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| [[Image:Displacement.gif|thumb|250px|One complete cycle of a four-cylinder, four-stroke engine. The volume displaced is marked in red.]]
| | Hi there, I am Yoshiko Villareal but I never really favored that name. Managing people is what I do in my day job. Playing croquet is something I will never give up. Kansas is our beginning location and my mothers and fathers reside close by.<br><br>My page - [http://Www.Dnis.Co.kr/DNISXE/index.php?mid=Link&document_srl=422551&sort_index=regdate&order_type=desc extended vehicle warranty] |
| '''Engine displacement''' is the [[volume]] swept by all the [[piston]]s inside the [[cylinder (engine)|cylinders]] of a [[reciprocating engine]] in a single movement from ''top [[dead centre]]'' (TDC) to ''bottom dead centre'' (BDC). It is commonly specified in cubic centimetres (''cc'' or ''cm<sup>3</sup>''), [[litre]]s (''l''), or (mainly in North America) cubic inches (CID). Engine displacement does not include the total volume of the [[combustion chamber]].
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| ==Definition==
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| Engine displacement is determined from the [[bore (engine)|bore]] and [[stroke (engine)|stroke]] of an engine's [[cylinder (engine)|cylinders]]. The bore is the [[diameter]] of the circular chambers cut into the [[cylinder block]].
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| :<math> \mbox{displacement} = {\pi\over 4} \times \mbox{bore}^2 \times \mbox{stroke} \times \mbox{number of cylinders}</math>
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| To simplify:
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| :<math> \mbox{displacement} = \mbox{bore}^2 \times 0.7854 \times \mbox{stroke} \times \mbox{number of cylinders}</math>
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| Examples: The [[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#427|427 Chevy]] bore is 4.312 in, and the stroke is 3.65 in, therefore the displacement for this eight-cylinder engine is:
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| :3.1416/4 × (4.312 in)<sup>2</sup> × 3.65 in × 8 = 426.4 cu in
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| or:
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| : (4.312 in)<sup>2</sup> × 0.7854 × 3.65 in × 8 = 426.4 cu in
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| If the bore is 10 cm and the stroke is 5 cm with four cylinders, the calculation is:
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| :3.1416/4 × (10 cm)<sup>2</sup> × 5 cm × 4 = 1,570 cc = 1.57 liters
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| ==Units of measure==
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| {{globalize/USA|date=July 2009}}
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| {{Ref improve section|date=July 2009}}
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| In the United States, the cubic inch was the commonly used unit of measurement until the 1980s by the manufacturers to express the displacement of engines for cars, trucks, etc. (e.g., the "426" in [[Chrysler Hemi engine|''426 Hemi'']] refers to 426 cubic inches displaced). It is still used for this purpose in the context of the classic-car hobby, auto racing, and so forth.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
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| The automotive industry nowadays uses [[International System of Units|the International System of Units / le Système international d'unités]] (SI), a modern metric system for this purpose worldwide (e.g. 6.1 [[litre]] Hemi). However, in markets accustomed to cubic inches, the actual displacement measurements of an engine are still given by many manufacturers in these units, usually along with metric value; e.g. the 6.1-litre Hemi's published displacement is 370.0 CID/6,059 cc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dodge.com/bridge/vehsuite.html?app=vehiclespecs&family=charger&model=Technical&zipcode=90210&year=2008|title=2008 Dodge Charger – specs & upgrades|accessdate=2008-05-02|publisher=Chrysler}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordvehicles.com/trucks/f150/features/specs/|title=Ford Vehicles: get specifications F-150|accessdate=2008-04-25|date= |publisher=Ford Motor Company|quote=Engine type: 5.4L Triton SOHC 24-valve V8... Displacement (cu. in.): 330 CID}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chevrolet.com/silverado/specifications/|title=Chevrolet 2008 Silverado Pickup Truck - specifications (under engine 'tab')|accessdate=2008-04-25|date= |publisher=GM|quote=Engine: Vortec 5.3L Aluminum-Block V8...Displacement (cu. in.): 325}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dodge.com/bridge/vehsuite.html?app=vehiclespecs&family=ram_2500&model=Technical&zipcode=48226&year=2008|title=Dodge specifications|accessdate=2008-04-25|date= |publisher=Chrysler LLC|quote=Powertrain: Engine - Displacement - Cubic Inches: 345.0}}</ref> Some examples of common CID-to-litre conversions are given below. Note that [[nominal size]]s are not always precisely equal to actual sizes. This principle is frequently seen in engineering, tool standardization, etc. (for ease of use) and in marketing (when a big round number sounds more impressive, is more memorable, etc.).
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| !make (± division)!!cubic inch displacement (CID)<br>- (actual) (nearest 1)!!cubic inch displacement (CID)<br>- (nominal)!![[International System of Units]] (SI)<br>- (actual) (nearest 0.01)!!International System of Units (SI)<br>- (nominal)
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| |Honda, Kawasaki, others||something close to 61 CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||[something close to SI nominal]||1000 cc (= 1.0 [[litre]])
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| |-
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| |Honda, Kawasaki, others||something close to 98 CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||[something close to SI nominal]||1600 cc (= 1.6-litre)
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| |-
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| |Honda, Kawasaki, others; Ford||something close to 122 CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||[something close to SI nominal]||2000 cc (= 2.0-litre)
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| |-
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| |GM (Pontiac, Buick, Oldsmobile, GMC, others)||151 CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||[something close to SI nominal]||[[GM Iron Duke engine|2.5-litre]]
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| |-
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| |Toyota, Ford, Chrysler, others||something close to 183 CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||[something close to SI nominal]||3.0-litre
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| |-
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| |AMC, Jeep, Chrysler ([[AMC Straight-6 engine#4.0|I6]])|| 241.573 CID||242 CID||3,959 cc||4.0-litre
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| |-
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| |Ford||something close to 244 CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||[something close to SI nominal]||[[Ford Cologne V6 engine#4.0|4.0-litre]]
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| |-
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| |Ford (Ford, Mercury), GM (Chevrolet, GMC)||[something close to CID nominal]||250 CID||4.10-litre||4.1-litre
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| |-
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| |AMC, Jeep, International Harvester||[something close to CID nominal]||258 CID||4.22-litre||4.2-litre
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| |-
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| |GM (Chevrolet, GMC, Oldsmobile)||[something close to CID nominal]||262 CID||4.33-litre||4.3-litre
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| |-
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| |Ford (Ford, Mercury)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Ford Windsor engine|289 CID]]||4.74-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |-
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| |Ford (Ford trucks and vans)||[something close to CID nominal]||300 CID||4.92-litre||4.9-litre
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| |-
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| |GM (Pontiac)||[something close to CID nominal]||301 CID||4.9-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |-
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| |Ford, GM (Chevrolet)||[something close to CID nominal]||302 CID ([[Ford Windsor engine#302|302 Windsor]], [[Ford 335 engine#302 Cleveland|302 Cleveland]], [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#302|Chevrolet 302]])||4.95-litre||5.0-litre
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| |-
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| |GM (Oldsmobile)||303 CID
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| |-
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| |AMC, Jeep, International Harvester||[something close to CID nominal]||304 CID||4.98-litre||5.0-litre
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| |-
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| |GM (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick)||[something close to CID nominal]||305 CID||5.0-litre||N/A (not marketed in S/I)
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| |-
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| |GM (Chevrolet; Buick)||307 CID||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#307|307 CID]]||5.03-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |-
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| |GM (Oldsmobile)||307 CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||5.03-litre||[[Oldsmobile V8 engine#LG8|5.0-litre]]
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| |-
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| |Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chrysler LA engine|318 CID]]||5.21-litre||5.2-litre
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| |-
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| |AMC, GM (Chevrolet)||327 CID||327 CID||5.36-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |-
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| |GM (Oldsmobile)||330 CID
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| |Buick, Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chrysler LA engine|340 CID]]||5.57-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |-
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| |GM (GMC, Chevrolet, Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, others)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350|350 CID]]||5.74-litre||5.7-litre
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| |-
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| |Ford (Ford, Mercury)||[something close to CID nominal]||351 CID ([[Ford 335 engine|Cleveland]] or [[Ford Windsor engine|Windsor]]) ||5.75-litre||5.8-litre
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| |-
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| |AMC, Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chrysler LA engine|360 CID]]||5.90-litre||5.9-litre
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| |-
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| |Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chrysler RB engine|383 CID]]||6.28-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |-
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| |GM (Pontiac)||[something close to CID nominal]||389 CID||6.5-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |-
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| |AMC, Ford, GM (Cadillac)||[something close to CID nominal]||390 CID||6.39-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |-
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| |GM (Oldsmobile)||394 CID
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| |GM (Chevrolet)||[sometimes 396 CID, sometimes 402 CID]||[[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#396 and 402|396 CID]]||6.49-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |-
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| |GM (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#400|400 CID]]||6.55-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |-
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| |GM (Buick)||401 CID
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| |-
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| |GM (Chevrolet)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#409|409 CID]]||6.70-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |GM (Pontiac)||[something close to CID nominal]||421 CID||6.90-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |GM (Oldsmobile)||425 CID
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| |Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)||[something close to CID nominal]||426 CID ([[Chrysler RB engine|Wedge]] or [[Chrysler Hemi engine|Hemi]])||6.98-litre||7.0-litre
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| |Ford (Ford, Mercury)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Ford FE engine|427 CID]]||7.00-litre||7.0-litre
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| |GM (Pontiac),Ford (Ford, Mercury)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Ford FE engine|428 CID]]||7.01-litre||7.0-litre
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| |-
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| |Ford (Ford, Mercury)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Ford 385 engine|429 CID]]||7.03-litre||7.0-litre
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| |Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chrysler RB engine|440 CID]]||7.21-litre||7.2-litre
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| |-
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| |GM (GMC, Chevrolet)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#454|454 CID]]||7.44-litre||7.4-litre
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| |-
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| |GM (Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac)||[something close to CID nominal]||455 CID||7.46-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
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| |Ford (Ford [trucks and vans]; Lincoln [cars])||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Ford FE engine|460 CID]]||7.54-litre||7.5-litre
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| |GM (Cadillac)||[something close to CID nominal]||472 CID||7.73-litre||7.7-litre
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| |GM (Cadillac)||[something close to CID nominal]||500 CID||8.19-litre||8.2-litre
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| |Chrysler (Dodge)||506.5 CID||505 CID||8285 cc||8.3-litre
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| |Chrysler (Dodge)||509.8 CID||510 CID||8354 cc||8.4-litre
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| |-
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| |GM (GM Performance Parts)||[something close to CID nominal]||572 CID||9373 cc||9.4-litre
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| |}
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| ==Governmental regulations==
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| Taxation of automobiles is sometimes based on engine displacement, rather than power output, fuel economy, or emissions. Displacement is a basic fundamental of engine design, whereas power output depends a great deal on other factors, particularly on how the car manufacturer has ''[[engine tuning|tuned]]'' the engine from new. This has encouraged the development of other methods to increase engine power, such as [[variable valve timing]] and [[turbocharger]]s.
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| There are four major regulatory constraints for automobiles: the European, British, Japanese, and American. The method used in some European countries, and which predates the EU, has a level of taxation for engines over 1.0 litre, and another at the level of about 1.6 litres. The British system of taxation depends upon vehicle emissions for cars registered after 1 March 2001, but for cars registered before this date, it depends on engine size. Cars under 1549 cc qualify for a cheaper rate of tax.<ref>[http://www.direct.gov.uk/Motoring/OwningAVehicle/HowToTaxYourVehicle/HowToTaxYourVehicleArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=10012524&chk=X2gG9G The Cost of Vehicle Tax for Cars, Motorcycles, Light Goods Vehicles and Trade Licences]." ''Direct.gov.uk''</ref>
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| The Japanese method is similar to the European taxation by classes of displacement, plus a vehicle weight tax.
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| The United States does not tax a vehicle based on the displacement of the engine (this is also true in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand). Engine displacement is important in determining whether or not smaller vehicles need to be registered with the state and whether or not a license is required to operate such a vehicle. A common threshold is 50cc.
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| In the Netherlands<ref>[http://www.belastingdienst.nl/reken/motorrijtuigenbelasting/ Road tax] also based on region and fuel type ([[petrol]] / [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]], [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]], [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]], or other (electric/hybrid/H2))</ref> and in Sweden, road tax is based on vehicle weight. However, Swedish cars registered in 2008, or later, are taxed based on carbon dioxide emissions.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}
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| Displacement is also used to distinguish categories of (heavier) and lighter motorbikes with respect to driving licence and insurance requirements. In France and some other EU countries, [[moped]]s of less than 50 cm<sup>3</sup> displacement (and usually with a [[two-stroke engine]]), can be driven with minimum qualifications (previously, they could be driven by any person over 14). This led to all light motorbikes having a displacement of about 49.9 cm<sup>3</sup>. Some people tuned the engine by increasing the cylinder bore, increasing displacement; such mopeds cannot be driven legally on public roads since they do no longer conform to the original specifications and may go faster than 45 km/h.
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| [[Wankel engine]]s, due to the amount of power and emissions they create for their displacement, are generally taxed as 1.5 times their stated physical displacement (1.3 litres becomes effectively 2.0, 2.0 becomes effectively 3.0), although actual power outputs are far greater (the 1.3-litre 13B can produce power comparable to a 3.0 [[V6 engine]], and the 2.0-litre 20B can produce power comparable to a 4.0 [[V8 engine]]).{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} As such, racing regulations actually use a much higher conversion factor.
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| ==Automotive model names==
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| In the automotive industry, engine displacement is frequently encoded in the auto manufacturer's model names. For instance, Nissan's [[Nissan Teana|Teana 350JM]] is a car with a 3,498 cc (213.5 cu in displacement (CID) [[Nissan VQ engine#VQ35DE|engine]]). Motorcycles are often labeled similarly. However, this can be misleading. For instance, the BMW 335i only has a 3.0-litre (twin-turbocharged) engine.<ref>https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html?outputChannelId=6&id=T0084262EN&left_menu_item=node__2229</ref>
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| Lexus [[Hybrid_vehicle|hybrid vehicles]] (h) are marked higher than its engine size to signify the extra power from its auxiliary systems. (Examples: RX450h has a 3.5 L engine, LS600h has a 5.0 L engine)
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| ==See also== | |
| *[[Active Fuel Management]]
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| *[[compression ratio]]
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| *[[engine tuning]]
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| *[[variable displacement]]
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| {{Automotive engine}}
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| {{Aircraft piston engine components}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Engine Displacement}}
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| [[Category:Propulsion]]
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| [[Category:Engine technology|Displacement]]
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| [[Category:Motorcycle engines]]
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| [[Category:Vehicle technology]]
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