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| {{Geodesy}}
| | The name of the writer is Jayson. Invoicing is what I do. What me and my family love is performing ballet but I've been taking on new issues recently. Alaska is the only location I've been residing in but now I'm contemplating other choices.<br><br>Feel free to visit my website; [http://modenpeople.co.kr/modn/qna/292291 certified psychics] |
| The '''Universal Transverse Mercator''' ('''UTM''') [[projected coordinate system]] uses a [[2-dimensional]] [[Cartesian coordinate system]] to give locations on the surface of the [[Earth]]. It is a [[horizontal position representation]], i.e. it is used to identify locations on the Earth independently of [[altitude|vertical position]], but differs from the traditional method of [[latitude]] and [[longitude]] in several respects. | |
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| The UTM system is not a single [[map projection]]. The system instead divides the Earth into sixty zones, each a six-degree band of longitude, and uses a [[Secant line|secant]] [[transverse Mercator projection]] in each zone.
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| [[image:Utm-zones.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The UTM grid.]]
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| ==History==
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| The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system was developed by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] in the 1940s.<ref>http://www.history.noaa.gov/stories_tales/geod1.html</ref> The system was based on an [[Reference ellipsoid|ellipsoidal model]] of Earth. For areas within the [[contiguous United States]] the [[Alexander Ross Clarke|Clarke]] 1866 ellipsoid<ref>Equatorial radius 6,378,206.4 meters, polar "radius" 6356583.8 meters</ref> was used. For the remaining areas of Earth, including [[Hawaii]], the International Ellipsoid<ref>Equatorial radius 6,378,388 meters, reciprocal of the flattening 297 exactly</ref> was used. The [[World Geodetic System|WGS84]] ellipsoid is now generally used to model the Earth in the UTM coordinate system, which means current UTM northing at a given point can be 200+ meters different from the old. For different geographic regions, other datum systems (e.g.: ED50, NAD83) can be used.
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| Prior to the development of the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system, several European nations demonstrated the utility of grid-based conformal maps by mapping their territory during the interwar period. Calculating the distance between two points on these maps could be performed more easily in the field (using the [[Pythagorean theorem]]) than was possible using the trigonometric formulas required under the graticule-based system of [[Geographic coordinate system|latitude and longitude]]. In the post-war years, these concepts were extended into the Universal Transverse Mercator / [[Universal Polar Stereographic]] (UTM/UPS) coordinate system, which is a global (or universal) system of grid-based maps.
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| The transverse Mercator projection is a variant of the [[Mercator projection]], which was originally developed by the [[Flemish people|Flemish]] geographer and cartographer [[Gerardus Mercator]], in 1570. This projection is [[Conformal map projection#Conformal|conformal]], so it preserves angles and approximates shape but distorts distance and area. UTM involves non-linear scaling in both [[easting and northing]] to ensure the projected map of the ellipsoid is conformal.
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| ==Definitions==
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| ===UTM zone===
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| [[Image:Utm-zones.svg|thumb|right| Simplified view of US UTM zones, projected with Lambert conformal conic.]]
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| The UTM system divides the Earth between [[80th parallel south|80°S]] and [[84th parallel north|84°N latitude]] into 60 zones, each 6° of longitude in width. Zone 1 covers longitude 180° to 174° W; zone numbering increases eastward to zone 60 that covers longitude 174 to 180 East.
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| Each of the 60 zones uses a [[transverse Mercator]] projection that can map a region of large north-south extent with low distortion. By using narrow zones of 6° of longitude (up to 800 km) in width, and reducing the [[Scale (map)|scale]] factor along the central [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]] to 0.9996 (a reduction of 1:2500), the amount of distortion is held below 1 part in 1,000 inside each zone. Distortion of scale increases to 1.0010 at the zone boundaries along the [[equator]].
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| In each zone the scale factor of the central meridian reduces the diameter of the transverse cylinder to produce a secant projection with two [[Standard Line|standard lines]], or lines of true scale, about 180 km on each side of, and about parallel to, the central meridian (Arc cos 0.9996 = 1.62° at the Equator). The scale is less than 1 inside the standard lines and greater than 1 outside them, but the overall distortion is minimized.
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| ===Overlapping grids===
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| Distortion of scale increases in each UTM zone as the boundaries between the UTM zones are approached. However, it is often convenient or necessary to measure a series of locations on a single grid when some are located in two adjacent zones. Around the boundaries of large scale maps (1:100,000 or larger) coordinates for both adjoining UTM zones are usually printed within a minimum distance of 40 km on either side of a zone boundary. Ideally, the coordinates of each position should be measured on the grid for the zone in which they are located, but because the scale factor is still relatively small near zone boundaries, it is possible to overlap measurements into an adjoining zone for some distance when necessary.
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| ==Latitude bands==
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| Latitude bands are not a part of UTM, but rather a part of [[military grid reference system|MGRS]].<ref>{{cite web | date=2002-05-29 | title=Military Map Reading 201 | url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/coordsys/mmr201.pdf | publisher=[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] | format=PDF | accessdate=2009-06-19}}</ref> They are however sometimes used.
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| ===Latitude bands===
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| Each zone is segmented into 20 latitude bands. Each latitude band is 8 degrees high, and is lettered starting from "C" at [[80th parallel south|80°S]], increasing up the [[English language|English]] [[alphabet]] until "X", omitting the letters "I" and "O" (because of their similarity to the numerals one and zero). The last latitude band, "X", is extended an extra 4 degrees, so it ends at [[84th parallel north|84°N latitude]], thus covering the northernmost land on [[Earth]]. Latitude bands "A" and "B" do exist, as do bands "Y" and "Z". They cover the western and eastern sides of the Antarctic and Arctic regions respectively. A convenient [[mnemonic]] to remember is that the letter "N" is the first letter in "northern hemisphere", so any letter coming before "N" in the alphabet is in the southern hemisphere, and any letter "N" or after is in the northern hemisphere.
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| ===Notation===
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| The combination of a zone and a latitude band defines a grid zone. The zone is always written first, followed by the latitude band. For example (see image, top right), a position in [[Toronto]], [[Canada]], would find itself in zone 17 and latitude band "T", thus the full grid zone reference is "17T". The grid zones serve to delineate irregular UTM zone boundaries. They also are an integral part of the [[military grid reference system]].
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| A note of caution: A method also is used that simply adds N or S following the zone number to indicate North or South hemisphere (the easting and northing coordinates along with the zone number supplying everything necessary to geolocate a position except which hemisphere). However, this method has caused some confusion since, for instance, "50S" can mean southern hemisphere but also ''grid zone'' "50S" in the northern hemisphere.<ref>See "The Letter after the UTM Zone Number: Is that a Hemisphere or a Latitudinal Band?", [http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/coordsys/grids/utm_basics_2005.doc page 7],</ref> There are many possible ways to disambiguate between the two methods, two of which are demonstrated later in this article.<!-- No others will be mentioned here, as per WP:NOR -->
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| ===Exceptions===
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| These grid zones are uniform over the globe, except in two areas. On the southwest coast of [[Norway]], grid zone 32V (9° of longitude in width) is extended further west, and grid zone 31V (3° of longitude in width) is correspondingly shrunk to cover only open water. Also, in the region around [[Svalbard]], the four grid zones 31X (9° of longitude in width), 33X (12° of longitude in width), 35X (12° of longitude in width), and 37X (9° of longitude in width) are extended to cover what would otherwise have been covered by the seven grid zones 31X to 37X. The three grid zones 32X, 34X and 36X are not used.
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| <gallery>
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| Image:LA2-Europe-UTM-zones.png|Europe
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| Image:LA2-Africa-UTM-zones.png|Africa
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| Image:LA2-South-America-UTM-zones.png|South America
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| Image:LA2-Bering-Sea-UTM-zones.png|Bering Sea with Alaska
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| </gallery>
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| Picture gallery: Grid zones in various parts of the world
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| ==Locating a position using UTM coordinates==
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| A position on the Earth is given by the UTM zone number and the [[easting and northing]] coordinate pair in that zone. The [[origin (mathematics)|point of origin]] of each UTM zone is the intersection of the equator and the zone's central meridian, but to avoid dealing with negative numbers the central meridian of each zone is set at 500,000 meters East. In any zone a point that has an easting of 400,000 meters is 100 km west of the central meridian, measured on the transverse Mercator projection (or slightly more than 100 km measured on the actual surface of the earth). UTM eastings range from about 167,000 meters to 833,000 meters at the equator (the range narrows towards the poles). In the northern hemisphere positions are measured northward from zero at the equator; the maximum "northing" value is about 9,300,000 meters at latitude 84 degrees North, the north end of the UTM zones. In the southern hemisphere northings decrease southward from the equator to about 1,100,000 metres at 80 degrees South, the south end of the UTM zones; the northing at the equator is set at 10,000,000 meters so no point has a negative northing value.
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| The [[CN Tower]] is at {{coord|43|38|33.24|N|79|23|13.7|W|name=CN Tower}}, which is in UTM zone 17, and the grid position is 630084m east, 4833438m north. Two points in Zone 17 have these coordinates, one in the northern hemisphere and one in the south; one of two conventions is used to say which:
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| #Append a hemisphere designator to the zone number, "N" or "S", thus "17N 630084 4833438". This supplies the minimum information to define the position uniquely.
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| #Supply the grid zone, i.e., the latitude band designator appended to the zone number, thus "17T 630084 4833438". The provision of the latitude band along with northing supplies redundant information (which may, as a consequence, be contradictory).
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| Because latitude band "S" is in the northern hemisphere, a designation such as "38S" is unclear. The "S" might refer to the latitude band ([[32nd parallel north|32°N]]–[[40th parallel north|40°N]]) or it might mean "South". It is therefore important to specify which convention is being used, e.g., by spelling out the hemisphere, "North" or "South", or using different symbols, such as − for south and + for north.
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| === Simplified formulas ===
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| These formulas are truncated version of [[Transverse Mercator: flattening series]], which were originally derived by [[Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger]] in 1912.<ref name=kruger>Krüger, L. (1912). ''[http://dx.doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-krueger28 Konforme Abbildung des Erdellipsoids in der Ebene]''. Royal Prussian Geodetic Institute, New Series 52.</ref> They are accurate to around a [[millimeter]] within 3,000 km of the central meridian.<ref name=karney>C. F. F. Karney (2011), ''[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-011-0445-3 Transverse Mercator with an accuracy of a few nanometers],'' J. Geodesy '''85'''(8), 475–485</ref> Concise commentaries for their derivation have also been given.<ref name=kawase2012>Kawase, K. (2012): [http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000065826.pdf Concise Derivation of Extensive Coordinate Conversion Formulae in the Gauss-Krüger Projection], Bulletin of the [[Geospatial Information Authority of Japan]], '''60''', pp 1–6</ref><ref name=kawase2011>Kawase, K. (2011): [http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000062452.pdf A General Formula for Calculating Meridian Arc Length and its Application to Coordinate Conversion in the Gauss-Krüger Projection], Bulletin of the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, '''59''', 1–13</ref>
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| The [[WGS 84]] [[spatial reference system]] describes Earth as an [[oblate spheroid]] along north-south axis with an [[equatorial radius]] of <math>a=6378.137</math> km and an inverse [[flattening]] of <math>1/f=298.257,223,563</math>. Let's take a point of latitude <math>\,\varphi</math> and of longitude <math>\,\lambda</math> and compute its UTM coordinates as well as [[Transverse Mercator projection#Point scale|point scale factor]] <math>k\,\!</math> and [[Transverse Mercator projection#Convergence|meridian convergence]] <math>\gamma\,\!</math> using a reference meridian of longitude <math>\lambda_{0}</math>. By convention, in the [[northern hemisphere]] <math>N_{0}=0</math> km and in the [[southern hemisphere]] <math>N_{0}=10000</math> km. By convention also <math>k_{0}=0.9996</math> and <math>E_{0}=500</math> km.
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| In the following formulas, the distances are in [[kilometer]]s. In advance let's compute some preliminary values:
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| :<math>n=\frac{f}{2-f},\quad
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| A=\frac{a}{1+n}\left(1+ \frac{n^2}{4} +\frac{n^4}{64} +\cdots\right),</math>
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| :<math>\alpha_1=\frac{1}{2}n-\frac{2}{3}n^2+\frac{5}{16}n^3,\,\,\,\alpha_2=\frac{13}{48}n^2-\frac{3}{5}n^3,\,\,\,\alpha_3=\frac{61}{240}n^3,</math>
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| :<math>\beta_1=\frac{1}{2}n-\frac{2}{3}n^2+\frac{37}{96}n^3,\,\,\,\beta_2=\frac{1}{48}n^2+\frac{1}{15}n^3,\,\,\,\beta_3=\frac{17}{480}n^3,</math>
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| :<math>\delta_1=2n-\frac{2}{3}n^2-2n^3,\,\,\,\delta_2=\frac{7}{3}n^2-\frac{8}{5}n^3,\,\,\,\delta_3=\frac{56}{15}n^3.</math>
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| ==== From latitude, longitude (φ, λ) to UTM coordinates (E, N) ====
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| First let's compute some intermediate values:
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| :<math>t=\sinh\left(\tanh^{-1}\sin\varphi-\frac{2\sqrt n}{1+n}\tanh^{-1}\left(\frac{2\sqrt n}{1+n}\sin\varphi\right)\right),</math>
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| :<math>\xi'=\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{t}{\cos(\lambda-\lambda_0)}\right), \,\,\,\eta'=\tanh^{-1}\left(\frac{\sin(\lambda-\lambda_0)}{\sqrt{1+t^2}}\right),</math>
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| :<math>\sigma=1+\sum_{j=1}^{3}2j\alpha_j\cos\left(2j\xi'\right)\cosh\left(2j\eta'\right),\,\,\,\tau=\sum_{j=1}^{3}2j\alpha_j\sin\left(2j\xi'\right)\sinh\left(2j\eta'\right).</math>
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| The final formulas are:
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| :<math>E=E_{0}+k_{0}A\left(\eta'+\sum_{j=1}^{3}\alpha_j\cos\left(2j\xi'\right)\sinh\left(2j\eta'\right)\right),</math>
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| :<math>N=N_{0}+k_{0}A\left(\xi'+\sum_{j=1}^{3}\alpha_j\sin\left(2j\xi'\right)\cosh\left(2j\eta'\right)\right),</math>
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| :<math>k=\frac{k_0 A}{a}\sqrt{\left\{1+\left(\frac{1-n}{1+n}\tan\varphi\right)^2\right\}\frac{\sigma^2+\tau^2}{t^2+\cos^2(\lambda-\lambda_0)}},</math>
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| :<math>\gamma=\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\tau\sqrt{1+t^2}+\sigma t\tan(\lambda-\lambda_0)}{\sigma\sqrt{1+t^2}-\tau t\tan(\lambda-\lambda_0)}\right).</math>
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| ==== From UTM coordinates (E, N, Z, Hemi) to latitude, longitude (φ, λ) ====
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| Note: Hemi=+1 for Northern, Hemi=-1 for Southern
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| First let's compute some intermediate values:
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| :<math>\xi=\frac{N-N_0}{k_0 A},\,\,\,\eta=\frac{E-E_0}{k_0 A},</math>
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| :<math>\xi'=\xi-\sum_{j=1}^{3}\beta_j\sin\left(2j\xi\right)\cosh\left(2j\eta\right), \,\,\,\eta'=\eta-\sum_{j=1}^{3}\beta_j\cos\left(2j\xi\right)\sinh\left(2j\eta\right),</math>
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| :<math>\sigma'=1-\sum_{j=1}^{3}2j\beta_j\cos\left(2j\xi\right)\cosh\left(2j\eta\right), \,\,\,\tau'=\sum_{j=1}^{3}2j\beta_j\sin\left(2j\xi\right)\sinh\left(2j\eta\right),</math>
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| :<math>\chi=\sin^{-1}\left(\frac{\sin\xi'}{\cosh\eta'}\right).</math>
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| The final formulas are:
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| :<math>\varphi=\chi+\sum_{j=1}^{3}\delta_j\sin\left(2j\chi\right),</math>
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| :<math>\lambda_{0}=\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\times 6^\circ - 183^\circ\,</math>
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| :<math>\lambda=\lambda_{0}+\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\sinh\eta'}{\cos\xi'}\right),</math>
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| :<math>k=\frac{k_0 A}{a}\sqrt{\left\{1+\left(\frac{1-n}{1+n}\tan\varphi\right)^2\right\}\frac{\cos^2\xi'+\sinh^2\eta'}{\sigma'^2+\tau'^2}},</math>
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| :<math>\gamma=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\times\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\tau'+\sigma'\tan\xi'\tanh\eta'}{\sigma'-\tau'\tan\xi'\tanh\eta'}\right).</math>
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| ==See also==
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| *The [[military grid reference system]] is a variant of UTM designed to simplify transfer of coordinates.
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| *The [[transverse Mercator projection]] is the map projection used by UTM.
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| *The [[Universal Polar Stereographic coordinate system]] are used at the North and South poles.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| *{{cite book | author=Snyder, John P. | title=Map Projections – A Working Manual. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395 | publisher =United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. | year=1987 | id = |url=http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1395}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{commons category|Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system}}
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| * [http://www.utmconverter.com UTM Converter], a geographic tool for converting UTM coordinates.
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| [[Category:Geographic coordinate systems]]
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| [[Category:Cartography]]
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| [[Category:Geodesy]]
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