Chain-growth polymerization: Difference between revisions

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[[File:PSK BER curves.svg|thumb|right|280px|[[Bit-error rate]] (BER) vs ''E''<sub>b</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub> curves for different [[digital modulation]] methods is a common application example of ''E''<sub>b</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub>. Here an [[AWGN]] channel is assumed.]]
However even in case you are not a PR you might be entitled to purchase non-landed property as Singapore is a really liberal market in comparison with other nations within the area. Non-landed refers to properties similar to apartments and condominiums<br><br>Singapore's change from British colony in direction of a developed financial system has been characterized by population growth fuelling the larger demand for property and this in turn has given property builders the means to make cash. Singapore can be a strong hub for trading and finance, which has driven property values even larger. Most derived their wealth from property The Company is geographically diversified in Asia, with Singapore and China as its core markets in addition to Vietnam and Indonesia as its development markets. It focuses on a two-pronged technique of property development for sale and property fund administration. CITYSCAPE @ FARRER PARK  PERSONAL CONDOMINIUM APARTMENT  MERGUI ROAD, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 08) Eligibility to Purchase Personal Property Condominium<br><br>The client pays for his unit progressively, relying on progress of building. This is known as the Regular Progressive Fee Schedule, and is also mandated by regulation. The venture must complete ie. get its Temporary Occupation Permit (popularly shortened to PRIME), and subsequent Certificates of Statutory Completion (CSC), inside an accepted timeframe. Capital Land - It deals in places of work and residential properties and leisure complexes. Developments permitted as a condominium growth below he Planning Act a) For individual borrowers who haven't any outstanding housing loans, the LTV limit will probably be 80%, or 60% if the loan tenure exceeds 30 years or the loan period extends beyond the borrower's retirement age of sixty five. Can sell before HIGH is Issued<br><br>The property tax on owner-occupied properties is charged at 4 per cent of the annual value. This concession is applicable to just one property at anybody time If the property is not proprietor-occupied, the tax fee is 10 per cent of the property's annual value. A staff of pros to help shoppers to look for property funding alternatives in China and Singapore. Offering management and letting of properties. Commercial real estate requirements for corporations. Relocation, growth, renewal, lease negotiations or new workplace set-up both in Singapore and abroad. Wing Tai Holdings Limited is one among Singapore's main property developer and way of life company widely recognised for high quality in its property developments. Diversified Property Builders?<br><br>Singapore-based mostly Park Lodge Group is certainly one of Asia Pacific's fastest expanding hospitality brands. The privately-held entity owns and operates properties in Singapore, Hong Kong, China and Japan. Ship routine queries to numerous authorities departments to ensure that are not any adversarial regulatory notices or authorities schemes that can affect the property you want to purchase. We expect these factors to be key options of the native actual estate market in the coming 12 months." ONE OTHER major project that may hit the market next yr is South Beach, a blended-use growth situated between Raffles Lodge and Suntec Metropolis and subsequent to the Esplanade MRT station Wee Cho Yaw, chairman, United Abroad Bank Group Matching Cityscape HIGH date and school start date. Property Services<br><br>Kengfu Growth, part of the Lian Huat Group, has numerous curiosity in actual estate growth, resort administration and possession, development, trading and property funding. Its actual estate actions in Singapore contain growth of business, residential and conservation initiatives. MCL Land is a number one property group listed on the Singapore Alternate. A member of the Jardine Matheson Group under Hongkong Land Holdings, MCL Land has an extended track record of constructing high quality properties in Singapore and Malaysia during the last 40 years Properties in Singapore are bought both on a freehold or leasehold tenure. When service is carried out (i.e. when sale is accomplished or when tenancy contract for leasing is entered into). There isn't any capital acquire tax in Singapore<br><br>Subsequent yr there can be quite a no. of new challenge launches that can sooth the market. Whether to purchase now or later may also depends on which mission / district you are taking a look at and the transactions happening for that space. I think the subprime crisis in the U.S., the ensuing credit crunch and a u.s. recession will dent the property market in Singapore for a stable two-three years. After that, it should resume its upward development and hit ranges near what we see in Hong Kong, New York and London. I might wait. Properties that don't fall inside the definition of residential properties stated above are non-residential properties JOOL SUITES  PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM [http://providers.myvaxines.com/groups/singapores-main-property-portal-for-new-condominium-launches-singaporepropertyforsale-information/ condo prices in singapore]  SING JOO WALK, FARRER PARK (DISTRICT 08) IP Real Estate Investments Pte Ltd CapitaLand Restricted<br><br>Property growth in Singapore; contains one of Asia-Pacific's largest purpose-built conference areas, office towers with spectacular views of the harbour, Singapore's largest mall, the world's largest fountain and so forth Main property builders with operations in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong & China; the group additionally has interests in hospitality (investment & management), garments (manufacture, retail, distribution), food retailing, & mobile phone networks Property improvement company that is part of the Frasers Centrepoint Limited group ("FCL", previously referred to as Centrepoint Properties Ltd); has built greater than 9,000 high quality houses Property tycoon Ng Teng Fong's passing yesterday marks the tip of an period of bigger-than-life property titans. Hayden Properties
'''''E''<sub>b</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub>''' (the '''energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio''') is an important parameter in [[digital communication]] or [[data transmission]]. It is a normalized [[signal-to-noise ratio]] (SNR) measure, also known as the "SNR per bit". It is especially useful when comparing the [[bit error rate]] (BER) performance of different digital [[modulation]] schemes without taking bandwidth into account.
 
''E''<sub>b</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub> is equal to the SNR divided by the "gross" [[link spectral efficiency]] in [[(bit/s)/Hz]], where the bits in this context are transmitted data bits, inclusive of error correction information and other protocol overhead. When [[forward error correction]] (FEC) is being discussed, ''E''<sub>b</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub> is routinely used to refer to the energy per information bit (i.e. the energy per bit net of FEC overhead bits); in this context, E<sub>s</sub>/N<sub>0</sub> is generally used to relate actual transmitted power to noise.<ref>
{{cite book
| title = Turbo coding
| edition =
| author = Chris Heegard and Stephen B. Wicker
| publisher = Kluwer
| year = 1999
| isbn = 978-0-7923-8378-9
| page = 3
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aTWkPD_COsoC&pg=PA3
}}</ref>
 
The [[noise spectral density]] ''N''<sub>0</sub>, usually expressed in units of [[watt]]s per [[hertz]], can also be seen as having dimensions of energy, or units of [[joule]]s, or joules per cycle. ''E''<sub>b</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub> is therefore a non-dimensional ratio.
 
''E''<sub>b</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub> is commonly used with modulation and coding designed for noise-limited rather than interference-limited communication, since additive white noise (with constant noise density ''N''<sub>0</sub>) is assumed.  
 
==Relation to carrier-to-noise ratio==
 
''E''<sub>b</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub> is closely related to the [[carrier-to-noise ratio]] (CNR or C/N), i.e. the [[signal-to-noise ratio]] (SNR) of the received signal, after the receiver filter but before detection:
 
:<math>C/N=E_b/N_0\cdot\frac{f_b}{B}</math>
 
where
:''f''<sub>b</sub> is the channel data rate ([[net bitrate]]), and
:''B'' is the channel bandwidth
 
The equivalent expression in logarithmic form (dB):
 
:<math>\text{CNR}_{\text{dB}} = 10\log_{10}(E_b/N_0) + 10\log_{10}\left(\frac{f_b}{B}\right)</math>,
 
Caution: Sometimes, the noise power is denoted by <math>N_0/2</math> when negative frequencies and complex-valued equivalent [[baseband]] signals are considered rather than [[passband]] signals, and in that case, there will be a 3 dB difference.
 
==Relation to ''E''<sub>s</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub>==
''E''<sub>b</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub> can be seen as a normalized measure of the '''energy per symbol to noise power spectral density''' (''E''<sub>s</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub>):
 
:<math>\frac{E_b}{N_0} =\frac{E_s}{\rho N_0}</math>,
 
where ''E''<sub>s</sub> is the energy per symbol in joules and <math>\rho</math> is the nominal [[spectral efficiency]] in (bit/s)/Hz.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Forney | first = David | title = MIT OpenCourseWare, 6.451 Principles of Digital Communication II, Lecture Notes section 4.2  | url=http://ocw.mit.edu/ | accessdate = 21 September 2010 }}</ref> ''E''<sub>s</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub> is also commonly used in the analysis of digital modulation schemes. The two quotients are related to each other according to the following:
 
:<math>\frac{E_s}{N_0} =\frac{E_b}{N_0}\log_2 M </math>,
 
where ''M'' is the number of alternative modulation symbols.
 
Note that this is the energy per bit, not the energy per information bit.
 
''E''<sub>s</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub> can further be expressed as:
 
:<math>\frac{E_s}{N_0} = \frac{C}{N}\frac{B}{f_s}</math>,
 
where
:''C/N'' is the [[carrier-to-noise ratio]] or [[signal-to-noise ratio]].
:''B'' is the channel bandwidth in hertz.
:''f''<sub>s</sub> is the symbol rate in [[baud]] or symbols per second.
 
==Shannon limit==
{{main | Shannon–Hartley theorem}}
 
The [[Shannon–Hartley theorem]] says that the limit of reliable [[information rate]] (data rate exclusive of error-correcting codes) of a channel depends on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio according to:
 
:<math> I < B \log_2 \left( 1+\frac{S}{N} \right) </math>
 
where
:''I'' is the [[information rate]] in [[bits per second]] excluding [[error-correcting code]]s;
:''B'' is the [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of the channel in [[hertz]];
: ''S'' is the total signal power (equivalent to the carrier power ''C''); and
: ''N'' is the total noise power in the bandwidth.
 
This equation can be used to establish a bound on E<sub>b</sub>/N<sub>0</sub> for any system that achieves reliable communication, by considering a gross bit rate ''R'' equal to the net bit rate ''I'' and therefore an average energy per bit of ''E''<sub>b</sub> = ''S/R'', with noise spectral density of ''N''<sub>0</sub> = ''N/B''.  For this calculation, it is conventional to define a normalized rate ''R''<sub>l</sub> = ''R/''2''B'', a bandwidth utilization parameter of bits per second per half hertz, or bits per dimension (a signal of bandwidth ''B'' can be encoded with 2''B'' dimensions, according to the [[Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem]]). Making appropriate substitutions, the Shannon limit is:
 
:<math> {R \over B} = 2 R_l < \log_2 \left( 1 + 2R_l\frac{E_b}{N_0} \right) </math>
 
Which can be solved to get the Shannon-limit bound on ''E''<sub>b</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub>:
 
:<math>\frac{E_b}{N_0} > \frac{2^{2R_l}-1}{2R_l}  </math>
 
When the data rate is small compared to the bandwidth, so that ''R''<sub>l</sub> is near zero, the bound, sometimes called the ''ultimate Shannon limit'',<ref>{{cite book | title = Algorithms for Communications Systems and Their Applications | author = Nevio Benvenuto and Giovanni Cherubini | year = 2002 | page = 508 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | isbn = 0-470-84389-6}}</ref> is:
 
:<math>\frac{E_b}{N_0} > \ln(2) </math>
 
which corresponds to –1.59 dB because:
:<math>ln(2) = 0.693</math> and
:<math>10log(0.693) = -1.59 dB</math>
 
However, [[spread spectrum]] allows negative signal-to-noise ratio  before despreading, since the bandwidth is much higher than the bit rate.
 
==Cutoff rate==
 
For any given system of coding and decoding, there exists what is known as a ''cutoff rate'' ''R''<sub>0</sub>, typically corresponding to an ''E''<sub>b</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub> about 2 dB above the Shannon capacity limit. {{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}The cutoff rate used to be thought of as the limit on practical [[error correction codes]] without an unbounded increase in processing complexity,
but has been rendered largely obsolete by the more recent discovery of [[turbo codes]] or by the LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) codes.
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
*[http://www.sss-mag.com/ebn0.html Eb/N0 Explained.] An introductory article on ''E''<sub>b</sub>/''N''<sub>0</sub>
 
{{Noise}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eb-N0}}
[[Category:Noise]]
[[Category:Signal processing]]
[[Category:Engineering ratios]]

Latest revision as of 20:44, 27 August 2014

However even in case you are not a PR you might be entitled to purchase non-landed property as Singapore is a really liberal market in comparison with other nations within the area. Non-landed refers to properties similar to apartments and condominiums

Singapore's change from British colony in direction of a developed financial system has been characterized by population growth fuelling the larger demand for property and this in turn has given property builders the means to make cash. Singapore can be a strong hub for trading and finance, which has driven property values even larger. Most derived their wealth from property The Company is geographically diversified in Asia, with Singapore and China as its core markets in addition to Vietnam and Indonesia as its development markets. It focuses on a two-pronged technique of property development for sale and property fund administration. CITYSCAPE @ FARRER PARK PERSONAL CONDOMINIUM APARTMENT MERGUI ROAD, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 08) Eligibility to Purchase Personal Property Condominium

The client pays for his unit progressively, relying on progress of building. This is known as the Regular Progressive Fee Schedule, and is also mandated by regulation. The venture must complete ie. get its Temporary Occupation Permit (popularly shortened to PRIME), and subsequent Certificates of Statutory Completion (CSC), inside an accepted timeframe. Capital Land - It deals in places of work and residential properties and leisure complexes. Developments permitted as a condominium growth below he Planning Act a) For individual borrowers who haven't any outstanding housing loans, the LTV limit will probably be 80%, or 60% if the loan tenure exceeds 30 years or the loan period extends beyond the borrower's retirement age of sixty five. Can sell before HIGH is Issued

The property tax on owner-occupied properties is charged at 4 per cent of the annual value. This concession is applicable to just one property at anybody time If the property is not proprietor-occupied, the tax fee is 10 per cent of the property's annual value. A staff of pros to help shoppers to look for property funding alternatives in China and Singapore. Offering management and letting of properties. Commercial real estate requirements for corporations. Relocation, growth, renewal, lease negotiations or new workplace set-up both in Singapore and abroad. Wing Tai Holdings Limited is one among Singapore's main property developer and way of life company widely recognised for high quality in its property developments. Diversified Property Builders?

Singapore-based mostly Park Lodge Group is certainly one of Asia Pacific's fastest expanding hospitality brands. The privately-held entity owns and operates properties in Singapore, Hong Kong, China and Japan. Ship routine queries to numerous authorities departments to ensure that are not any adversarial regulatory notices or authorities schemes that can affect the property you want to purchase. We expect these factors to be key options of the native actual estate market in the coming 12 months." ONE OTHER major project that may hit the market next yr is South Beach, a blended-use growth situated between Raffles Lodge and Suntec Metropolis and subsequent to the Esplanade MRT station Wee Cho Yaw, chairman, United Abroad Bank Group Matching Cityscape HIGH date and school start date. Property Services

Kengfu Growth, part of the Lian Huat Group, has numerous curiosity in actual estate growth, resort administration and possession, development, trading and property funding. Its actual estate actions in Singapore contain growth of business, residential and conservation initiatives. MCL Land is a number one property group listed on the Singapore Alternate. A member of the Jardine Matheson Group under Hongkong Land Holdings, MCL Land has an extended track record of constructing high quality properties in Singapore and Malaysia during the last 40 years Properties in Singapore are bought both on a freehold or leasehold tenure. When service is carried out (i.e. when sale is accomplished or when tenancy contract for leasing is entered into). There isn't any capital acquire tax in Singapore

Subsequent yr there can be quite a no. of new challenge launches that can sooth the market. Whether to purchase now or later may also depends on which mission / district you are taking a look at and the transactions happening for that space. I think the subprime crisis in the U.S., the ensuing credit crunch and a u.s. recession will dent the property market in Singapore for a stable two-three years. After that, it should resume its upward development and hit ranges near what we see in Hong Kong, New York and London. I might wait. Properties that don't fall inside the definition of residential properties stated above are non-residential properties JOOL SUITES PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM condo prices in singapore SING JOO WALK, FARRER PARK (DISTRICT 08) IP Real Estate Investments Pte Ltd CapitaLand Restricted

Property growth in Singapore; contains one of Asia-Pacific's largest purpose-built conference areas, office towers with spectacular views of the harbour, Singapore's largest mall, the world's largest fountain and so forth Main property builders with operations in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong & China; the group additionally has interests in hospitality (investment & management), garments (manufacture, retail, distribution), food retailing, & mobile phone networks Property improvement company that is part of the Frasers Centrepoint Limited group ("FCL", previously referred to as Centrepoint Properties Ltd); has built greater than 9,000 high quality houses Property tycoon Ng Teng Fong's passing yesterday marks the tip of an period of bigger-than-life property titans. Hayden Properties

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