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| In [[mathematics]], a '''formal group law''' is (roughly speaking) a [[formal power series]] behaving as if it were the product of a [[Lie group]]. They were introduced by {{harvs|txt|first=S.|last= Bochner|authorlink=Salomon Bochner|year=1946}}. The term '''formal group''' sometimes means the same as formal group law, and sometimes means one of several generalizations. Formal groups are intermediate between Lie groups (or [[algebraic group]]s) and [[Lie algebra]]s. They are used in [[algebraic number theory]] and [[algebraic topology]].
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| A '''one-dimensional formal group law''' over a [[commutative ring]] ''R'' is a power series
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| ''F''(''x'',''y'') with coefficients in ''R'', such that
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| # ''F''(''x'',''y'') = ''x'' + ''y'' + terms of higher degree
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| # ''F''(''x'', ''F''(''y'',''z'')) = ''F''(''F''(''x'',''y''), ''z'') (associativity).
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| The simplest example is the '''additive formal group law''' ''F''(''x'', ''y'') = ''x'' + ''y''.
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| The idea of the definition is that ''F'' should be something like the formal power series expansion of the product of a Lie group, where we choose coordinates so that the identity of the Lie group is the origin.
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| More generally, an ''' ''n''-dimensional formal group law''' is a collection of ''n'' power series
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| ''F''<sub>''i''</sub>(''x''<sub>1</sub>, ''x''<sub>2</sub>, ..., ''x''<sub>''n''</sub>, ''y''<sub>1</sub>, ''y''<sub>2</sub>, ..., ''y''<sub>''n''</sub>) in 2''n'' variables, such that
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| # '''F'''('''x''','''y''') = '''x''' + '''y''' + terms of higher degree
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| # '''F'''('''x''', '''F'''('''y''','''z''')) = '''F'''('''F'''('''x''','''y'''), '''z''')
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| where we write '''F''' for (''F''<sub>1</sub>, ..., ''F''<sub>''n''</sub>), '''x''' for (''x''<sub>1</sub>,..., ''x''<sub>''n''</sub>), and so on.
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| The formal group law is called '''commutative''' if '''F'''('''x''','''y''') = '''F'''('''y''','''x''').
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| Prop. If ''R'' is <math>\mathbb{Z}</math>-torsion free then any formal group law over <math>R</math> is commutative.
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| proof. The torsion freeness gives us the exponential and logarithm which allows us to write F as F(x,y) = exp(log(x) + log(y)).
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| There is no need for an axiom analogous to the existence of an inverse for groups, as this turns out to follow automatically from the definition of a formal group law. In other words we can always find a (unique) power series '''G''' such that '''F'''('''x''','''G'''('''x''')) = 0.
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| A '''homomorphism''' from a formal group law '''F''' of dimension ''m'' to a formal group law '''G''' of dimension ''n'' is a collection '''f''' of ''n'' power series in ''m'' variables, such that
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| ::'''G'''('''f'''('''x'''), '''f'''('''y''')) = '''f'''('''F'''('''x''', '''y''')).
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| A homomorphism with an inverse is called an '''isomorphism''', and is called a '''strict isomorphism''' if in addition '''f'''('''x''')= '''x''' + terms of higher degree. Two formal group laws with an isomorphism between them are essentially the same; they differ only by a "change of coordinates".
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| ==Examples==
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| *The '''additive formal group law''' is given by
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| :<math>F(x,y) = x + y.\ </math>
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| *The '''multiplicative formal group law''' is given by
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| :<math>F(x,y) = x + y + xy.\ </math>
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| This rule can be understood as follows. The product ''G'' in the (multiplicative group of the) ring ''R'' is given by ''G''(''a'',''b'') = ''ab''. If we "change coordinates" to make 0 the identity by putting ''a'' = 1 + ''x'', ''b'' = 1 + ''y'', and ''G'' = 1 + ''F'', then we find that
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| ''F''(''x'', ''y'') = ''x'' + ''y'' + ''xy''.
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| Over the rational numbers, there is an isomorphism from the additive formal group law to the multiplicative one, given by {{nowrap|exp(''x'') − 1}}. Over general commutative rings ''R'' there is no such homomorphism as defining it requires non-integral rational numbers, and the additive and multiplicative formal groups are usually not isomorphic.
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| *More generally, we can construct a formal group law of dimension ''n'' from any algebraic group or Lie group of dimension ''n'', by taking coordinates at the identity and writing down the formal power series expansion of the product map. The additive and multiplicative formal group laws are obtained in this way from the additive and multiplicative algebraic groups. Another important special case of this is the '''formal group (law) of an [[elliptic curve]]''' (or [[abelian variety]]).
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| *''F''(''x'',''y'') = (''x'' + ''y'')/(1 + ''xy'') is a formal group law coming from the addition formula for the hyperbolic tangent function: tanh(''x'' + ''y'') = ''F''(tanh(''x''), tanh(''y'')), and is also the formula for addition of velocities in [[special relativity]] (with the speed of light equal to 1).
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| *<math>F(x,y) = (x\sqrt{1-y^4} +y\sqrt{1-x^4})/(1+x^2y^2)</math> is a formal group law over '''Z'''[1/2] found by [[Euler]], in the form of the addition formula for an elliptic integral:
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| :: <math>\int_0^x{dt\over \sqrt{1-t^4}} + \int_0^y{dt\over \sqrt{1-t^4}} = \int_0^{F(x,y)}{dt\over \sqrt{1-t^4}}.</math>
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| ==Lie algebras==
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| Any ''n''-dimensional formal group law gives an ''n'' dimensional Lie algebra over the ring ''R'', defined in terms of the quadratic part ''F''<sub>2</sub> of the formal group law.
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| :[''x'',''y''] = ''F''<sub>2</sub>(''x'',''y'') − ''F''<sub>2</sub>(''y'',''x'')
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| The natural functor from Lie groups or algebraic groups to Lie algebras can be factorized into a functor from Lie groups to formal group laws, followed by taking the Lie algebra of the formal group:
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| ::Lie groups → Formal group laws → Lie algebras
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| Over fields of characteristic 0, formal group laws are essentially the same as finite dimensional Lie algebras: more precisely, the functor from finite dimensional formal group laws to finite dimensional Lie algebras is an equivalence of categories{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}. Over fields of non-zero characteristic, formal group laws are not equivalent to Lie algebras. In fact, in this case it is well known that passing from an algebraic group to its Lie algebra often throws away too much information, but passing instead to the formal group law often keeps enough information. So in some sense formal group laws are the "right" substitute for Lie algebras in characteristic ''p'' > 0.
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| ==The logarithm of a commutative formal group law==
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| If '''F''' is a commutative ''n''-dimensional formal group law over a commutative '''Q'''-algebra ''R'', then it is strictly isomorphic to the additive formal group law. In other words, there is a strict isomorphism '''f''' from the additive formal group to '''F''', called the '''logarithm''' of '''F''', so that
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| ::'''f'''('''F'''('''x''','''y''')) = '''f'''('''x''') + '''f'''('''y''')
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| Examples:
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| *The logarithm of ''F''(''x'', ''y'') = ''x'' + ''y'' is ''f''(''x'') = ''x''.
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| *The logarithm of ''F''(''x'', ''y'') = ''x'' + ''y'' + ''xy'' is ''f''(''x'') = log(1 + ''x''), because log(1 + ''x'' + ''y'' + ''xy'') = log(1 + ''x'') + log(1 + ''y'').
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| If ''R'' does not contain the rationals, a map '''f''' can be constructed by extension of scalars to ''R''⊗'''Q''', but this will send everything to zero if ''R'' has positive characteristic. Formal group laws over a ring ''R'' are often constructed by writing down their logarithm as a power series with coefficients in ''R''⊗'''Q''', and then proving that the coefficients of the corresponding formal group over ''R''⊗'''Q''' actually lie in ''R''. When working in positive characteristic, one typically replaces ''R'' with a mixed characteristic ring that has a surjection to ''R'', such as the ring ''W''(''R'') of [[Witt vectors]], and reduces to ''R'' at the end.
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| ==The formal group ring of a formal group law==
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| The formal group ring of a formal group law is a cocommutative Hopf algebra analogous to the [[group ring]] of a group and to the [[universal enveloping algebra]] of a Lie algebra, both of which are also cocommutative Hopf algebras. In general cocommutative Hopf algebras behave very much like groups.
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| For simplicity we describe the 1-dimensional case; the higher-dimensional case is similar except that notation becomes messier.
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| Suppose that ''F'' is a (1-dimensional) formal group law over ''R''. Its '''formal group ring''' (also called its '''hyperalgebra''' or its '''covariant bialgebra''') is a cocommutative [[Hopf algebra]] ''H'' constructed as follows.
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| * As an ''R''-module, ''H'' is free with a basis 1 = ''D''<sup>(0)</sup>, ''D''<sup>(1)</sup>, ''D''<sup>(2)</sup>, ...
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| *The coproduct Δ is given by Δ''D''<sup>(''n'')</sup> = ∑''D''<sup>(''i'')</sup> ⊗ ''D''<sup>(''n''−''i'')</sup> (so the dual of this coalgebra is just the ring of formal power series).
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| *The counit η is given by the coefficient of ''D''<sup>(0)</sup>.
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| *The identity is 1 = ''D''<sup>(0)</sup>.
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| *The antipode ''S'' takes ''D''<sup>(''n'')</sup> to (−1)<sup>''n''</sup>''D''<sup>(''n'')</sup>.
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| *The coefficient of ''D''<sup>(1)</sup> in the product ''D''<sup>(i)</sup>''D''<sup>(''j'')</sup> is the coefficient of ''x''<sup>''i''</sup>''y''<sup>''j''</sup> in ''F''(''x'', ''y'').
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| Conversely, given a Hopf algebra whose coalgebra structure is given above, we can recover a formal group law ''F'' from it. So 1-dimensional formal group laws are essentially the same as Hopf algebras whose coalgebra structure is given above.
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| ==Formal group laws as functors==
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| Given an ''n''-dimensional formal group law '''F''' over ''R'' and a commutative ''R''-algebra ''S'', we can form a group '''F'''(''S'') whose underlying set is ''N''<sup>''n''</sup> where ''N'' is the set of ''[[nilpotent]]'' elements of ''S''. The product is given by using '''F''' to multiply elements of ''N''<sup>''n''</sup>; the point is that all the formal power series now converge because they are being applied to nilpotent elements, so there are only a finite number of nonzero terms.
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| This makes '''F''' into a [[functor]] from commutative ''R''-algebras ''S'' to groups.
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| We can extend the definition of '''F'''(''S'') to some topological ''R''-algebras. In particular, if ''S'' is an inverse limit of discrete ''R'' algebras, we can define '''F'''(''S'') to be the inverse limit of the corresponding groups. For example, this allows us to define '''F'''('''Z'''<sub>''p''</sub>) with values in the ''p''-adic numbers.
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| The group-valued functor of '''F''' can also be described using the formal group ring ''H'' of '''F'''. For simplicity we will assume that '''F''' is 1-dimensional; the general case is similar. For any cocommutative Hopf algebra, an element ''g'' is called '''group-like''' if Δg = g ⊗ g and εg = 1, and the group-like elements form a group under multiplication. In the case of the Hopf algebra of a formal group law over a ring, the group like elements are exactly those of the form
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| :''D''<sup>(0)</sup> + ''D''<sup>(1)</sup>''x'' + ''D''<sup>(2)</sup>''x''<sup>2</sup> + ...
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| for ''nilpotent'' elements ''x''. In particular we can identify the group-like elements of ''H''⊗''S'' with the nilpotent elements of ''S'', and the group structure on the group-like elements of ''H''⊗''S'' is then identified with the group structure on '''F'''(''S'').
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| ==The height of a formal group law==
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| Suppose that ''f'' is a homomorphism between one dimensional formal group laws over a field of characteristic ''p'' > 0. Then ''f'' is either zero, or the first nonzero term in its power series expansion is <math>ax^{p^h}</math> for some non-negative integer ''h'', called the '''height''' of the homomorphism ''f''. The height of the zero homomorphism is defined to be ∞.
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| The '''height''' of a one dimensional formal group law over a field of characteristic ''p'' > 0 is defined to be the height of its ''multiplication by p'' map.
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| Two one dimensional formal group laws over an algebraically closed field of characteristic ''p'' > 0 are isomorphic if and only if they have the same height, and the height can be any positive integer or ∞.
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| Examples:
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| *The additive formal group law ''F''(''x'', ''y'') = ''x'' + ''y'' has height ∞, as its ''p''th power map is 0.
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| *The multiplicative formal group law ''F''(''x'', ''y'') = ''x'' + ''y'' + ''xy'' has height 1, as its ''p''th power map is (1 + ''x'')<sup>''p''</sup> − 1 = ''x''<sup>''p''</sup>.
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| *The formal group law of an elliptic curve has height either one or two, depending on whether the curve is ordinary or [[supersingular]]. Supersingularity can be detected by the vanishing of the Eisenstein series <math>E_{p-1}</math>.
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| ==Lazard ring==
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| {{main|Lazard's universal ring}}
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| There is a universal commutative one dimensional formal group law over a universal commutative ring defined as follows. We let
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| :''F''(''x'', ''y'')
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| be
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| :''x'' + ''y'' + Σ''c''<sub>''i'',''j''</sub> ''x''<sup>''i''</sup>''y''<sup>''j''</sup>
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| for indeterminates
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| :''c''<sub>''i'',''j''</sub>,
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| and we define the universal
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| ring ''R'' to be the commutative ring generated by the elements ''c''<sub>''i'',''j''</sub>, with the relations that are forced by the associativity and commutativity laws for formal group laws. More or less by definition, the ring ''R'' has the following universal property:
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| :For any commutative ring ''S'', one dimensional formal group laws over ''S'' correspond to ring homomorphisms from ''R'' to ''S''.
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| The commutative ring ''R'' constructed above is known as '''Lazard's universal ring'''. At first sight it seems to be incredibly complicated: the relations between its generators are very messy. However Lazard proved that it has a very simple structure: it is just a polynomial ring (over the integers) on generators of degrees 2, 4, 6, ... (where ''c''<sub>''i'',''j''</sub> has degree 2(''i'' + ''j'' − 1)). [[Daniel Quillen]] proved that the coefficient ring of [[complex cobordism]] is naturally isomorphic as a graded ring to Lazard's universal ring, explaining the unusual grading. | |
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| ==Formal groups==
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| A '''formal group''' is a [[group object]] in the category of [[formal scheme]]s.
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| * If <math> G </math> is a functor from [[Artinian]] algebras to groups which is left exact, then it representable (G is the functor of points of a formal group. (left exactness of a functor is equivalent to commuting with finite projective limits).
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| * If <math> G </math> is a [[group scheme]] then <math> \widehat{G} </math>, the formal completion of G at the identity has the structure of a formal group.
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| *A smooth group scheme is isomorphic to <math>\mathrm{Spf}(R[[T_1,...,T_n]])</math>. Some people call a formal group scheme ''smooth'' if the converse holds.
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| *''formal smoothness'' asserts the existence of lifts of deformations and can apply to formal schemes that are larger than points. A smooth formal group scheme is a special case of a formal group scheme.
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| *Given a smooth formal group, one can construct a formal group law and a field by choosing a uniformizing set of sections.
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| *The (non-strict) isomorphisms between formal group laws induced by change of parameters make up the elements of the group of coordinate changes on the formal group.
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| Formal groups and formal group laws can also be defined over arbitrary [[Scheme (mathematics)|schemes]], rather than just over commutative rings or fields, and families can be classified by maps from the base to a parametrizing object.
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| The moduli space of formal group laws is a disjoint union of infinite dimensional affine spaces, whose components are parametrized by dimension, and whose points are parametrized by admissible coefficients of the power series '''F'''. The corresponding [[moduli stack]] of smooth formal groups is a quotient of this space by a canonical action of the infinite dimensional groupoid of coordinate changes.
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| Over an algebraically closed field, the substack of one dimensional formal groups is either a point (in characteristic zero) or an infinite chain of stacky points parametrizing heights. In characteristic zero, the closure of each point contains all points of greater height. This difference gives formal groups a rich geometric theory in positive and mixed characteristic, with connections to the Steenrod algebra, ''p''-divisible groups, Dieudonné theory, and Galois representations. For example, the Serre-Tate theorem implies that the deformations of a group scheme are strongly controlled by those of its formal group, especially in the case of [[supersingular abelian varieties]]. For [[supersingular elliptic curve]]s, this control is complete, and this is quite different from the characteristic zero situation where the formal group has no deformations.
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| A formal group is sometimes defined as a [[cocommutative]] [[Hopf algebra]] (usually with some extra conditions added, such as being pointed or connected).<ref name=Und121>{{cite book | last=Underwood | first=Robert G. | title=An introduction to Hopf algebras | location=Berlin | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-387-72765-3 | zbl=1234.16022 | page=121 }}</ref> This is more or less dual to the notion above. In the smooth case, choosing coordinates is equivalent to taking a distinguished basis of the formal group ring.
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| Some authors use the term ''formal group'' to mean ''formal group law''.
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| ==Lubin–Tate formal group laws==
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| {{main|Lubin–Tate formal group law}}
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| We let '''Z'''<sub>''p''</sub> be the ring of ''p''-adic integers. The '''Lubin–Tate formal group law''' is the unique (1-dimensional) formal group law ''F'' such that ''e''(''x'') = ''px'' + ''x''<sup>''p''</sup> is an endomorphism of ''F'', in other words
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| :<math>e(F(x,y)) = F(e(x), e(y)).\ </math>
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| More generally we can allow ''e'' to be any power series such that ''e''(''x'') = ''px'' + higher-degree terms and ''e''(''x'') = ''x''<sup>''p''</sup> mod ''p''. All the group laws for different choices of ''e'' satisfying these conditions are strictly isomorphic.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Yu. I. | last1=Manin | authorlink1=Yuri I. Manin | first2=A. A. | last2=Panchishkin | title=Introduction to Modern Number Theory | series=Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences | volume=49 | edition=Second | year=2007 | isbn=978-3-540-20364-3 | issn=0938-0396 | zbl=1079.11002 | page=168 }}</ref>
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| For each element ''a'' in '''Z'''<sub>''p''</sub> there is a unique endomorphism ''f'' of the Lubin–Tate formal group law such that ''f''(''x'') = ''ax'' + higher-degree terms. This gives an action of the ring '''Z'''<sub>''p''</sub> on the Lubin–Tate formal group law.
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| There is a similar construction with '''Z'''<sub>''p''</sub> replaced by any complete discrete valuation ring with finite [[Residue field of a valuation|residue class field]].<ref>{{cite book | first=Helmut | last=Koch | title=Algebraic Number Theory | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | year=1997 | isbn=3-540-63003-1 | zbl=0819.11044 | series=Encycl. Math. Sci. | volume=62 | edition=2nd printing of 1st | pages=62–63 }}</ref>
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| This construction was introduced by {{harvtxt|Lubin|Tate|1965}}, in a successful effort to isolate the [[local field]] part of the classical theory of [[complex multiplication]] of [[elliptic function]]s. It is also a major ingredient in some approaches to [[local class field theory]].<ref>e.g. {{cite book | first=Jean-Pierre | last=Serre | authorlink=Jean-Pierre Serre | chapter=Local class field theory | pages=128–161 | editor1-first=J.W.S. | editor1-last=Cassels | editor1-link=J. W. S. Cassels | editor2-first=Albrecht | editor2-last=Fröhlich | editor2-link=Albrecht Fröhlich | title=Algebraic Number Theory | year=1967 | publisher=Academic Press | zbl=0153.07403 }}{{cite journal | first=Michiel | last=Hazewinkel | title=Local class field theory is easy | journal=Advances in Math. | volume=18 | year=1975 | issue=2 | pages=148–181 | zbl=0312.12022 }}{{cite book | last1=Iwasawa | first1=Kenkichi | authorlink=Kenkichi Iwasawa | title=Local class field theory | publisher=The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | series=Oxford Mathematical Monographs | isbn=978-0-19-504030-2 | mr=863740 | year=1986 | zbl=0604.12014 }}</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Witt vector]]
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| *[[Artin–Hasse exponential]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| *{{Citation | last1=Adams | first1=J. Frank | title=Stable homotopy and generalised homology | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6vG13YQcPnYC | publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] | isbn=978-0-226-00524-9 | year=1974}}
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| *{{Citation | last1=Bochner | first1=Salomon | author1-link=Salomon Bochner | title=Formal Lie groups | jstor=1969242 | mr=0015397 | year=1946 | journal=[[Annals of Mathematics|Annals of Mathematics. Second Series]] | issn=0003-486X | volume=47 | pages=192–201}}
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| *[[Michel Demazure|M. Demazure]], ''Lectures on p-divisible groups'' Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 1972. ISBN 0-387-06092-8
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| *{{Citation | last1=Fröhlich | first1=A. | title=Formal groups | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Lecture Notes in Mathematics | doi=10.1007/BFb0074373 | mr=0242837 | year=1968 | volume=74}}
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| * P. Gabriel, ''Étude infinitésimale des schémas en groupes'' SGA 3 Exp. VIIB
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| *''Formal Groups and Applications'' (Pure and Applied Math 78) [[Michiel Hazewinkel]] Publisher: Academic Pr (June 1978) ISBN 0-12-335150-2
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| *{{Citation | last1=Lazard | first1=Michel | title=Commutative formal groups | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Lecture Notes in Mathematics | isbn=978-3-540-07145-7 | doi=10.1007/BFb0070554 | mr=0393050 | year=1975 | volume=443}}
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| *{{Citation | last1=Lubin | first1=Jonathan | last2=Tate | first2=John | author2-link=John Tate | title=Formal complex multiplication in local fields | jstor=1970622 | mr=0172878 | year=1965 | journal=[[Annals of Mathematics|Annals of Mathematics. Second Series]] | issn=0003-486X | volume=81 | pages=380–387 | zbl=0128.26501 }}
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| * {{Neukirch ANT}}
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| * {{cite web | first=N. | last=Strickland |url=http://neil-strickland.staff.shef.ac.uk/courses/formalgroups/fg.pdf | title=Formal groups }}
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| *{{eom|id=F/f040820|first=Yu.G.|last= Zarkhin}}
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| [[Category:Algebraic topology]]
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| [[Category:Algebraic groups]]
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| [[Category:Algebraic number theory]]
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| [[sr:Формална група]]
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