person is eliminated, his role is revealed, and night begins. Otherwise, the phase continues until a lynching occurs.<ref name=zarf/>
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| Because players have more freedom to deliberate, days tend to be longer than nights.
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| ==Variations==
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| The naming of various roles, factions, and other elements of play is theme-dependent and has limitless variation. Common alternative themes restyle the mafia as werewolves, cultists, assassins, or witches, with other roles being renamed appropriately.
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| ==Optional roles==
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| These additional roles are named differently in the many versions of Mafia, for [[Setting (fiction)|thematic flavor]], or historical reasons. Also, the same role-name can have differing functions across different versions of the game.<ref name="Sorcerer">For example, [[Bezier Games]]' Ultimate Werewolf [http://gamerhotsheet.com/2007/03/ultimate-werewolf-complete-cardset-now-available/ ''Sorcerer''] has the ability to detect the Seer role. (The sorcerer is granted different powers in other rule-sets, like Princeton University's, in which the Wizard has the ability to detect the Seer.) Whatever name this role is known by, the Detective-detector is typically aligned with the Mafia (for example, see: {{cite web| url= http://boredgamegeeks.blogspot.com/2005/09/9-player-werewolf.html | title = 9 Player Werewolf Evil team | year = 2005}})</ref> What follows is a general list of role ''types'' found in Mafia variants; since the specific names vary by [[Social environment|milieu]] it must be non-exhaustive.
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| <!--
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| Please read this list before adding new characters to it to prevent duplication.
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| ===Investigative roles===
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| Players with these roles use their own night-phase to discover something about other players. Though the standard game now includes the basic Detective, these roles are optional, and games can exclude them entirely (such as the stool pigeon variant, or Davidoff's original rules).
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| ====Investigative roles (standard)====
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| * —''Detective'', ''Seer'', ''Commandant'',<ref name=Gopnik>{{cite book|chapter= Fourth Thanksgiving: Propensities |title = Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York | first = Adam | last = Gopnik | year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-676-97827-8 |pages= 242–253}}</ref> ''Sheriff'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.puzzlers.org/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=gamerules:mafia | title = Mafia (con) | quote = Knight Commandant / Sheriff – a townsperson who investigates mafia members | accessdate = 2007-12-20}}</ref> etc.
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| : Allied with the Innocents, the [[Detective]] can detect whether a player is a mafioso. They will typically wake up, and point at one person; the Narrator will silently indicate to the Detective whether that player is Mafia or Innocent. In some versions of the game, the Detective's investigation result is announced publicly by the Narrator, for example ''the Detective found a Mafioso!''. More commonly, no announcement is made. As with other roles, which player is the detective is not generally known, leaving anyone the option of pretending to be the Detective.
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| : A Detective is usually included in modern games. For example, somebody is ''always'' assigned this role in all commercial [[card game]] versions,<ref group="Note">As of November 2007, five card-based versions of this game are sold, and all require one player to becomes a Seer. The {{cite web | url = http://www.toyvault.com/cthulhugame/Cthulhu%20Game%20Instructions%20Front.jpg| title = Do you worship Cthulhu ''Deck Setup''}} specifies that a Seer card be dealt to someone even with the (minimum) five players. Similarly, the ''Lupus in Tabula'' Preparation calls for the Seer card to be dealt to somebody even if the game is played with the minimum number of players (eight). Getting Started with ''Ultimate Werewolf'' Role Selection advises that even the introductory game should include the Seer (with further optional roles being added ''in addition to the seer'' in later games). ''Werewolves of Millers hollow'' uses the Fortune Teller name for the Detective but the role is identical to the standard seer/angel/detective, and is again mandatory, having its own phase of the night in the basic rules. (As does the Seer in ''Are You a Werewolf?'' – though it is after the werewolves' phase.)</ref> and almost all internet-based, and most face-to-face games start with at least one detective.<ref group="Note">For example, {{cite web | url = http://web.mit.edu/ceu/www/spielregeln_eng.html | title = The Mafia rules (MIT)}}, from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], are very simple, and specify roles for 7–20 players, always including at least one Detective. Andrew Plotkin's original ''Werewolf'' always includes a Villager (Seer), and he mentions that in 1997 Mafia was played in the [[National Puzzlers' League]] convention with a Knight Commandant. (The role of the Knight Commandant or Knight is described in detail as having the standard Detective powers in: {{cite web| url = http://www.puzzlers.org/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=cons:1997:conreport1997 | title = National Puzzlers' League – 1997 Convention Reports | accessdate = 2007-11-24}}) Plotkin describes [http://web.archive.org/web/19990302082118/http://members.theglobe.com/mafia_rules/ Davidoff's original game] (which had [http://fringe.davesource.com/Fringe/Entertainment/Games/Indoors/Mafia/v23.htm no Detective]) as well off the current average. A rare modern rule-set with No [[Inspector]] is: {{cite web | title = The Game ''Player Constellations'' | url = http://org.ntnu.no/mafia/ | first = Vegard | last = Engstrom | year = 1999 |accessdate= 2010-06-15}} but only when starting with five, larger groups get at least one inspector.</ref> Multiple detectives either act in separate night phases (unaware of the identities of other detectives)<ref>{{cite journal |journal= [[Vice Magazine]] |title= Mafia Party THE SETUP |date=June 2005 |first= D. |last= Cross |authorlink= David Cross |url= http://www.viceland.com/int/v12n5/htdocs/mafia.php}}</ref> or work together as the police (an [[#Association roles|association role]]).
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| ====Investigative roles (less common)====
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| * —''Psychic'', ''Wizard'', ''Fortune Teller'', ''Oracle'', etc.
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| : [[Psychic]], Psychologist, or Sorcerer-type investigators can determine other players' roles, rather than their alignments.<ref name=Sorcerer /> Roles which detect other roles are usually implemented in the same way as the Detective's ability to determine alignment. For example: the [[Psychologist]] points to a player (at night) for a Thumbs-up from the moderator if the Vigilante is pointed to.<ref group="Note">For example, Vigilante in the {{cite web | url = http://fringe.davesource.com/Fringe/Entertainment/Games/Indoors/Mafia/v26.htm| title = Princeton rules}}</ref> A Tracker may see what someone's night action was, or the target of their action.
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| : Information revealed to investigators is fallible (in more complicated variants). Online versions can give information with a [[probability|confidence]] level, and in other variants the Narrator deceives the Detective by showing all players as Innocent, all as Guilty, giving reversed results, or random information (these can be termed as Naive,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sitesled.com/members/mikeburnfire/mafiascum04.swf | title = Name: Naive Cop | quote = Description: A type of cop that always gets innocent results regardless of who they investigate | accessdate = 2007-12-16}}</ref> Paranoid, Insane, or Random respectively). Additionally, some Alignment roles give immunity to successful investigation.<ref group="Note">For example, The Oracle in Werewolf chooses one person to investigate every night, and are shown their card, unless they pick the Master Werewolf – when the Oracle is shown an (innocent) villager card.</ref>
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| : In some games, there are Mafia Detectives, who have the power of a normal detective but are on the Mafia side. The Super Commandant has the standard power of a Detective, while also protecting the ''investigated'' from night-time attack.
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| ===Omniscient roles===
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| * —''Witness'', ''Child'', ''Little Girl'', etc.
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| : Instead of having to investigate, some innocent roles give complete information on the entire mafia: The [[witness]] is told who the mafia are during the first night, while the mafia are not told the witness's identity (differing from the stool pigeon in not being a part of the mafia).
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| : The Little Girl in ''Werewolf'' and ''Werewolves of Miller's Hollow'' is allowed to secretly peek and watch as the werewolves choose their victim; if discovered doing so by the Werewolves, she dies of fright.<ref group="Note">For example, as described on Ultimate Werewolf's ''Little Girl'' Card, and in the first non-introductory role [http://www.wired.co.uk/wired-magazine/archive/2010/03/werewolf/werewolf-extra-materials?page=6 suggested by ''Wired'']: The Child spies at night when the werewolves are killing, and only when the werewolves are killing, by opening her eyes ever so slightly</ref>
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| ===Protective roles===
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| * —''Guardian Angel'', ''Doctor'', ''Bodyguard'', ''Hero'', etc.
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| : Allied with the Innocents, the Doctor-type role defends others at night.<ref group="Note">Depending on the variant, they may know the identities of the Mafia, but this isn't required; they usually indicate the player to protect in a separate phase of gameplay (a separate part of the night) than the Mafia's killing phase. The Mafia-Doctor ''is'' a mafioso, and a more obscure variant role, with the opposite power (from the Doctor) of protecting the guilty from attack during the day.</ref> Typically, they will awaken at night after the Mafia have gone back to sleep and point at one person to protect; that person will survive any night-time attack.<ref group="Note">The protected player gains complete invulnerability during the night they are visited by the Doctor or [[Bodyguard]]. The Mafia do not usually know the identity of the protected player, nor get a chance to select another victim, so this attack is wasted if the Mafia target a protected player (e.g., {{cite web| url = http://www.davincigames.it/download/LupusInTabula_rules.zip | title = Bodyguard, Lupus in Tabula | accessdate = 2007-11-13}}).</ref> They are typically allowed to protect themselves, and are commonly barred from protecting the same target on successive nights.<ref name=NM>{{cite web| title= Characters from the New Moon expansion set |accessdate= 2010-06-13 |url= http://www.wired.co.uk/wired-magazine/archive/2010/03/werewolf/werewolf-extra-materials?page=3 |year= 2010}}</ref> A Guardian Angel can only protect others. The Nurse gains the Doctor's abilities if the Doctor dies.<ref group="Note">For example, see the [[Two Plus Two Publishing|2+2]] rule-set describing the Nurse: {{cite web | url = http://forumserver.twoplustwo.com/showflat.php?Cat=0&Number=5547619&an=0&page=2 | title = Mafia rules}}</ref> The Firefighter,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mikeburnfire.sitesled.com/mscumB.swf | title = Various Mafia Roles: Third Party Roles: Arsonist & Firefighter}}</ref> or the [[Herbalist]] can protect from some night-time attacks but not others (in Werewolf, for example, they choose one person to protect with [[Aconitum#Aconitum in literature|wolfsbane]], but that person may still be killed by the Serial Killer). Other games limit this ability to a certain number of times.<ref group="Note">For example, the Witch in ''Werewolves of Miller's Hollow'' has only one use of her protective potion. She is allowed to see who was killed by the werewolves before applying the protective potion, so this character is more typical of the [[#Reanimation roles|reanimation]] than the protective type.</ref>
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| | |
| ===Killing roles===
| |
| * —''Vigilante'', ''Hunter'', ''Bomb'', ''Woodcutter'', etc.
| |
| : Aside from Mafia, Werewolves, and Serial Killers (solitary guilty parties), the Innocents may have some roles with the ability to kill at night. The [[Vigilante]] is an innocent who kills every night, in his own night-time phase,<ref group="Note">{{cite web | url = http://www.toyvault.com/cthulhugame/Cthulhu%20Game%20Instructions%20Back.jpg | title = Do you worship Cthulu ''Roles'' and ''Quick Reference Script'' | accessdate = 2007-11-21}}. This makes the vigilante as lethal as the entire Mafia, potentially overbalancing the game, which has led to the introduction of roles that limit his effectiveness, such as the ''Walrus'' role-blocker.</ref> in some variations, having a limited bullet supply for the entire game. Some variations introduce a time limit of two nights before the player in the Killing Role can exercise his right to kill again. The Bomb may only trigger if targeted at night (not necessarily for death) by another role. Variants exist where this person can kill during the daytime cycle (e.g., the Terrorist / Gravedigger), sometimes only if executed during the daytime. The Woodcutter or [[Hunter]] can take one other person with them whenever they die.<ref group="Note">The Hunter appears in ''Werewolves of Miller's Hollow'', for example. The Woodcutter is a (less common) [[Little Red Riding Hood|equivalent]] name for the role. ''Wired'' recommends including the hunter in even the most basic games: {{cite web| title= Original Werewolf characters |accessdate= 2010-06-13 |url= http://www.wired.co.uk/wired-magazine/archive/2010/03/werewolf/werewolf-extra-materials.aspx?page=2 |date=January 2010}}</ref>
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| | |
| ===Alignment roles===
| |
| * —''Miller'', ''Godfather'', ''Alpha Wolf'', ''Wildcard'', etc.
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| : Some roles can fool [[#Investigative roles (standard)|investigations to determine their alignments]]: the Miller is an Innocent who appears guilty (usually because they are an outsider); the Godfather, on the other hand, appears innocent despite being the Mafia leader.<ref group="Note">The Godfather role is played differently between variants. If immunity to detection is the Godfather's only power, his leadership of the Mafia need only be nominal: {{cite web | url =http://www.sitesled.com/members/mikeburnfire/mafiascum04.swf | title = Name: Godfather}}</ref> The Alpha Wolf or Master Werewolf have the same role as the Godfather in ''Werewolf'' settings.
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| | |
| ===Double-agent roles===
| |
| * —''Traitor'', ''Possessed'', ''Undercover Cop'', ''Godfather'', etc.
| |
| : The Traitor is not a mafioso (in that he does not awake at night and is not revealed as a mafioso by Detective type roles), but works to protect them and hamper the town during the day cycle, and wins only with a Mafia victory.<ref>A typical Traitor-type role is the [[Spirit possession|Possessed]] ''Special Character'' from {{cite web | url = http://www.davincigames.it/download/LupusInTabula_rules.zip | title = The LUPUS IN TABULA (2nd edition) rules}}</ref> Conversely, the Undercover Cop is a [[Mole (espionage)|mole]] within the Mafia group who acts with the Mafia but wins with the innocents. The stool pigeon may be the only optional role in play,<ref>{{cite journal |journal= The Johns Hopkins News-Letter |date= 2001-10-26 |url= http://media.www.jhunewsletter.com/media/storage/paper932/news/2001/10/26/Focus/Mafia.Game.Indulges.Fantasy.Avoids.Jail.Term-2247440.shtml |title= Mafia game indulges fantasy, avoids jail term |first= L. |last= Fraade-Blanar |quote= One person out of the circle finds themselves tapped twice, making them the [[stool pigeon]]. He must inform the townspeople, i.e. everyone who was not tapped, of the identity of the Mafia members while not being killed himself... The game shows a historical conflict between the accusers and the accused. It could well be the [[Witch trials in Early Modern Europe|Europeans accusing witches]] }}</ref> and makes up one of the few modern game forms to be played without an investigative role.
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| :Distinct from the alignment-role Godfather, the double-agent Godfather behaves as a standard mafioso, but wakes again (after the Mafia sleep) to perform an extra kill. This Godfather-role wins only if he survives.
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| | |
| ===Role manipulators===
| |
| * —''Role-blocker'', ''Bus Driver'', ''Thief'', ''Barman'', etc.
| |
| : These roles can stop or alter the night actions of others; for instance, they may prevent a protection or investigation from occurring, or they may change the target. The Role-blocker can block the Vigilante for a night, while the Thief, Prostitute or Hypnotizer might be able to disable the powers of any selected target.<ref group="Note">The [[thief]]'s action usually applies for a single night, as in: {{cite web| url = http://users.wpi.edu/~tachase/mafiairc.html | title = Mafia Game: IRC Version}}. The thief sometimes has a purely investigative function – being only able to determine the roles from stolen items.{{cite web | url = http://www.sitesled.com/members/mikeburnfire/mafiascum04.swf | title = Thief}}</ref>
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| : When the thief is used in ''Werewolves'', an additional townsfolk card is added before dealing, and the Thief may choose on the first night to steal the role of another player or to take the unused role card. The player whose role was stolen gets the unused role card and the Thief card is discarded.
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| | |
| ===Recruitment roles===
| |
| * —''Godfather'', ''Psychiatrist'', ''Piper'', ''Cult Leader'', etc.
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| : The Mafia [[Boss (crime)|Godfather]] may be able to recruit innocent players into his faction under certain circumstances. The [[Yakuza]] is a regular mafia player with an extra power: they may sacrifice themselves from the second night (during the night) and choose an innocent to join the mafia.<ref group="Note">{{cite web |url= http://7-0-7.co.uk/Miscellaneous/MafiaRules.pdf |title= Mafia: Advanced rules |first= J. |last= Bennet |format= PDF}} In other variants, the mafia can't kill anyone else on the night this power is used. The potential existence of a Yakuza makes innocents with protective roles less inclined to reveal their roles for fear of being converted (or more inclined to reveal themselves if they expect the Mafia to win and wish to be converted).</ref>
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| : Each night, the [[scientist]] selects a player to [[Werewolf#Remedies|cure]]; if a mafioso is cured, they awaken as an innocent.<ref name=WC/> The [[Psychiatrist]] is an innocent with the ability to convert the [[Serial Killer]] into a normal innocent.<ref>The Psychiatrist can 'cure' the Serial Killer according to the Pub Game rules: {{cite web | url = http://www.dslreports.com/faq/15594 | title = Serial Killer}}. When 'the psychiatrist' is in play, the Serial Killer may be The [[Psychopath]], as in: {{cite web | url = http://www.sitesled.com/members/mikeburnfire/mafiascum04.swf | title = Name: Psychiatrist (Various Mafia Roles: ''Third Party'' at MafiaScum.net)}}</ref>
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| : [[Cult|Cult Leaders]] recruit followers at night instead of kill; they act as an independent faction, usually with the ability to talk at night. The [[Pied Piper of Hamelin in popular culture|Piper]] wins by charming every surviving player; she charms players at night, who then know each other (but not the piper) but are otherwise unaffected.<ref name=NM/>
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| | |
| ===Association roles===
| |
| * —''Freemasons (Masons)'', ''Siblings'', ''Lovers'', ''Police'', etc.
| |
| : Possessors of these roles know one another and what their roles are.<ref>For example, [http://gamerhotsheet.com/2007/03/ultimate-werewolf-complete-cardset-now-available/ Ultimate Werewolf Masons] recognize one another from the first night.</ref> On the innocent's side, a [[Freemason|Mason]] usually has no special abilities, but knows the identity of all other Masons and that all Masons are also innocent.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Big Book of Rules |last= Spadaccini |first= S. |date=September 2005 |isbn= 978-0-452-28644-3 |publisher= Plume }}</ref> Every member of the detectives or the [[Criminal investigation|police]] knows all the rest, because they collaborate at night to investigate someone (sharing the powers of the Detective role between them).<ref>As in the Mafia Games setup described by group-games.com, requiring only mafiosi, police, a doctor, and the townspeople. Or, a simple version using only citizens, mafia, and ''detectives'', as described in: {{cite book |title= Great Games! |last= Toone |first= M. |date=July 2009 |isbn= 978-0-9798345-5-4 |publisher= MVT Games |page= 41 |quote= The ''detectives'' now guess who they think might be one of the ''Mafia'' -no talking allowed, they simply point to one person.}}</ref>
| |
| : [[Sibling]] pairs typically consist of one Mafia and one Innocent; if one dies, both die. [[Cupid]] in ''Werewolves'' chooses a pair of Lovers on the first night.<ref>The ''Cupid card'' in [http://games.bezier.com Bezier Game's] ''Ultimate Werewolf'', for example.</ref> In this variant, the Lovers can also win the game (regardless of whether they are Mafia, Innocents, or both) by being the last two standing. In most versions, if one Lover is killed the other dies immediately.<ref>{{cite web| title= Wired Magazine Issue Selected articles from 03.10 > Werewolf > Werewolf: Extra Materials |accessdate= 2010-06-13 |url= http://www.wired.co.uk/wired-magazine/archive/2010/03/werewolf/werewolf-extra-materials.aspx?page=2 |quote= ''Optional rule:'' if the Lovers die and Cupid is still alive, Cupid chooses a new set of lovers.}}</ref>
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| | |
| ===Election roles===
| |
| * —''Doublevoter'', ''Priest'', ''Rabble Rouser'', ''Lawyer'', etc.
| |
| : Until the [[wikt:rabble rouser|Rabble Rouser]] dies there are two lynchings per day.<ref name=NM/>
| |
| : In some games there are players who can change the vote count. Some players have 2 votes (Doublevoter); some players can only cast the final vote to kill a player (Actor); cannot vote to lynch (Voteless Innocent);<ref>Alternatively, they may have a vote, but be mandated to always vote against lynching, as is the [http://gamerhotsheet.com/2007/03/ultimate-werewolf-complete-cardset-now-available/ Village Ethicist]</ref> must delegate someone else to vote for them (Fool),<ref name=Extras/> or require one fewer vote to lynch (Hated Innocent). The Priest cannot place the final vote (this role is not necessarily the same as the Reanimation-role priest). The ''[[lawyer]]'' selects someone during the night, and if that person tops the lynching vote the next day, saves them (a different ''lawyer'' role releases the [[Will (law)|wills]] written by players killed up to that point, when she dies).<ref name=Extras>{{cite web |url= http://www.wired.co.uk/wired-magazine/archive/2010/03/werewolf/werewolf-extra-materials?page=all |title= Werewolf: Extra Materials |date= 2010-01-29 }}</ref>
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| | |
| ====Public roles====
| |
| * —''Mayor'', ''Judge'', ''Sheriff'', ''President'', etc.
| |
| : This role is taken in addition to the assigned role, and it endows the player with additional, [[Openness|overt]], powers (particularly during the daytime). Empowerment can be random, but is usually made by vote. For instance, the Mayor or Sheriff can be elected each morning, and gain two lynching votes,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wired.co.uk/wired-magazine/archive/2010/03/werewolf/werewolf-extra-materials?page=6 |title= Character references |accessdate= 2010-06-14 |date= 2010-01-29}}</ref> or a Judge could moderate discussion in [[parliamentary procedure|parliamentary]] fashion (to the advantage of their team). The elected [[President]] has the sole lynching vote.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.mafiaspiel.de/ | title = Mafia variant: ''President'' }} described by MafiaSpiel.de, for example.</ref>
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| | |
| ===Handicapped roles===
| |
| * —''Murr'', ''Drunk'', ''Village Idiot'', ''Teenage Werewolf'', etc.
| |
| : This may be a secondary role, taken in addition to the assigned role. However, it has the opposite effect, giving the bearer a handicap, like speaking only [[gibberish]] in the case of the Village Drunk, etc.
| |
| : Alternatively, it may be a standard role with a particular constraint, such as the [[I Was a Teenage Werewolf|teenage werewolf]], who must say the word werewolf at least once each day.<ref>A role introduced in [[Ted Alspach]]'s 2010 [[Ted Alspach#Game List|''Ultimate Werewolf: Classic Movie Monsters'']].</ref>
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| | |
| ===Handicapper roles===
| |
| * —''Silencer'', ''Dentist'', etc.
| |
| : The Dentist may select any other player at night, and prevent them speaking during the following day.<ref name=NM/> The Silencer is a mafioso with the identical power, except that they may not silence the same player on successive days. The silenced individual wakes in the morning and is immediately instructed not to talk until the end of the day. They can still raise their hand to vote in live games, but being silenced in online games typically prevents ''any'' postings, including that needed to vote.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.smogon.com/smog/issue5/mafia_roles |title= Common Mafia Roles |accessdate= 2010-06-14 }} – The Silencer is typically aligned with them and knows their identities, but (in some variants) in unknown to them, not participating in mafia killings.</ref>
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| | |
| ===Post-mortem roles===
| |
| * —''Dark Background'', ''Priest'', ''Medium'', ''Coroner'', etc.
| |
| : The dark background roles are [[wikt:vanilla|standard]] (mafia or innocent) except for revealing a deceptive alignment when killed. The [[Medical examiner|M.E.]] gathers information from the killings that can help the innocents, while the Priest learns about the alignment of the dead in the same way that the Detective learns about the living.<ref>The [[Priest]] alone knows whether the dead were innocent in the [[World Boardgaming Championships]] game described by Bruno Wolff in {{cite web | url = https://wolff.to/bruno/werewolf.html | title = Werewolf rules | accessdate = 2007-11-19}}</ref> The [[Mediumship|Medium]] can interrogate dead players.<ref group="Note">The Medium function varies, for example see summarized '[[seance#Leader-assisted seances|Medium-enabled seance]]' rules from ''Werewolf'' at: {{cite web| url = http://boredgamegeeks.blogspot.com/2005/09/9-player-werewolf.html | title = boredgamegeeks | accessdate = 2007-11-14}}, as opposed to the ''Lupus in Tabula'' Medium, who alone can uncover the alignment of the deceased (see: {{cite web | url = http://www.davincigames.com/page.cfm?sez=01&gioco=lit | title = Lupus in Tabula (English rules) ''Special Characters''}}).</ref> While the [[coroner]] survives, the narrator will explain the means of death in all night kills.<ref name=WC>{{cite web| title= Characters |accessdate= 2010-06-13 |url= http://www.wired.co.uk/wired-magazine/archive/2010/03/werewolf/werewolf-extra-materials.aspx?page=2 |date=January 2010 }}</ref>
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| | |
| ===Reanimation roles===
| |
| * —''Reviver'', ''Governor'', ''Martyr'', ''Witch'', etc.
| |
| : Revivers and Master Revivers are able to [[resurrect]] dead players, Master Revivers can bring the revived into their association (e.g., the Masons: see Association roles). The players resurrected by a [[Necromancer]] are converted to the Necromancer's alignment; those revived by the [[Bokor|voodooist]] join a separate zombie group.<ref name=WC/> The Governor can [[Clemency|reprieve]] those killed during the daytime, as can the Martyr if he sacrifices himself. The Witch has a (single-use) [[Elixir|revival potion]]. At night, she's shown who will die in the morning, and can choose to save them.<ref group="Note">The Witch was introduced as a special character in ''The Werewolves of Millers Hollow'', where she also has a single-use killing potion. She may be able to revive herself with the "reanimation potion", see: [http://www.wired.co.uk/wired-magazine/archive/2010/03/werewolf/werewolf-extra-materials.aspx?page=2 Original Werewolf characters]</ref>
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| | |
| ===Rule-immune Roles===
| |
| * —''Bulletproof'', ''Oracle'', ''Elder'', etc.
| |
| : The Bulletproof innocent is [[Invulnerability|invulnerable]] at night,<ref group="Note">The bulletproof effect typically applies to night-time killings and is usually temporary, for example, the'' Ultimate Werewolf'' Amulet of Protection ([[bulletproof vest]] equivalent) protects over only a single night. Rare optional roles do give permanent protection from mafia attack, such as the Lupus in Tabula [http://www.davincigames.it/download/LupusInTabula_rules.zip Werehamster]</ref> though usually with limits; for example, the Elder will survive the first night attack, but not the second.<ref name=NM/>
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| : The [[Oracle]] has an [[#Investigative roles|investigative role]] similar to a Seer but also has the power to talk when inactive (talking in a sleep phase is usually a rule infraction).
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| | |
| ===Special roles===
| |
| * —''Baker'', ''Village Idiot'', ''Cobbler'', etc.
| |
| : The baker is on the side of the innocents. During the night, the baker gives one player a loaf of bread, potentially revealing his identity. If the baker dies, the innocents have just three nights to dispose of the mafia, or the innocents [[starvation|starve]], and the mafia win. The Cobbler,<ref name=NM/> [[Village idiot|Village Idiot]], or Jester has the objective of convincing the town to kill him, or is required to vote in favor of all proposed lynchings. Sometimes, successful lynching of the Village Idiot results in the mafia being able to kill two people that night.
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| | |
| ===Complicated roles===
| |
| Additional variations exist, sometimes with even more specialized or complicated abilities. There are many special roles, and many moderators design novel roles for each game. Some commercial variants ship with blank cards to allow this customization.<ref>[http://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/10/10583.phtml Lupus in Tabula (Werewolves at the Table) card listings]</ref>
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| ==Rule variations==
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| {{Refimprove section|date=July 2011}}
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| Over the years, players have created Mafia variants that include additional characters and rules; some of these are listed here.
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| | |
| ===Variations on the win conditions===
| |
| If there are as many mafiosi as innocents in the day-phase then a mafia victory is declared immediately, under the original Mafia rules. Other variants suspend this rule, and only declare the game after every member of one faction has been eliminated. There are several reasons not to end the game while innocents are alive:
| |
| * It makes the game easier to explain, and run.<ref name=Toone42>{{cite book |title= Great Games!: 175 Games & Activities for Families, Groups & Children |last= Toone |first= M. |date=July 2009 |isbn= 978-0-9798345-5-4 |publisher= MVT Games |page= 42 }}</ref>
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| * The variant may have mechanics that allow the out-numbered innocents to win (e.g. via protection or resurrection of innocents, or the mafia being unaware who their teammates are).
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| * Or because other [[Victory|win conditions]] are in-play for certain players, and need the game to finish to be judged.
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| | |
| Other win conditions that may be assigned include:
| |
| * The Cupid and the Lovers variant; the Lovers can also win by being the last two in the game even if one is Mafia while the other is innocent -in these cases the game is played until a definite outcome is reached. (Even if three mafioso and two innocents remain it is important to the Lovers which of the innocents is killed.)
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| * If a game has a card assigned Head Mafia or Don role, a variation has the Innocent members win when they vote successfully for the execution of the Don, regardless if there are other surviving Mafia members remaining.
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| * The Survivor is a neutral player, and wins when any other team or player wins (the survivor merely needs to avoid elimination).
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| * To win, a particular player (the [[jester]]) must be lynched.
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| | |
| ===Election variants===
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| Nominees for lynching may be allowed to make a speech in their own defense.
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| Usually, each player must vote, can only vote once and cannot vote for themselves. But some variants have a more complicated process of selecting players to be executed. Davidoff's original 'Mafia' allowed multiple day-time executions (per day), each needing only a plurality to action.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://members.theglobe.com/mafia_rules/ |title= The Original Mafia Rules |accessdate= 2010-06-15 |year=1999 |quote= Accusations may happen any number of times during the discussion...once in a while, someone should propose to have a Mafia Night. If the majority of the players who are still in the game agrees, the Night begins. |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/19990302082118/http://members.theglobe.com/mafia_rules/ |archivedate = 1999-03-02}}</ref>
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| | |
| [[voting system|Voting variants abound]], but any lynching usually requires an absolute majority of the electorate, or votes cast. So, the voting is usually not by [[secret ballot]] for multiple candidates, with the highest vote count eliminated; it is more usual for the voting to be openly resolved either by:
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| * A nomination or series of elections structured to ultimately offer a [[Two-round system|choice between two candidates]], or
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| * An option to lynch (or not lynch) one suspect (with a new suspect produced if the last one survives the vote).<ref name=Toone42/>
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| | |
| ====Tied votes====
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| [[Split vote|Deadlocked elections]] can be resolved by lot,<ref name=Mossel2008/> or by killing the player with the [[scapegoat]] special role.<ref name=wired2010/>
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| | |
| The special case of one mafioso and one innocent remaining can be decided randomly,<ref>The random resolution is typical in academic models of Mafia. For example see: {{cite arxiv |eprint= 0804.0071 |title= A Theoretical Study of Mafia Games |last= Yao |first= E. |class= math.PR |year= 2008}}</ref> or be ruled a Mafia win (this is more usual in live play).<ref name="one on one">That a single mafioso wins against a single surviving innocent in the day phase is a standard live-play rule, being a sub-case of the rule that a numerical equality is a Mafia victory</ref>
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| Another form, tie-breaking, can be had with a [[seance]] of the person who was last killed by the mafia, since night has not yet fallen and they have not yet seen the mafia during the night phase.
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| ====Optional lynch variant====
| |
| The Innocents can choose not to kill anybody during the day. Although commonly unsure of Mafia identities, the Innocents are more likely to randomly kill a mafioso than are the Mafia (at night). Therefore, not lynching anyone (even at random) will typically favor the Mafia.
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| | |
| However, when the number of survivors is even, No Kill may help the Innocents; for example, when three Innocents and one mafioso remain - generally called MYLO, or Mislynch and Lose due to the innocents' loss upon a lynch of their own <ref name="one on one"/> - voting for No Lynch gives a 1/3 chance of killing the mafioso the next day, rather than a 1/4 chance today (assuming [[Uniform distribution (discrete)|random]] lynching).
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| | |
| ====Timed days====
| |
| A public timer is set to a pre-determined length at the beginning of each day. If the players lynch someone, then the day ends immediately. If time runs out, the day is over and there is no lynching, or the person with the most votes is lynched.
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| | |
| ===Mafia killing methods===
| |
| Some variants require all Mafia members to choose the same victim independently for a kill to succeed. This can be achieved either by waking the Mafia members up separately,<ref>The 'separate waking' method of designating victims is used in the official {{cite web|title = Mayday | url=http://www.interactivitiesink.com/minigames/mayday}} rules, for example. (This is a [[Soviet Union]]-themed variant with other expanded rules, released under [[Creative Commons]] licensing.)</ref> or by having them write their kills. Under this variant, Innocent players write the word 'honest' on a piece of paper; Mafia members write the name of a player for elimination. If all the mafia notes have the same name on them, that player is considered killed by the Mafia. In some online versions of the game, a particular player (the Godfather or a designated mafioso) must send in the kill. Another variant requires the night-time vote to be secret and unanimous, but allows multiple players to be added to the execution [[queue area|queue]] to ensure unanimity.
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| ===Random narrator===
| |
| To eliminate the inconvenience of being killed first, this variant has the Innocent killed on the first night become the Narrator. The Mafia must inform this victim of their death without revealing themselves.
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| | |
| ===Multiple families===
| |
| Multiple, independent groups of mafia or werewolves<ref>{{cite web |url= http://fringe.davesource.com/Fringe/Entertainment/Games/Indoors/Mafia/v18.htm |title= Mafia and Werewolves |quote= Note – This variant was performed with great success on November 12, 1998}} – From the old Princeton variant rules.</ref> act and win independently, giving faster game-play and the potential for cross-fire between the factions.
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| ===Imprisonment===
| |
| This allows players to be sent to [[prison]] as an alternative to execution. They can either be sent there by vote or at the discretion of an optional character. Imprisoned players move to a separate room, possibly with a separate narrator. Murders can happen in prison and certain roles or events can liberate players.
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| | |
| A similar variant is Kidnapping, which allows for a Kidnapper character to remove individuals from the game temporarily. If the kidnapper is killed (or, in some cases, investigated by an Investigative role), the kidnapped return. While kidnapped, players are inactive, and cannot watch night-time events.
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| ===Plague===
| |
| A random player dies of [[plague (disease)|plague]] each morning. A player who had targeted the plagued player the previous night may be infected.
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| ===Punishment===
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| This variant is generally used as a drinking or [[wikt:forfeit|risk]] based game. When a person is killed in the game they are made to take a punishment. In drinking circles this may be a [[Shot glass|shot]] of [[Gin]] or [[Vodka]].
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| ===Lives===
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| This variant requires the Narrator to keep track of the players' lives on a piece of paper, because every player has two or more ''lives''. This extends the game when there are too few players for the standard rules. Kills (in the night & day phases) reduce these lives, until a player reaches zero lives and is eliminated. Mafia 'kills' which reduce lives are usually not announced to the innocents.
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| ===Attributes===
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| In this variant, players are given two cards: the first contains their role, the second an attribute. Attributes were originally derived from roles that could apply to both Mafia and Innocent alignments such as ''Bulletproof'' (cannot be killed at night), ''Mayor'' (has two votes in the lynch), and ''Siamese Twins'' (more commonly known as Siblings or Lovers).<ref>7-0-7, Jon Bennett {{cite web | url= http://7-0-7.co.uk/Miscellaneous/MafiaRules.pdf | title = ''Mafia Advanced Rules''}} Additional rules created by Jon Bennett, accepted in local Mafia circles.</ref>
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| ===Ultimate Werewolf===
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| The day time rounds remain the same as players sit around a table or in a circle in the candlelit base. The night time rounds are played roaming around the house in complete darkness. Innocents are killed by the werewolf tapping the victim on the shoulder in the dark. The victim must wait fifteen seconds until screaming in order to allow the werewolf to get away. Once an innocent is killed by the werewolf, everyone re-assembles in the base for the day time round. This variant of the game includes the Little Girl character who is allowed to collect a flash light from a prearranged place (e.g. at the bottom of the stairs) at the beginning of each night time round. Innocents who have been killed in the game become zombies and roam around in the dark (after a 30 second advantage on the innocents) in each night time round. Lovers need to find each other in the dark and protect each other from the werewolf. {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
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| ===Quantum Werewolf===
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| This variant was developed by Steven Irrgang and used for a puzzle in the 2008 CISRA Puzzle Competition. He later published more formal rules so that it could be a fully playable variant. The difference from a standard game of Mafia is that players are not initially assigned roles, but rather on each day are given the probabilities describing the game's current [[quantum state]]. Each player with a non-zero probability of being a seer or a werewolf performs the appropriate night actions (which may not be effective if it is later determined that the player did not have that role). When a player is killed, the [[wave function collapse]]s and the players are given updated probabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://puzzle.cisra.com.au/2008/quantumwerewolf.html |title=CISRA Puzzle Competition – Quantum Werewolf |publisher=Puzzle.cisra.com.au |year=2008 |accessdate=2009-06-16}}</ref>
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| ===Train Mafia===
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| Traditional Mafia re-envisioned and heavily modified by the [[Copenhagen Game Collective]] to be played in a subway metro. In this variation, players who are 'lynched' are kicked off the train (at the next stop), and must wait in shame for the following train – a kind of 'afterlife' train – to join a second, interwoven game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copenhagengamecollective.org/train-mafia/ |title=Train Mafia |publisher=Copenhagen Game Collective |date=2009-09-27 |accessdate=2011-04-11}}</ref>
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| ===Invisible City: Rebels vs. Spies===
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| A [[location-based game|location-based mobile gaming]] variant for [[Android (operating system)|Android]], designed for [[city center]] play. The two factions are: the Rebels, the majority; and the Spies, the informed minority. The rule-set replaces explusions with [[score (game)|scoring]] by round. Each player is assigned an individual mission each round. Some missions are critical and if one of those fails, the round goes to the Spies, but only one player knows which missions are critical.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.invisiblecity.gr |title=Invisible City: Rebels vs. Spies | publisher=Human-Computer Interaction Group, [[University of Patras]], Greece |year=2011 |accessdate=2012-11-21}}</ref>
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| ===One Night Werewolf===
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| In this variant, players only "sleep" and close their eyes for a single night at the beginning of the game. They then have a single day of discussion, with a single lynching. No players are eliminated as the game progresses. There is no moderator, so everyone gets to participate as a member of the town or village. When playing this variant, three more role cards are used than the number of players; when everyone is randomly dealt out their card the three extra ones placed in the middle of the table. To begin the game one of the players, with eyes closed, will act as the "caller" on the single starting night, going through the nighttime roles once: Werewolves and Masons (if in play) will identify each other, the Seer will examine one player's card or two of the middle cards, the Robber will steal another player's role card and replace it with their own, the Troublemaker will blindly swap two players' role cards, the Insomniac wakes up to check if their role card has been swapped, etc. The game ends on a single lynching vote, with the villagers winning if a single werewolf is caught, and the werewolves winning if no werewolves are killed. This variant can be played with as few as three players. Play time is usually much shorter than with other variants, and can be as quick as ten minutes per game.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://1nite-jinro.com/ | title=ワンナイト人狼：少人数から短時間で遊べるカンタン狼ゲーム | accessdate=Sun Nov 24 22:52:31 2013 }}</ref><ref name="onenightBGG">{{cite web | url=http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/142503/one-night-werewolf | title=One Night Werewolf | Board Game | BoardGameGeek | accessdate=Sun Nov 24 22:54:26 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/147949/one-night-ultimate-werewolf | title=One Night Ultimate Werewolf | Board Game | BoardGameGeek | accessdate=Sun Nov 24 22:56:28 2013 }}</ref>
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| ==Game experience and strategy==
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| ===Mathematical study===
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| Mafia is a complicated game to model, so most analysis of optimal play has assumed both: (a) that there are only townsfolk and mafiosos, and (b) that the townsfolk never have a probability of identifying the Mafia that is better than chance. Early treatment of the game concentrated on [[Monte Carlo method#Optimization|simulation]],<ref>For example: {{cite web |quote=If we figure that 9 or 11 players is ideal for a two-wolf game, and we assume that these probabilities actually means anything (heh heh), then an ideal game has a human-win chance of 0.23 to 0.29. (Again, for completely stupid humans.) |title= Werewolf Statistics |url= http://www.eblong.com/zarf/werewolf-stats.html |first= A. |last= Plotkin }}</ref> while more recent studies have tried to derive closed-form equilibrium solutions for perfect play.
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| In 2006, the computer scientists Braverman, Etesami and Mossel proved that without detectives and with [[homo economicus|perfect players]] the randomized strategy is [[Nash equilibrium|optimal for both citizens and mafia]]. They showed that [[Asymptotic analysis|when there are a large number]] of players to give both groups similar probability of winning, the initial number of mafiosi ''m'' need to be proportional to the square root of the total number of players ''P'', that is <math>{\textstyle m \propto \sqrt{P}}</math>.
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| <ref name=Mossel2008>{{cite journal |journal=Annals of Applied Probability |first1= M. |last1= Braverman |first2= O. |url= http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?verb=Display&version=1.0&service=UI&handle=euclid.aoap/1211819786&page=record |last2= Etesami |first3= E. |last3= Mossel |title= Mafia: A Theoretical Study of Players and Coalitions in a Partial Information Environment |volume= 18 |issue= 2 |year= 2008 |bibcode=2006math......9534B |last=Mossel |pages=825–846 |arxiv=math/0609534 |class=math.PR |doi=10.1214/07-AAP456}}</ref> With a simulation, they confirmed that 50 mafiosi would have almost a 50% chance to win among 10,000. The Mafia's chance of victory is
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| <math> W(m, P) \approx \frac{m}{\sqrt{P}},</math>
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| which is a good approximation when the right hand side is below 40%. If any detectives are added to the game, Braverman et al. proved that the number of mafiosi must remain at a [[Linear equation#Linear equations in two variables|fixed proportion]] of the total number of players for their chance of winning to remain constant.<ref group="Note">The single detective publishes a large list of innocents, and asks to be lynched to guarantee its veracity (under the standard rules in which the detective's role is revealed after she is killed, no strategic interference from the Mafia is possible): {{cite journal |journal=Annals of Applied Probability |first1= M. |last1= Braverman |first2= O. |arxiv= math/0609534 |last2= Etesami |first3= E. |last3= Mossel |title= Mafia: A Theoretical Study of Players and Coalitions in a Partial Information Environment |volume= 18 |issue= 3 |year= 2008 |page = 12 |bibcode=2006math......9534B |last=Mossel}}</ref>
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| In 2008, Erlin Yao derived specific analytical bounds for the mafia's win probability when there are no detectives.<ref name=Yao>Derivation is by recursion on decreasing numbers of players in the following round, see: {{cite web |format= [http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.0071 pdf] |url= http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1096965/?ln=fr |chapterurl= |title= A Theoretical Study of Mafia Games |last= Yao |first= E.|page= 7 }}</ref>
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| In a paper<ref>{{cite arxiv |eprint= 1009.1031 |title= A mathematical model of the Mafia game |last= Migdał |first= Piotr |class= math.PR |year= 2010}}</ref> from 2010, exact formula for the probability that the mafia wins was found. Moreover, it was shown that the [[Parity (mathematics)|parity]] of the initial number of players plays an important role. In particular, when the number of mafiosi is fixed and an odd player is added to the game (and ties are resolved by [[Coin flipping|coin flips]]), the mafia-winning chance do not drop but rise by a factor of approx. <math> \sqrt{\pi/2}</math> (equality in the [[Limit (mathematics)|limit]] of the infinite number of players).
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| ===Results in live play===
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| In live (or [[videoconference]]<ref>{{cite journal |title= Testing the technology: playing games with video conferencing Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |isbn= 978-1-59593-593-9 |journal= Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems |year= 2007 table of contents |doi= 10.1145/1240624.1240751 |last1= Batcheller |first1= Archer L. |last2= Hilligoss |first2= Brian |last3= Nam |first3= Kevin |last4= Rader |first4= Emilee |last5= Rey-Babarro |first5= Marta |last6= Zhou |first6= Xiaomu |pages= 849}}</ref>) real-time play, the innocents typically win more often than [[game theory]] suggests. Several reasons for this have been advanced:
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| * The physiological stress of sustained lying degrades the initial ability of mafiosi to deceive the innocents, much more than a model of [[mixed strategy|perfect play]] would predict, especially if the innocents can get the town emotionally involved in the game's outcome:
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| {{quote |text='' If you're trying to feign shock or anger, it's much harder to do over a long period. People accused of something they're trying to hide will start out feigning outrage – 'How dare you ask me that?' But that will start to change to objection rather than shock, as it's psychologically very difficult to mimic emotion.'' |source= [[Wired (magazine)|Wired UK]]<ref name=wired2010/> |sign= Dr Simon Moore}}
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| * The information revealed by the mafiosi voting patterns tells against them later in the game. One of the game's fans [[Aardvark (search engine)#History|Max Ventilla]], has said that "If the villagers are allowed to keep a pencil and paper, they always win."<ref name=Ventilla>{{cite web |title= Why do young techies want to be werewolves? |first1= C |last1= McCarthy |date= 2009-04-24 |publisher= [[CNET News#CNET News|CNET News]] |url= http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10225896-36.html }}</ref>
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| * As players get more experienced their strategic sophistication and ability to spot and use deception [[learning|increases]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal= [[Vice Magazine]] |title= Mafia Party EXTRA TIPS |date=June 2005 |first= D. |last= Cross |authorlink= David Cross |url= http://www.viceland.com/int/v12n5/htdocs/mafia.php}}</ref> They will typically get better at the skills needed for playing innocents faster, being villagers more often than mafiosi.
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| * The [[Metagame]] aspect: Dimma Davidoff has said, Past connections will always lose to future collaborations.<ref name=wired2010/> When playing [[Repeated game|several]] Mafia games with the same people, it's more helpful to be known for [[honesty]] than for deceit. Davidoff considers that so important that he thinks the advantages of playing the mafioso role honestly outweigh the disadvantages.
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| But, the Mafia ''can'' win in live play; their best chance of winning occurs when mafioso [[Human bonding|bond]] with their innocent [[Propinquity#Propinquity effect|neighbours]] and convince those neighbours to value that bond over dispassionate analysis.<ref name=Ventilla/><ref>{{cite book |quote= the emotional authenticity of the alliances, the felt pleasure of trusting another, is startlingly, frighteningly real. You and George against the Mafia – but then the quick nightly shadow intrudes: What if George ''is'' the Mafia? Yet the proper suspicions, though they rise, rarely override these instant bonds. |title = Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York | first = Adam | last = Gopnik | year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-676-97827-8 |page= 245}}</ref> The game designers Salen and Zimmerman have written that the deep [[Emergent gameplay|emergent]] social game play in Mafia (combined with the fear of elimination) create ideal conditions for this.<ref>{{cite book |title= Rules of play: game design fundamentals |first1= K |last1= Salen |first2= E. |last2= Zimmerman |pages= 468–469 |publisher= MIT Press |edition= illustrated |date=October 2003 |isbn= 978-0-262-24045-1}}
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| </ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Assassin (game)]]
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| * [[The Resistance (party game)]]
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| * [[Bang!]]
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| * [[Trouble in Terrorist Town]]
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| * [[Wink murder]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist|group=Note|2}}
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==External links==
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| <!-- Note: Links to sites or forums in which to play Werewolf/Mafia are not appropriate here. See WP:EL for link criteria or look at featured content on how links are used. Links that do not meet wikipedia standards, or are added to advertise a website will be deleted. -->
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| * [http://web.archive.org/web/19990302082118/http://members.theglobe.com/mafia_rules/ The original Mafia ruleset]
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| * [http://www.cab.u-szeged.hu/local/mensa/SIG/mafia/mafia.html Hungarian Mensa Society] – first Mafia-related page on the Internet
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| * [http://www.boardgamegeek.com/game/925 Werewolf] at [[BoardGameGeek]]
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| * [[wikiHow:Play-Mafia|How to play mafia: A wiki how-to article]]
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| * [http://mafiascum.net/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Mafiascum.net Wiki]
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| * [http://www.werewolfonlinex.com/ Werewolf Online X] - The online werewolf game site
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