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'''Taylor KO Factor''' is a formulaic mathematical approach for evaluating the [[stopping power]] of hunting cartridges. The term "KO" is an acronym for "Knock Out." The Taylor KO Factor (TKOF) is a derived figure that allows hunters to compare bullets with respect to [[stopping power]]. The TKOF was developed by [[John "Pondoro" Taylor]], a famous mid-20th century [[Hunting|hunter]] and [[Poaching|poacher]] of African big game. The factor is computed using Equation 1. | |||
:<math>\mathrm{TKOF}=\frac{m_{\mathrm{bullet}}\cdot v_{\mathrm{bullet}}\cdot d_{\mathrm{bullet}}}{7000}</math> (Equation 1) | |||
Where | |||
*<math>m_{Bullet}</math> is the bullet mass in grains (1 [[pound (mass)|pound]] = 7000 [[Grain (measure)|grains]]) | |||
*<math>v_{Bullet}</math> is the bullet velocity in [[feet per second]] | |||
*<math>d_{Bullet}</math> is the bullet diameter in inches | |||
If the international standard units of grams, millimeters, and meters per second are substituted, the divisor can be changed from 7000 to 3500 to give approximately the same resulting TKOF. | |||
Taylor first described this measure of stopping power in his classic work "African Rifles and Cartridges" (Reference 1). In this work, Taylor did not actually state Equation 1. In fact, he stated in Reference 1 that "I do not think there is any necessity to go into the methods I employed to arrive at the formula I used, suffice it to say that the final figures agree in an altogether remarkable way with the actual performance of the rifles under practical hunting conditions." However, it is obvious from the text and his presentation that he used Equation 1. | |||
Taylor referred to number generated by Equation 1 as the "Knock Out Value" or "Strike Energy." Common practice today is to refer to this value as the "Taylor KO factor" or simply "Taylor KO."{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} | |||
In Equation 1, the denominator value of 7000 is a scaling factor. It can be viewed one of two ways: | |||
* as converting the units of bullet mass from grains to pounds. | |||
* giving the TKOF a convenient numerical value from 0 to ~150 for normal hunting cartridges. | |||
The TKOF has no physical meaning or scientific basis and is strictly used as a figure of merit{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} for comparing cartridges. Its main advantage is the ability to attempt to represent complex terminal ballistics as a number.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} This can be utilized to assign different wounding capabilities to projectiles in video games.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} | |||
==Background== | |||
===Example Calculation=== | |||
Consider the case of a standard [[7.62 x 51 mm NATO|NATO 7.62 × 51 mm cartridge]]. It has the following characteristics: | |||
* diameter: 7.62 mm <math>\Rightarrow </math> 0.30 inches | |||
* mass: 9.7 grams <math>\Rightarrow </math> 150 [[Grain (measure)|grain]] bullet | |||
* velocity: 860 meters per second <math>\Rightarrow </math> 2820 [[feet per second]] | |||
The calculation is performed as shown in Equation 2. | |||
:<math>\mathrm{TKOF}=\frac{0.30 \cdot 150 \cdot 2820}{7000}=18.1</math> (Equation 2) | |||
===Alternative Approaches=== | |||
Using numerical methods to evaluate the effectiveness of rifle cartridges has a long history and has been subject of much debate. The most common numerical methods used to evaluate the stopping power of cartridges are: | |||
* [[kinetic energy]] | |||
* [[momentum]] | |||
* TKOF | |||
* Thorniley Stopping Power | |||
Each figure of merit weighs the cartridge characteristics differently. Some methods are based on fundamental physics (e.g. kinetic energy), while other methods are based on heuristic methods. Some of the more common figures of merit are: | |||
* kinetic energy: favors high velocity, lower mass bullets (no diameter dependence) | |||
* momentum: favors moderate velocity, moderate mass bullets (no diameter dependence) | |||
* TKOF: favors large diameter, moderate velocity, heavy bullets | |||
* Thorniley Stopping Power: favors moderate diameter, moderate velocity, moderate mass bullets | |||
None of these methods truly consider bullet construction, with the exception of TKO, which dealt mainly with solid bullets. An expanding bullet, for example, may have better "stopping" power over another design, due to its increased wound channel as the jacket opens, even though it may be traveling at a lower velocity. Just as a large diameter solid, at low velocity may have better "stopping" power, due to its deep penetration, than a small diameter hollowpoint at max velocity. | |||
Bullet shape does not factor in these methods either. Example: A solid, wide flat nosed bullet, may create more impact damage, than a solid, pointed or round nosed bullet of the same caliber at the same velocity. | |||
These variables combine to effect bullet penetration, and tissue damage, in different ways. Thus making a simple, single method of bullet effectiveness, difficult to quantify. | |||
Some examples of TKO factor's, and the factory loaded cartridge's derived from, are as follows: | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
! TKO Factor || [[Name]] || Mass (gr) || Velocity (fps) || Bullet Diameter (in) | |||
|- | |||
| 1074.9 || [[.950 JDJ]] || 3600 || 2200 || 0.950 | |||
|- | |||
| 19.6 || [[.308 Winchester]] || 168 || 2650 || 0.308 | |||
|- | |||
| 147 || [[.50 BMG]] || 660 || 3050 || 0.510 | |||
|- | |||
| 4.72 || [[.380 ACP]] || 95 || 980 || 0.355 | |||
|- | |||
| 6.20 || [[.38 Special]] || 158 || 770 || 0.357 | |||
|- | |||
| 8.56 || [[.357 Sig]] || 125 || 1350 || 0.355 | |||
|- | |||
| 24.9 || [[.300 Winchester Magnum]] || 180 || 3146 || 0.308 | |||
|- | |||
| 13.3 || [[7.62 Soviet]] || 123 || 2420 || 0.312 | |||
|- | |||
| 4.64 || [[5.45x39mm]] || 49 || 3000 || 0.221 | |||
|- | |||
| 35.5 || [[.338 Lapua Magnum]] || 250 || 2940 || 0.338 | |||
|- | |||
| 20.8 || [[7.62×54mmR]] || 181 || 2580 || 0.312 | |||
|- | |||
| 70.3 || [[.458 Winchester Magnum]] || 500 || 2150 || 0.458 | |||
|- | |||
| 42.9 || [[.500 S&W Magnum]] || 500 || 1200 || 0.500 | |||
|- | |||
| 36.5 || [[.45-70]] || 450 || 1250 || 0.458 | |||
|- | |||
| 37.7 || [[.500 Linebaugh]] || 440 || 1200 || 0.510 | |||
|- | |||
| 35.2 || [[.475 Linebaugh]] || 370 || 1400 || 0.475 | |||
|- | |||
| 29.8 || [[.480 Ruger]] || 325 || 1350 || 0.475 | |||
|- | |||
| 41.0 || [[.375 H&H]] || 300 || 2550 || 0.375 | |||
|- | |||
| 34.7 || [[.405 Winchester]] || 300 || 2000 || 0.4115 | |||
|- | |||
| 30.2 || [[.454 Casull]] || 260 || 1800 || 0.452 | |||
|- | |||
| 22.8 || [[.38-55 Winchester]] || 255 || 1650 || 0.3775 | |||
|- | |||
| 19.9 || [[.44 Magnum]] || 240 || 1350 || 0.429 | |||
|- | |||
| 12.3 || [[.45 ACP]] || 230 || 830 || 0.452 | |||
|- | |||
| 21.1 || [[.35 Remington]] || 200 || 2100 || 0.358 | |||
|- | |||
| 20.8 || [[.30-06 Springfield]] || 170 || 2850 || 0.308 | |||
|- | |||
| 10.4 || [[.40 S&W]] || 165 || 1080 || 0.400 | |||
|- | |||
| 11.3 || [[.357 Magnum]] || 158 || 1400 || 0.357 | |||
|- | |||
| 9.2 || [[.327 Magnum]] || 115 || 1800 || 0.312 | |||
|- | |||
| 14.9 || [[.30-30 Winchester]] || 150 || 2250 || 0.308 | |||
|- | |||
| 7.31 || [[9mm Parabellum]] || 115 || 1250 || 0.355 | |||
|- | |||
| 8.70 || [[.243 Winchester]] || 85 || 2950 || 0.240 | |||
|- | |||
| 2.83 || [[.32 ACP]] || 71 || 900 || 0.309 | |||
|- | |||
| 5.78 || [[.223 Remington]] || 55 || 3300 || 0.224 | |||
|- | |||
| 1.33 || [[.25 ACP]] || 50 || 750 || 0.251 | |||
|- | |||
| 1.33 || [[.22LR]] || 30 || 1400 || 0.222 | |||
|} | |||
==References== | |||
*{{cite book | first=John| last=Taylor| title=African Rifles and Cartridges | publisher=The Gun Room Press | location=Highland Park, NJ | year=1948 | isbn=0-88227-013-3}} | |||
*{{cite book | first=Greg| last=Porter| title=Guns, Guns, Guns: Gun Design for Any RPG | publisher= Blacksburg Tactical Research Center| location=New York, NY | year=1989 | isbn=0-943891-04-3}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
*{{cite book | first=Peter| last=Capstick| title=A Man Called Lion| publisher=Safari Press | location=Huntington Beach, CA| year=1994 | isbn=1-57157-011-X }} | |||
*{{cite book | first=John| last=Taylor| title=Maneaters and Marauders | publisher=A.S. Barnes and Co| location=New York, NY | year=1948 | isbn=1-57157-311-9 }} | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Stopping power]] | |||
*[http://www.beartoothbullets.com/rescources/calculators/php/taylor.htm Taylor Knock-Out Factor Calculator] | |||
*[http://www.beartoothbullets.com/rescources/calculators/php/thornily.htm Thorniley Stopping Power Calculator] | |||
[[Category:Ballistics]] |
Latest revision as of 11:23, 15 March 2013
Taylor KO Factor is a formulaic mathematical approach for evaluating the stopping power of hunting cartridges. The term "KO" is an acronym for "Knock Out." The Taylor KO Factor (TKOF) is a derived figure that allows hunters to compare bullets with respect to stopping power. The TKOF was developed by John "Pondoro" Taylor, a famous mid-20th century hunter and poacher of African big game. The factor is computed using Equation 1.
Where
- is the bullet mass in grains (1 pound = 7000 grains)
- is the bullet velocity in feet per second
- is the bullet diameter in inches
If the international standard units of grams, millimeters, and meters per second are substituted, the divisor can be changed from 7000 to 3500 to give approximately the same resulting TKOF.
Taylor first described this measure of stopping power in his classic work "African Rifles and Cartridges" (Reference 1). In this work, Taylor did not actually state Equation 1. In fact, he stated in Reference 1 that "I do not think there is any necessity to go into the methods I employed to arrive at the formula I used, suffice it to say that the final figures agree in an altogether remarkable way with the actual performance of the rifles under practical hunting conditions." However, it is obvious from the text and his presentation that he used Equation 1.
Taylor referred to number generated by Equation 1 as the "Knock Out Value" or "Strike Energy." Common practice today is to refer to this value as the "Taylor KO factor" or simply "Taylor KO."Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
In Equation 1, the denominator value of 7000 is a scaling factor. It can be viewed one of two ways:
- as converting the units of bullet mass from grains to pounds.
- giving the TKOF a convenient numerical value from 0 to ~150 for normal hunting cartridges.
The TKOF has no physical meaning or scientific basis and is strictly used as a figure of meritPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. for comparing cartridges. Its main advantage is the ability to attempt to represent complex terminal ballistics as a number.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. This can be utilized to assign different wounding capabilities to projectiles in video games.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
Background
Example Calculation
Consider the case of a standard NATO 7.62 × 51 mm cartridge. It has the following characteristics:
- diameter: 7.62 mm 0.30 inches
- mass: 9.7 grams 150 grain bullet
- velocity: 860 meters per second 2820 feet per second
The calculation is performed as shown in Equation 2.
Alternative Approaches
Using numerical methods to evaluate the effectiveness of rifle cartridges has a long history and has been subject of much debate. The most common numerical methods used to evaluate the stopping power of cartridges are:
- kinetic energy
- momentum
- TKOF
- Thorniley Stopping Power
Each figure of merit weighs the cartridge characteristics differently. Some methods are based on fundamental physics (e.g. kinetic energy), while other methods are based on heuristic methods. Some of the more common figures of merit are:
- kinetic energy: favors high velocity, lower mass bullets (no diameter dependence)
- momentum: favors moderate velocity, moderate mass bullets (no diameter dependence)
- TKOF: favors large diameter, moderate velocity, heavy bullets
- Thorniley Stopping Power: favors moderate diameter, moderate velocity, moderate mass bullets
None of these methods truly consider bullet construction, with the exception of TKO, which dealt mainly with solid bullets. An expanding bullet, for example, may have better "stopping" power over another design, due to its increased wound channel as the jacket opens, even though it may be traveling at a lower velocity. Just as a large diameter solid, at low velocity may have better "stopping" power, due to its deep penetration, than a small diameter hollowpoint at max velocity.
Bullet shape does not factor in these methods either. Example: A solid, wide flat nosed bullet, may create more impact damage, than a solid, pointed or round nosed bullet of the same caliber at the same velocity.
These variables combine to effect bullet penetration, and tissue damage, in different ways. Thus making a simple, single method of bullet effectiveness, difficult to quantify.
Some examples of TKO factor's, and the factory loaded cartridge's derived from, are as follows:
TKO Factor | Name | Mass (gr) | Velocity (fps) | Bullet Diameter (in) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1074.9 | .950 JDJ | 3600 | 2200 | 0.950 |
19.6 | .308 Winchester | 168 | 2650 | 0.308 |
147 | .50 BMG | 660 | 3050 | 0.510 |
4.72 | .380 ACP | 95 | 980 | 0.355 |
6.20 | .38 Special | 158 | 770 | 0.357 |
8.56 | .357 Sig | 125 | 1350 | 0.355 |
24.9 | .300 Winchester Magnum | 180 | 3146 | 0.308 |
13.3 | 7.62 Soviet | 123 | 2420 | 0.312 |
4.64 | 5.45x39mm | 49 | 3000 | 0.221 |
35.5 | .338 Lapua Magnum | 250 | 2940 | 0.338 |
20.8 | 7.62×54mmR | 181 | 2580 | 0.312 |
70.3 | .458 Winchester Magnum | 500 | 2150 | 0.458 |
42.9 | .500 S&W Magnum | 500 | 1200 | 0.500 |
36.5 | .45-70 | 450 | 1250 | 0.458 |
37.7 | .500 Linebaugh | 440 | 1200 | 0.510 |
35.2 | .475 Linebaugh | 370 | 1400 | 0.475 |
29.8 | .480 Ruger | 325 | 1350 | 0.475 |
41.0 | .375 H&H | 300 | 2550 | 0.375 |
34.7 | .405 Winchester | 300 | 2000 | 0.4115 |
30.2 | .454 Casull | 260 | 1800 | 0.452 |
22.8 | .38-55 Winchester | 255 | 1650 | 0.3775 |
19.9 | .44 Magnum | 240 | 1350 | 0.429 |
12.3 | .45 ACP | 230 | 830 | 0.452 |
21.1 | .35 Remington | 200 | 2100 | 0.358 |
20.8 | .30-06 Springfield | 170 | 2850 | 0.308 |
10.4 | .40 S&W | 165 | 1080 | 0.400 |
11.3 | .357 Magnum | 158 | 1400 | 0.357 |
9.2 | .327 Magnum | 115 | 1800 | 0.312 |
14.9 | .30-30 Winchester | 150 | 2250 | 0.308 |
7.31 | 9mm Parabellum | 115 | 1250 | 0.355 |
8.70 | .243 Winchester | 85 | 2950 | 0.240 |
2.83 | .32 ACP | 71 | 900 | 0.309 |
5.78 | .223 Remington | 55 | 3300 | 0.224 |
1.33 | .25 ACP | 50 | 750 | 0.251 |
1.33 | .22LR | 30 | 1400 | 0.222 |
References
- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
Further reading
- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534