|
|
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Other uses}}
| | Well, there are very few secret really. Simply few proven tips that you can put to use instantly. Now, rest is in recognize to execute actions and then have a good measurable result yourself.<br><br>Google owns YouTube and Google could be the top website. Getting your video on YouTube will help your website rank higher in the search engines-especially the main player, you guessed it, Google. Numerous plenty of other video sites what your can upload your videos though. Just a few include Yahoo Video, MetaCafe, MySpace and Daily Motion. Additional places you send your videos the more they will be seen.<br><br><br><br>What methods constitute a targeted web traffic campaign? Issues that bring targeted visitors website SEO and inbound links. Website SEO means to be certain that the content on your site actually matches the tasks that you are offering to you in little business. If you sell unique products, you should really have every single piece of your unique information in detail within broad site pages in order to bring targeted in order to the internet business. By editing your pages to have better content, you begin to see a big change on the sort of of traffic that starts hitting your website. The traffic will consist of people that are hands down interested within the content as part of your pages, that usually consequence in sales or questions.<br><br>To make sure your success with PPC, assure you learn as much as you can, either by meeting using a professional or reading on the subject. Most people start trying to find free traffic first and then also try paid traffic. If you're think a person what it takes, skip the free [http://www.trafficfaze.com/ website traffic] step and move directly into Adwords.<br><br>This an additional version among the item above (relying on hidden text). Do not test to hide your keywords or phrases by all of them tiny. Setting the text size among the keywords so small it may barely be seen does this fact.<br><br>If market . to boost your SEO, use off-site links that will provide visitors some other quality websites. Linking to good quality content is to the linking treatment. Search engines value off-site links beyond internal links to individual pages. To obtain a greater impact on rank certain you get you search online for options permit you to link to your location.<br><br>Yet, she had absolutely little idea what SEO was! And worse yet, she hadn't even considered adding it to her website! Does this accurately describe you? Are you aware about several things regarding your business, but have never considered SEO a priority or even thought about incorporating it into your web site? * What is SEO? If you understand exactly what the SEO acronym actually technique. It stands for, quite simply, Search engine optimization. In basic terms, how those fancy search engines find generally. * How Do You Combine it with Your Online site? SEO is all about wording. I might come across picking standing on what thoughts people string together to access the information they want on the online market place.<br><br>This is once a week, but could be far more or less depending on the topic. Keeping these factors in mind, you will be free to help enhance your search engine rankings. And, as every one of us know, better rankings induce higher web traffic, more sales, and added lucrativeness. A friend of mine recently put together a internet business. When I mentioned that she should pay special awareness of SEO, her eyes begin to glaze over and she got an amusing look in her face. |
| {{New Testament manuscript infobox
| |
| | form = Uncial
| |
| | number = '''03'''
| |
| | image = Codex Vaticanus B, 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg
| |
| | isize = 220 px
| |
| | caption= Page from ''Codex Vaticanus''; ending of 2 Thes and beginning of Heb
| |
| | name = Vaticanus
| |
| | sign = B
| |
| | text = [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]]
| |
| | script = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| |
| | date = c. 325–350
| |
| | found =
| |
| | now at = [[Vatican Library]]
| |
| | cite = C. Vercellonis, J. Cozza, ''Bibliorum Sacrorum Graecus Codex Vaticanus'', Roma 1868.
| |
| | size = {{×|27|27|cm}}
| |
| | type = [[Alexandrian text-type]]
| |
| | cat = I
| |
| | hand =
| |
| | note = very close to '''[[Papyrus 66|P<sup>66</sup>]]''', '''[[Papyrus 75|P<sup>75</sup>]]''', [[Uncial 0162|0162]]
| |
| }}
| |
| The '''Codex Vaticanus''' ([[Vatican Library|The Vatican]], [[Vatican Library|Bibl. Vat.]], Vat. gr. 1209; no. '''B''' or '''03''' [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]], δ 1 [[Biblical manuscript#Von Soden|von Soden]]), is one of the oldest extant [[Biblical manuscript|manuscripts]] of the [[Greek language|Greek]] Bible (Old and New Testament), one of the four [[great uncial codices]].<ref name = Transmission68/> The Codex is named after its place of conservation in the [[Vatican Library]], where it has been kept since at least the 15th century.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Metzger | first = Bruce M. | authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger | coauthors = [[Bart D. Ehrman]] | title = The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 2005 | location = New York – Oxford | page = 67 | url = | isbn = 978-0-19-516122-9}}</ref> It is written on 759 leaves of [[vellum]] in [[Uncial script|uncial]] letters and has been dated [[Palaeography|palaeographically]] to the 4th century.<ref name = Aland>{{Cite book | last = Aland | first = Kurt | authorlink = Kurt Aland | coauthors = Barbara Aland | title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism, trans. Erroll F. Rhodes | publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] | year = 1995 | location = Grand Rapids, Michigan | page = 109 | url = | isbn = 978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref><ref name = INTF>{{Cite web |url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20003 |title=Liste Handschriften |publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research |accessdate=16 March 2013 |location=Münster}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The manuscript became known to Western scholars as a result of correspondence between [[Erasmus]] and the prefects of the Vatican Library. Portions of the codex were collated by several scholars, but numerous errors were made during this process. The Codex's relationship to the Latin [[Vulgate]] was unclear and scholars were initially unaware of the Codex's value.<ref name = Martini/> This changed in the 19th century when transcriptions of the full codex were completed.<ref name = Transmission68/> It was at that point that scholars realised the text differed significantly from the Vulgate and the [[Textus Receptus]].<ref name = Tregelles108/>
| |
| | |
| Current scholarship considers the Codex Vaticanus to be one of the best Greek texts of the [[New Testament]],<ref name = Aland/> with the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] as its only competitor. Until the discovery by [[Constantin von Tischendorf|Tischendorf]] of the Sinaiticus text, the Codex was unrivaled.<ref name = Scrivener>{{cite book | last = Scrivener | first = Frederick Henry Ambrose | authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener | coauthors = | title = ''Six Lectures on the Text of the New Testament and the Ancient Manuscripts'' | publisher = | year = 1875 | location = Cambridge | page = 26 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=vrIqgFRZx7wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=pl#PPA26,M1 | doi = | isbn = }}</ref> It was extensively used by [[Brooke Foss Westcott|Westcott]] and [[Fenton John Anthony Hort|Hort]] in their edition of ''[[The New Testament in the Original Greek]]'' in 1881.<ref name = Aland/> The most widely sold editions of the Greek New Testament are largely based on the text of the Codex Vaticanus.<ref name = Aland26/>
| |
| | |
| == Contents ==
| |
| [[File:Codex vaticanus.jpg|thumb|right|A section of the codex containing [[1 Esdras]] 2:1–8]]
| |
| Codex Vaticanus originally contained a virtually complete copy of the [[Septuagint]] ("LXX"), lacking only 1-4 [[Maccabees]] and the [[Prayer of Manasseh]]. The original 20 leaves containing [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 1:1–46:28a (31 leaves) and [[Psalms|Psalm]] 105:27–137:6b have been lost and were replaced by pages transcribed by a later [[scribe|hand]] in the 15th century.<ref>{{cite book
| |
| | last = Würthwein
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | authorlink =
| |
| | title = Der Text des Alten Testaments
| |
| | publisher = [[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]
| |
| | year = 1988
| |
| | location = Stuttgart
| |
| | page = 84
| |
| | url =
| |
| | isbn = 3-438-06006-X}}</ref>
| |
| [[2 Kings]] 2:5–7, 10-13 are also lost because of a tear to one of the pages.<ref>{{cite book
| |
| | last = Swete
| |
| | first = Henry Barclay
| |
| | authorlink = Henry Barclay Swete
| |
| | title = An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek
| |
| | publisher =
| |
| | year = 1902
| |
| | location = Cambridge
| |
| | page = 104
| |
| | url =
| |
| | isbn = }}</ref>
| |
| The order of the Old Testament books in the Codex is as follows: Genesis to [[2 Chronicles]] as normal; [[1 Esdras]]; [[Book of Ezra|2 Esdras]] (Ezra-Nehemiah); the [[Psalms]]; [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]]; [[Ecclesiastes]]; [[Song of Songs]]; [[Book of Job|Job]]; [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]]; [[Ben Sira|Ecclesiasticus]]; [[Book of Esther|Esther]]; [[Book of Judith|Judith]]; [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]]; the minor prophets from [[Hosea]] to [[Malachi]]; [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]]; [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]]; [[Book of Baruch|Baruch]]; [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] and the [[Epistle of Jeremiah]]; [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] and [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]. This order differs from that followed in [[Codex Alexandrinus]].<ref>{{cite book
| |
| | last = Swete
| |
| | first = Henry Barclay
| |
| | authorlink = Henry Barclay Swete
| |
| | title = An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek
| |
| | publisher =
| |
| | year = 1902
| |
| | location = Cambridge
| |
| | page = 105
| |
| | url =
| |
| | isbn = }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The extant [[New Testament]] of the Vaticanus contains the [[Gospel]]s, [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]], the [[General Epistles]], the [[Pauline Epistles]], and the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] (up to Hebrews 9:14, καθα[ριει); it is lacking [[1 Timothy|1]] and [[2 Timothy]], [[Epistle to Titus|Titus]], [[Epistle to Philemon|Philemon]], and [[Revelation]]. These missing leaves were supplemented by a 15th-century minuscule hand (folios 760–768) and are catalogued separately as the minuscule Codex 1957.<ref name = Aland/> Possibly some apocryphal books from the New Testament were included at the end (as in codices Sinaiticus and Alexandrinus),<ref name = Aland/> as it is also possible that Revelation was not included.<ref>[[Alexander Souter]], [http://www.archive.org/stream/thetextandcanon00soutuoft#page/20/mode/2up ''The Text and the Canon of the New Testament''] London 1913, p. 20</ref><ref name = Waltz>{{cite book|last=Waltz |first=Robert | authorlink = |title= Encyclopeida of Textual Criticism |url= http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uB |accessdate =|year= |isbn= |publisher= |location= |page= }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Verses not in Vaticanus but in later manuscripts ===
| |
| The text of the New Testament lacks several passages:
| |
| *{{bibleverse||Matthew|12:47}}; [[Matthew 16:2b–3|16:2b-3]]; {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|17:21}}; {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|18:11}}; {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|23:14}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.| authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger|title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament|url=|accessdate=|year=2001|isbn=3-438-06010-8|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|location= Stuttgart|pages=26, 33, 35, 36, 50}}</ref>
| |
| *{{bibleverse||Mark|7:16}}; 9:44.46; {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|11:26}}; {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|15:28}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.| authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger|title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament|url=|accessdate=|year=2001|isbn=3-438-06010-8|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|location= Stuttgart|pages=81, 86, 87, 93, 99}}</ref>
| |
| [[File:Mark16-B.JPG|thumb|right|160px|The end of [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] in ''Vaticanus'' contains an empty column after Verse 16:8, suggesting that the scribe was aware of the missing ending. It is the only empty New Testament column in the Codex.<ref>Philip B. Payne [http://www.linguistsoftware.com/Payne1995NTSFuldensis.pdf ''Fuldensis, Sigla for Variants in Vaticanus and 1 Cor 14.34-5''], NTS 41 (1995) 252.</ref>]]
| |
| *[[Mark 16|Mark 16:9–20]]; —The Book of Mark ends with verse 16:8, consistent with the [[Alexandrian text-type]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.| authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger|title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament|url=|accessdate=|year=2001|isbn=3-438-06010-8|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|location= Stuttgart|pages=102–106}}</ref>
| |
| *Luke {{bibleverse-nb||Luke|17:36}}, [[Christ's agony at Gethsemane|22:43–44]];<ref>{{cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.| authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger|title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament|url=|year=2001|isbn=3-438-06010-8|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|location= Stuttgart|pages= 142–143, 151}}</ref>
| |
| *{{bibleverse||John|5:4}}, [[Jesus and the woman taken in adultery|Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53–8:11)]];<ref>{{cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.| authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger|title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament|url=|year=2001|isbn=3-438-06010-8|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|location= Stuttgart|pages= 179, 187–189}}</ref>
| |
| *Acts 8:37; 15:34, 24:7; 28:29;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.| authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger|title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament|url=|year=2001|isbn=3-438-06010-8|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|location= Stuttgart|pages= 315, 388, 434, 444}}</ref>
| |
| *Romans {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|16:24}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.| authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger|title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament|url=|year=2001|isbn=3-438-06010-8|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|location= Stuttgart|page= 476}}</ref><ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], [[Barbara Aland]] and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 440. [NA26]</ref>
| |
| *1 Peter 5:3.<ref>NA26, p. 607.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.| authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger|title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament|url=|year=2001|isbn=3-438-06010-8|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|location= Stuttgart|page= 626}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ; Phrases not in Vaticanus but in later manuscripts include
| |
| *Matthew 5:44 – {{Unicode|εὐλογεῖτε τοὺς καταρωμένους ὑμᾶς, καλῶς ποιεῖτε τοῖς μισοῦσιν ὑμᾶς}} (''bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you'');<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, [[Carlo Maria Martini|C. M. Martini]], B. M. Metzger, and [[Allen Wikgren|A. Wikgren]], in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 16. [UBS3]</ref>
| |
| *Matthew 10:37b – {{Unicode|καὶ ὁ φιλῶν υἱὸν ἢ θυγατέρα ὑπὲρ ἐμὲ οὐκ ἔστιν μου ἄξιος}} (''and he who loves son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me'') as Codex Bezae;<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], [[Barbara Aland]] and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 26 [further NA26]</ref>
| |
| *Matthew 15:6 – {{Unicode|ἢ τὴν μητέρα (αὐτοῦ)}} (''or (his) mother'');<ref>NA26, p. 41.</ref>
| |
| *Matthew 20:23 – {{Unicode|καὶ τὸ βάπτισμα ὂ ἐγὼ βαπτίζομαι βαπτισθήσεσθε}} (''and be baptised with the baptism that I am baptised with''), as in codices Sinaiticus, [[Codex Bezae|D]], [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]], [[Codex Dublinensis|Z]], [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]], [[Uncial 085|085]], ''f''<sup>1</sup>, ''f''<sup>13</sup>, it, [[Syriac Sinaiticus|Syriac Sinaiticus (syr<sup>s</sup>)]], [[Curetonian Gospels|syr<sup>c</sup>]], cop<sup>sa</sup>.<ref>NA26, p. 56.</ref>
| |
| *Mark 10:7 – {{Unicode|καὶ προσκολληθήσεται πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ}} (''and be joined to his wife''), as in codices Sinaiticus, [[Codex Athous Lavrensis]], [[Minuscule 892|892]], [[Lectionary 48|'''ℓ''' ''48'']], [[Sinaitic Palimpsest|Sinaitic Palimpsest (syr<sup>s</sup>)]], Gothic [[Codex Argenteus]].<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Suttgart 1983), p. 164 [further UBS3]</ref>
| |
| *Mark 10:19 – {{Unicode|μη αποστερησης}} omitted (as in codices [[Codex Cyprius|K]], [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]], [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]], ''f''<sup>1</sup>, ''f''<sup>13</sup>, [[Minuscule 28|28]], [[Minuscule 700|700]], [[Minuscule 1010|1010]], 1079, 1242, 1546, 2148, [[Lectionary 10|'''ℓ''' ''10'']], '''ℓ''' ''950'', '''ℓ''' ''1642'', '''ℓ''' ''1761'', syr<sup>s</sup>, arm, geo) but added by a later corrector (B<sup>2</sup>).<ref>UBS3, p. 165.</ref>
| |
| *Luke 9:55–56 – {{Unicode|και ειπεν, Ουκ οιδατε ποιου πνευματος εστε υμεις; ο γαρ υιος του ανθρωπου ουκ ηλθεν ψυχας ανθρωπων απολεσαι αλλα σωσαι}} (''and He said: "You do not know what manner of spirit you are of; for the Son of man came not to destroy men's lives but to save them'') — omitted as in codices Sinaiticus, C, L, Θ, Ξ, 33, 700, 892, 1241, Old Syriac version (syr), cop<sup>bo</sup>;<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], Barbara Aland and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 190</ref>
| |
| *Luke 11:4 – {{Unicode|αλλα ρυσαι ημας απο του πονηρου}} (''but deliver us from evil'') omitted. Omission is supported by the manuscripts: [[Papyrus 75|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>75</sup>]], Sinaiticus, L, ''f''<sup>1</sup> 700 vg [[Sinaitic Palimpsest|syr<sup>s</sup>]] cop<sup>sa, bo</sup>, arm geo.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Suttgart 1983), p. 256 [UBS3]</ref>
| |
| *Luke 23:34 – "And Jesus said: Father forgive them, they know not what they do." This omission is supported by the manuscripts <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>75</sup>, Sinaiticus<sup>a</sup>, D*, [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]], Θ, [[Uncial 0124|0124]], [[Minuscule 1241|1241]], [[Codex Vercellensis|a]], d, syr<sup>s</sup>, cop<sup>sa</sup>, cop<sup>bo</sup>.<ref>{{cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.| authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger|title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament|url=|year=2001|isbn=3-438-06010-8|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|location= Stuttgart|page= 154}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Additions ===
| |
| :In [[Gospel of Matthew|Matt.]] 27:49 the Codex contains added text: ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἒνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὖδορ καὶ αἳμα (''and another took a spear, piercing His side, and out came water and blood''). This reading was derived from John 19:34 and occurs in other manuscripts of the [[Alexandrian text-type]] (א, C, L, [[Codex Tischendorfianus IV|Γ]], 1010, 1293, pc, vg<sup>mss</sup>).<ref>{{cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.| authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger | title = A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament | url=| year = 2001 | isbn = 3-438-06010-8 | publisher= [[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]] | location = Stuttgart | page = 113}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Description ==
| |
| [[File:Codex Vaticanus end or Luke.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ending of [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] and Beginning of [[Gospel of John|John]] on the same page]]
| |
| The manuscript is in [[quarto]] volume, arranged in [[Units of paper quantity#Quire|quires]] of five sheets or ten leaves each, similar to the [[Codex Marchalianus]] or [[Codex Rossanensis]]; but unlike the Codex Sinaiticus which has an arrangement of four or three sheets. The number of the quires is often found in the margin.<ref>{{cite book
| |
| | last = Scrivener
| |
| | first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
| |
| | authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
| |
| | coauthors = Edward Miller
| |
| | title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
| |
| | publisher = [[George Bell & Sons]]
| |
| | year = 1894
| |
| | location = London
| |
| | edition = 4
| |
| | volume = 1
| |
| | pages = 105–106
| |
| | url =
| |
| | isbn = }}</ref>
| |
| Originally it must have been composed of 830 parchment leaves, but it appears that 71 leaves have been lost.<ref name = Kenyon>[[Frederic G. Kenyon]], [http://www.katapi.org.uk/BibleMSS/Ch7.htm#B "Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts"] (4th ed.), London 1939.</ref> Currently, the Old Testament consists of 617 sheets and the New Testament of 142 sheets. The [[parchment]] is fine and thin. The actual size of the pages is {{×|27|27|cm}};<ref name = Aland/> although the original was bigger. The codex is written in three columns per page, with 40–44 lines per page, and 16–18 letters per line. In the poetical books of the Old Testament (OT) there are only two columns to a page. In [[Pentateuch]], Joshua, Judges, Ruth, and 1 Kings 1:1–19:11 there are 44 lines in a column; in 2 Chronicles 10:16–26:13 there are 40 lines in a column; and in the New Testament always 42.<ref name = Metzger/><ref>{{cite book
| |
| | last = Scrivener
| |
| | first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
| |
| | authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
| |
| | coauthors = Edward Miller
| |
| | title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
| |
| | publisher = [[George Bell & Sons]]
| |
| | location = London
| |
| | year = 1894
| |
| | edition = 4
| |
| | volume = 1
| |
| | pages = 106–107
| |
| | url =
| |
| | isbn = }}</ref>
| |
| The manuscript is one of the very few New Testament manuscripts to be written with three columns per page. The other two Greek codices written in that way are [[Codex Vaticanus 2061|Uncial 048]] and [[Uncial 053]]. Codex Vaticanus comprises a single quarto volume containing 759 thin and delicate [[vellum]] leaves.<ref name = Scrivener/>
| |
| | |
| The [[calligraphy|lettering]] in the Codex is small and neat, without ornamentation or capitals.<ref name = Gregory>{{Cite book
| |
| | last = Gregory
| |
| | first = Caspar René
| |
| | authorlink = Caspar René Gregory
| |
| | title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments
| |
| | publisher = J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung
| |
| | year = 1900
| |
| | location = Leipzig
| |
| | volume = 1
| |
| | page = 32
| |
| | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n45/mode/2up
| |
| | isbn = }}</ref>
| |
| The Greek is written continuously in small neat writing; all the letters are equidistant from each other; no word is separated from the other; each line appears to be one long word.<ref>John Leonard Hug, ''Writings of the New Testament'', translated by Daniel Guildford Wait (London 1827), pp. 262–263.</ref> Punctuation is rare (accents and breathings have been added by a later hand) except for some blank spaces, [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] on initial [[iota]]s and [[upsilon]]s, abbreviations of the ''[[nomina sacra]]'' and markings of [[Old Testament|OT]] citations. The OT citations were marked by an inverted ''comma'' (>), as was done in Alexandrinus. There are no enlarged initials; no stops or accents; no divisions into chapters or sections such as are found in later manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite book
| |
| | last = Gregory
| |
| | first = Caspar René
| |
| | authorlink = Caspar René Gregory
| |
| | title = Canon and Text of the New Testament
| |
| | publisher = Charles Scribner's sons
| |
| | year = 1907
| |
| | location = New York
| |
| | page = 343
| |
| | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/canontextofnewte00greg#page/342/mode/2up
| |
| | isbn = }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The text of the Gospels is not divided according to the Ammonian Sections with a references to the [[Eusebian Canons]], but divided into peculiar numbered sections: Matthew has 170, Mark 61, Luke 152, and John 80. This system is found only in two other manuscripts, in [[Codex Zacynthius]] and in codex [[Minuscule 579|579]].<ref name = Metzger>Bruce M. Metzger, ''Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Greek Palaeography'', New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 74.</ref> There are two system divisions in the Acts and the [[Catholic Epistles]] that differ from the [[Euthalian Apparatus]]. In the Acts these sections are 36 (the same system as [[Codex Sinaiticus]], [[Codex Amiatinus]], and [[Codex Fuldensis]]) and according to the other system 69 sections. [[Second Epistle of Peter|2 Peter]] has no numeration, leading to the conclusion that the system of divisions dates prior to the time the Epistle came to be commonly regarded as canonical.<ref>{{Cite book
| |
| | last = Gregory
| |
| | first = Caspar René
| |
| | authorlink = Caspar René Gregory
| |
| | title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments
| |
| | publisher = Hinrichs
| |
| | year = 1900
| |
| | location = Leipzig
| |
| | volume = 1
| |
| | pages = 33 ff
| |
| | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n45/mode/2up
| |
| | isbn =
| |
| }}</ref> The chapters in the Pauline epistles are numbered continuously as the Epistles were regarded as comprising one book.
| |
| | |
| === Text-type ===
| |
| In the Old Testament, the type of text varies, with a received text in Ezekiel and a rejected one in [[Isaiah|Book of Isaiah]].<ref name = Metzger/> In Judges, the text differs substantially from that of the majority of manuscripts, but agrees with the [[Old Latin]] and [[Coptic versions of the Bible|Sahidic version]] and [[Cyril of Alexandria]]. In Job, it has the additional 400 half-verses from [[Theodotion]], which are not in the Old Latin and Sahidic versions.<ref name = Metzger/> The text of the Old Testament was considered by critics, such as Hort and Cornill, to be substantially that which underlies Origen's [[Hexapla]] edition, completed by him at Caesarea and issued as an independent work (apart from the other versions with which Origen associated it) by [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]] and [[Pamphilus of Caesarea|Pamphilus]].<ref name = G.Kenyon83>[[Frederic G. Kenyon]], "Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament", London<sup>2</sup>, 1912, p. 83.</ref>
| |
| | |
| In the New Testament, the Greek text of the codex is a representative of the [[Alexandrian text-type]]. [[Kurt Aland|Aland]] placed it in [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts#Category I|Category I]].<ref name = Aland/> In the Gospels of Luke and John, it has been found to agree very closely with the text of Bodmer [[Papyrus 75|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>75</sup>]], which has been dated to the beginning of the 3rd century and hence is at least 100 years older than the Codex Vaticanus itself. This is purported to demonstrate (by recourse to a postulated earlier exemplar from which both P75 and B descend) that the Codex Vaticanus accurately reproduces an earlier text from these two biblical books reinforces the reputation the codex held amongst Biblical scholars. It also strongly suggests that it may have been copied in [[Egypt]].<ref>Calvin L. Porter, ''Papyrus Bodmer XV (P75) and the Text of Codex Vaticanus'', ''[[Journal of Biblical Literature|JBL]]'' 81 (1962), pp. 363–376.</ref> In the Pauline epistles there is a distinctly [[Western text-type|Western]] element.<ref name = Metzger/>
| |
| | |
| === Notable readings ===
| |
| : Judges 18:30 it reads υἱὸς Μανασση (''son of Manasse''), Alexandrinus reads υἱοῦ Μωυσῆ (''son of Mose'');<ref>''Septuaginta'', ed. A. Rahlfs, Stuttgart 1979, vol. 1, p. 480</ref>
| |
| : Ezra 10:22 (9:22 LXX) it reads [[Ocidelus|Ωκαιληδος]] (Alexandrinus – Ωκειδηλος) for Jozabad;<ref>''Septuaginta'', ed. A. Rahlfs, Stuttgart 1979, vol. 1, p. 900; see BHS<sup>4</sup>, p. 1429.</ref>
| |
| | |
| : Matthew 5:22 — it lacks the word εικη (''without cause''), a reading supported by [[Papyrus 67|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>67</sup>]], Sinaiticus, 2174, manuscripts of Vulgate, and Ethiopian version;<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], Barbara Aland and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 10 [NA26]</ref>
| |
| : Matthew 17:23 — τη τριημερα (''the third day'') for τη τριτη ημερα (''the third day''), it is singular reading;<ref>E. Miller, ''A Guide to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament'' (New Jersey, 1886), p. 58.</ref>
| |
| : Matthew 21:31 — ὁ ὕστερος (''the last'') for ὁ πρῶτος (''the first''), ὁ ἔσχατος (''the last''), or ὁ δεύτερος (''the second''); ὁ ὕστερος is a singular readings;<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' ([[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]: Stuttgart 2001), p. 45.</ref><ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], Barbara Aland and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 60 [NA26]</ref>
| |
| : Matthew 23:38 — word ερημος (''desert'') is omitted, as in manuscripts Codex Regius, [[Codex Corbeiensis II|Corbeiensis II]], Syriac Sinaiticus, cop<sup>sa, bo</sup>;<ref>NA26, p. 67.</ref>
| |
| : Luke 4:17 — it has textual variant καὶ ἀνοίξας τὸ βιβλίον (''and opened the book'') together with the manuscripts [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]], [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]], [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]], [[Codex Zacynthius|Ξ]], [[Minuscule 33|33]], [[Minuscule 892|892]], 1195, 1241, [[Lectionary 547|'''ℓ''' ''547'']], syr<sup>s, h, pal</sup>, cop<sup>sa, bo</sup>, against variant καὶ ἀναπτύξας τὸ βιβλίον (''and unrolled the book'') supported by א, D<sup>c</sup>, [[Codex Cyprius|K]], [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Δ]], [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]], [[Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament)|Π]], [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]], ''f''<sup>1</sup>, ''f''<sup>13</sup>, [[Minuscule 28|28]], [[Minuscule 565|565]], [[Minuscule 700|700]], 1009, 1010 and many other manuscripts.<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' ([[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]: Stuttgart 2001), p. 114.</ref><ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], Barbara Aland and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 164 [NA26]</ref>
| |
| : Luke 6:2 — οὐκ ἔξεστιν (''not lawful'') for οὐκ ἔξεστιν ποιεῖν (''not lawful to do''); the reading is supported only by [[Papyrus 4|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>4</sup>]], (Codex Bezae), [[Codex Nitriensis]], [[Minuscule 700|700]], lat, cop<sup>sa</sup>, cop<sup>bo</sup>, arm, geo;<ref>NA26, p. 170.</ref>
| |
| : Luke 10:42 — ολιγων δε χρεια εστιν η ενος (''few things are needfull, or only one'') for ενος δε εστιν χρεια (''one thing is needfull'');<ref>NA26, p. 194.</ref>
| |
| : John 12:28 — it contains the unique textual variant δοξασον μου το ονομα. This variant is not supported by any other manuscript. The majority of the manuscripts have in this place: δοξασον σου το ονομα; some manuscripts have: δοξασον σου τον υιον (L, [[Codex Monacensis|X]], ''f''<sup>1</sup>, ''f''<sup>13</sup>, [[Minuscule 33|33]], 1241, pc, vg, sy<sup>h mg</sup>, cop<sup>bo</sup>).<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft: Stuttgart 2001), p. 202.</ref>
| |
| : John 16:27 — it has πατρος (''the Father'') instead of θεου (''God'');<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], Barbara Aland and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 304 [NA26]</ref>
| |
| : Acts 27:16 — καυδα (name of island), this reading is supported only by [[Papyrus 74|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>74</sup>]], 1175, Old-Latin version, Vulgate, and [[Peshitta]].<ref>NA26, p. 403.</ref><ref group="n">For more textual variants of this verse see: [[Textual variants in the New Testament#Acts of the Apostles|Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles]].</ref>
| |
| : Romans 15:31 — δωροφορια for διακονια; the reading is supported by [[Codex Claromontanus|D]] and [[Codex Boernerianus|G<sup>gr</sup>]].<ref>UBS3, p. 573.</ref>
| |
| : Ephesians 2:1 — αμαρτιαις ] επιθυμιαις.<ref>NA26, s. 505.</ref>
| |
| : Hebrews 1:3 — it has singular readings φανερων τε τα παντα τω ρηματι της δυναμεως αυτου (''revealed the universe by his word of power''); all of the rest manuscripts have φερων τε τα παντα τω ρηματι της δυναμεως αυτου (''upholding the universe by his word of power'').<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], Barbara Aland and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 563 [NA26]</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Provenance ==
| |
| The provenance and early history of the codex is uncertain;<ref name = Aland/> [[Rome]] ([[Fenton John Anthony Hort|Hort]]), southern Italy, Alexandria ([[Frederic G. Kenyon|Kenyon]],<ref name = G.Kenyon>[[Frederic G. Kenyon]], "Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament", London<sup>2</sup>, 1912, p. 88.</ref> [[Francis Crawford Burkitt|Burkitt]]<ref>F. C. Burkitt, "Texts and Studies", p. VIII-IX.</ref>), and [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] ([[Theodore Cressy Skeat|T. C. Skeat]]) have been suggested as the origin. Hort's argument for Rome rests mainly on certain spellings of proper names, such as Ισακ and Ιστραηλ, which show a Western or Latin influence. A second argument is that the chapter division of Acts, similar to that of Sinaiticus and Vaticanus, is not found in any other Greek manuscript, but is present in several manuscripts of the Latin [[Vulgate]].<ref>Brook F. Westcott and Fenton J. A. Hort, ''Introduction to the New Testament in the Original Greek'' (New York: Harper & Bros., 1882; reprint, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1988), pp. 264–267.</ref> [[Armitage Robinson|Robinson]] counters the argument by suggesting that this system of chapter divisions was introduced into the Vulgate by [[Jerome]] himself, as a result of his studies at Caesarea.<ref>Robinson, ''Euthaliana'', pp. 42, 101.</ref> According to Hort, it was copied from a manuscript whose line length was 12–14 letters per line, because where the Codex Vaticanus's scribe made large omissions, they were typically 12–14 letters long.<ref>Brook F. Westcott and Fenton J. A. Hort, ''Introduction to the New Testament in the Original Greek'' (New York: Harper & Bros., 1882; reprint, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1988), pp. 233–234.</ref>
| |
| | |
| Kenyon suggested that the manuscript originated in Alexandria: "It is noteworthy that the section numeration of the Pauline Epistles in B shows that it was copied from a manuscript in which the Epistle to the Hebrews was placed between Galatians and Ephesians — an arrangement which elsewhere occurs only in the Sahidic version."<ref name = G.Kenyon84/> A connection with Egypt is also indicated, according to Kenyon, by the order of the Pauline epistles and by the fact that, as in the Codex Alexandrinus, the titles of some of the books contain letters of a distinctively Coptic character, particularly the Coptic [[Mu (letter)|mu]], used not only in titles but frequently at the ends of lines where space has to be economized.<ref name = G.Kenyon84>Frederic G. Kenyon, ''Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament'', London<sup>2</sup>, 1912, p. 84.</ref> According to Metzger, "the similarity of its text in significant portions of both Testaments with the Coptic versions and with Greek papyri, and the style of writing (notably the Coptic forms used in some of the titles) point rather to Egypt and Alexandria".<ref name = Metzger/>
| |
| | |
| It has been postulated that at one time the manuscript was in the possession of Cardinal [[Johannes Bessarion|Bessarion]] because the minuscule supplement has a text similar to one of Bessarion's manuscripts. According to [[Paul Canart]], the decorative initials added to the manuscript in the Middle Ages are reminiscent of Constantinopolitan decoration of the 10th century, but the poor execution gives the impression they were added in the 11th or 12th century, and likely not before the 12th century in light of the way they appear in connection with notes in a minuscule hand at the beginning of the book of Daniel.<ref>Paul Canart, "Notice paléographique et codicologique", in P. Andrist (ed.) ''Le manuscrit B de la Bible (Vaticanus graecus 1209)'', (Lausanne: Éditions du Zèbre, 2009), pp.26 & 32-38.</ref> [[Theodore Cressy Skeat|T. C. Skeat]], a [[paleography|paleographer]] at the [[British Museum]], first argued that Codex Vaticanus was among the [[Fifty Bibles of Constantine|50 Bibles]] that the Emperor [[Constantine I of the Roman Empire|Constantine I]] ordered [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] to produce.<ref>T. C. Skeat, "The Codex Sinaiticus, the Codex Vaticanus and Constantine", JTS 50 (1999), pp. 583–625.</ref> The similarity of the text with the papyri and Coptic version (including some letter formation), parallels with Athanasius' canon of 367 suggest an Egyptian or Alexandrian origin.
| |
| | |
| The manuscript is dated to the first half of the 4th century and is likely slightly older than [[Codex Sinaiticus]], which was also transcribed in the 4th century. One argument to support this, is that Sinaiticus already has the, at that time, very new Eusebian Canon tables, but Vaticanus does not. Another is the slightly more archaic style of Vaticanus, and the complete absence of ornamentation.<ref name=autogenerated1>F. G. Kenyon, [http://www.katapi.org.uk/BibleMSS/Ch7.htm "Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts (4th ed.)", London 1939.]</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Scribes and correctors ==
| |
| [[File:2IWANNOU-B.JPG|thumb|right|''2 Epistle of John'' in the codex]]
| |
| According to Tischendorf the manuscript was written by three scribes (A, B, C), two of whom appear to have written the Old Testament and one the entire New Testament.<ref>Constantin von Tischendorf, ''[[Editio octava critica maior]]'', ed. C. R. Gregory (Lipsiae 1884), p. 360.</ref> Tischendorf's view was accepted by [[Frederic G. Kenyon]], but contested by [[T. C. Skeat]], who examined the codex more thoroughly. Skeat and other paleographers contested Tischendorf's theory of a third (C) scribe, instead asserting that two scribes worked on the Old Testament (A and B) and one of them (B) wrote the New Testament.<ref name = Aland/> Scribe A wrote:
| |
| : Genesis – 1 Kings (pages 41–334)
| |
| : Psalms – Tobias (pages 625–944)
| |
| Scribe B wrote:
| |
| : 1 Kings – 2 Esdra (pages 335–624)
| |
| : Hosea – Daniel (pages 945–1234)
| |
| : New Testament.<ref name = Skeat>H.J.M. Milne & T.C. Skeat, "Scribes and Correctors" (British Museum: London 1938).</ref>
| |
| | |
| Two correctors worked on the manuscript, one (B<sup>2</sup>) contemporary with the scribes, the other (B<sup>3</sup>) in about the 10th or 11th century, although the theory of a first corrector, B<sup>1</sup>, proposed by Tischendorf was rejected by later scholars.<ref name = Aland/><ref name = Metzger/> According to Tischendorf, one of the scribes is identical to (and may have been) one of the scribes of the Codex Sinaiticus (scribe D),<ref>Constantin von Tischendorf, ''Editio octava critica maior'', ed. C. R. Gregory (Lipsiae 1884), pp. 346, 360.</ref><ref>Constantin von Tischendorf, ''Novum Testamentum Vaticanum. Post Angeli Maii Aloirumque Imperfectos Labores ex ipso Codice'' (Lipsiae 1867), pp. XXI-XXIII.</ref><ref>James Rendel Harris, [http://www.archive.org/stream/stichometry00harruoft#page/72/mode/2up ''Stichometry''] (London 1893), p. 73</ref> but there is insufficient evidence for his assertion.<ref name=autogenerated2>Frederic G. Kenyon, [http://www.katapi.org.uk/BibleMSS/Ch7.htm#B ''Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts'' (London 1939)].</ref> Skeat agreed that the writing style is very similar to that of Sinaiticus, but there is not enough evidence to accept identity of scribes; "the identity of the scribal tradition stands beyond dispute".<ref name = Skeat/>
| |
| | |
| The original writing was retraced by a later scribe (usually dated to the 10th or 11th century), and the beauty of the original script was spoiled.<ref name = Metzger/> Accents and breathing marks, as well as punctuation, have been added by a later hand.<ref name = Metzger/> There are no enlarged initials, no divisions into chapters or sections such as are found in later manuscripts, but a different system of division peculiar to this manuscript.<ref name = Kenyon/> There are plenty of the [[Iotacism|itacistic]] faults, especially the exchange of ει for ι and αι for ε. The exchange of ει and ο for ω is less frequent.<ref>C. R. Gregory, "Canon and Text of the New Testament" (1907), pp. 343–344.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/dittographies.html |title= Dittographies and other corrections |accessdate=2011-01-25 |author= Wieland Willker |work= Codex Vaticanus Graece 1209, B/03 |year=2008}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The manuscript contains unusual small horizontally aligned double dots (so called "[[Umlaut (diacritic)|distigmai]]," formerly called "umlauts") in the margin of the columns and are scattered throughout the New Testament.<ref group="n">[http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/umlauts.txt List of umlauts in the New Testament of the Codex Vaticanus]</ref> There are 795 of these to be clearly found in the text, and perhaps another 40 that are undetermined. The date of these markings are disputed among scholars and are discussed in a link below. Two such distigmai can be seen in the left margin of the first column (top image). Tischendorf reflected upon their meaning, but without any resolution.<ref name = NTVaticanumXXI>Constantin von Tischendorf, ''Novum Testamentum Vaticanum'', Leipzig 1867, p. XXI.</ref> He pointed on several places where these distigmai were used: at the ending of the Gospel of Mark, 1 Thess 2:14; 5:28; Heb 4:16; 8:1.<ref name = NTVaticanumXXI/> The meaning of these distigmai was recognized in 1995 by [[Philip Payne]]. Payne discovered the first distigme while studying the section 1 Cor 14.34–35 of the codex.<ref>Philip B. Payne and Paul Canart, ''The Text-Critical Function of the Umlauts in Vaticanus, with Special Attention to 1 Corinthians 14.34–35: A Response to J. Edward Miller'', [[Journal for the Study of the New Testament|JSNT]] 27 (2004), pp. 105–112.</ref> He suggested that distigmai indicate lines where another textual variant was known to the person who wrote the umlauts. Therefore, the distigmai mark places of textual uncertainty.<ref>Philip B. Payne and Paul Canart, ''The Originality of Text-Critical Symbols in Codex Vaticanus'', [[Novum Testamentum]] 42 (2000), pp. 105–113.</ref><ref>G. S. Dykes, ''Using the „Umlauts” of Codex Vaticanus to Dig Deeper'', 2006. See: [http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/umlauts.html Codex Vaticanus Graece. The Umlauts].</ref>
| |
| The same distigmai were observed in [[Codex Fuldensis]], especially in the section containing 1 Cor 14:34–35. The distigme of two codices indicate a variant of the Western manuscripts, which placed 1 Cor 14:34–35 after 1 Cor 14:40 (manuscripts: [[Codex Claromontanus|Claromontanus]], [[Codex Augiensis|Augiensis]], [[Codex Boernerianus|Boernerianus]], [[Minuscule 88|88]], it<sup>d, g</sup>, and some manuscripts of Vulgate).<ref>Philip B. Payne, ''Fuldensis, Sigla for Variants in Vaticanus and 1 Cor 14.34-5'', NTS 41 (1995) 251–262.</ref><ref>Curt Niccum, ''The voice of the MSS on the Silence of the Women: ...'', NTS 43 (1997), pp. 242–255.</ref>
| |
| | |
| On [[:File:Codex Vaticanus B, 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg|page 1512, next to Hebrews 1:3]], the text contains an interesting marginal note, ''"Fool and knave, leave the old reading and do not change it!" – "ἀμαθέστατε καὶ κακέ, ἄφες τὸν παλαιόν, μὴ μεταποίει"'' which may suggest that inaccurate copying, either intentional or unintentional, was a recognized problem in [[scriptorium]]s.<ref name=marginal_note>Codex Vaticanus Graece 1209, B/03, {{cite web | title = A critical note | url = http://www.user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/note1512.html | accessdate = 2008-02-12 | publisher = [http://www.user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/ Wieland Willker, University of Bremen]}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == In the Vatican Library ==
| |
| [[File:Rau, William Herman - n. 1999 - In The Great Hall, Vatican Library, Rome, Italy.jpg|thumb|right|The Great Hall, Vatican Library, photographed by [[William H. Rau]]]]
| |
| The manuscript is believed to have been housed in Caesarea in the 6th century, together with the [[Codex Sinaiticus]], as they have the same unique divisions of chapters in the Acts. It came to Italy – probably from Constantinople – after the [[Council of Florence]] (1438–1445).<ref>T. C. Skeat, ''The Codex Vaticanus in the 15th Century'', JTS 35 (1984), ss. 454–465); T. C. Skeat, ''The Codex Vaticanus in the 15th Century'', in: T. C. Skeat i J. K. Elliott, [http://books.google.pl/books?id=td_OLXo4RvkC&pg=3#PPA131,M1 ''The collected biblical writings of T. C. Skeat''], Brill 2004, p. 131.</ref>
| |
| | |
| The manuscript has been housed in the [[Vatican Library]] (founded by [[Pope Nicholas V]] in 1448) for as long as it has been known, appearing in the library's earliest catalog of 1475 (with shelf number 1209), and in the 1481 catalog. In a catalog from 1481 it was described as a "Biblia in tribus columnis ex memb." (Three-Column Vellum Bible)<ref name = Kenyon/>
| |
| | |
| === Collations ===
| |
| In the 16th century Western scholars became aware of the manuscript as a consequence of the correspondence between [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]] and the prefects of the Vatican Library, successively Paulus Bombasius, and [[Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda]]. In 1521, Bombasius was consulted by Erasmus as to whether the Codex Vaticanus contained the [[Comma Johanneum]], and Bombasius supplied a transcript of 1 John 4:1–3 and 1 John 5:7–11 to show that it did not. Sepúlveda in 1533 cross-checked all places where Erasmus's New Testament (the [[Textus Receptus]]) differed from the Vulgate, and supplied Erasmus with 365 readings where the Codex Vaticanus supported the latter, although the list of these 365 readings has been lost.<ref group="n">We know nothing about these 365 readings except one. Erasmus in his ''Adnotationes'' on Acts 27:16 wrote that according to the Codex from the Library Pontifici, the name of the island is καυδα (Cauda), not κλαυδα (Clauda) as in his ''[[Novum Instrumentum omne|Novum Testamentum]]'' (''Tamet si quidam admonent in codice Graeco pontificiae bibliothecae scriptum haberi, καυδα, id est, cauda''). See: Erasmus Desiderius, ''Erasmus’ Annotations on the New Testament: Acts – Romans – I and II Corinthians'', ed. A. Reeve and M. A. Sceech, (Brill: Leiden 1990), p. 931. [[Andrew Birch]] was the first, who identified this note with 365 readings of Sepulveda.</ref> Consequently, the Codex Vaticanus acquired the reputation of being an old Greek manuscript that agreed with the Vulgate rather than with the Textus Receptus. Not until much later would scholars realise it conformed to a text that differed from both the Vulgate and the Textus Receptus – a text that could also be found in other known early Greek manuscripts, such as the [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|Codex Regius]] (L), housed in the French Royal Library (now [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]).<ref name = Tregelles108>[[Samuel Prideaux Tregelles|S. P. Tregelles]], ''An Introduction to the Critical study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures'', London 1856, p. 108.</ref>
| |
| | |
| In 1669 a collation was made by [[Giulio Bartolocci]], librarian of the Vatican, which was not published, and never used until [[Johann Martin Augustin Scholz|Scholz]] in 1819 found a copy of it in the Royal Library at Paris. This collation was imperfect and revised in 1862.<ref name = G.Kenyon78>[[Frederic G. Kenyon]], "Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament", London<sup>2</sup>, 1912, p. 78.</ref> Another collation was made in 1720 for [[Richard Bentley|Bentley]] by Mico, revised by Rulotta, although not published until 1799.<ref name = G.Kenyon78/> Bentley was stirred by [[John Mill (theologian)|Mill's]] claim of 30,000 variants in the New Testament and he wanted to reconstruct the text of the New Testament in its early form. He felt that among the manuscripts of the New Testament, Codex Alexandrinus was "the oldest and best in the world".<ref>R.C. Jebb, ''Richard Bentley'' (New York 1966), p. 487.</ref> Bentley understood the necessity to use manuscripts if he were to reconstruct an older form than that apparent in Codex Alexandrinus. He assumed, that by supplementing this manuscript with readings from other Greek manuscripts, and from the Latin Vulgate, he could triangulate back to the single recension which he presumed existed at the time of the [[First Council of Nicaea]]. Therefore he required a collation from Vaticanus. Unfortunately, the text of the collation was irreconcilable with Codex Alexandrinus and he abandoned the project.<ref>William L. Petersen, ''What Text can New Yestament Textual Criticism Ultimately Reach'', in: B. Aland & J. Delobel (eds.) ''New Testament Textual Criticism, Exegesis and Church History'' (Pharos: Kampen, 1994), p. 137.</ref>
| |
| | |
| A further collation was made by [[Andrew Birch]], who in 1798 in Copenhagen edited some textual variants of the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles,<ref>Andreas Birch, ''Variae Lectiones ad Textum Actorum Apostolorum, Epistolarum Catholicarum et Pauli'' (Copenhagen 1798).</ref> in 1800 for the Book of Revelation,<ref>Andreas Birch, ''Variae lectiones ad Apocalypsin'' (Copenhagen 1800).</ref> in 1801 for the Gospels.<ref>Andreas Birch, ''Variae Lectiones ad Textum IV Evangeliorum'' (Copenhagen 1801).</ref> They were incomplete and included together with the textual variants from the other manuscripts.<ref name = G.Kenyon/> Many of them were false. Andrew Birch reproached [[John Mill (theologian)|Mill]] and Wettstein, that they ''falso citatur Vaticanus'' (cite Vaticanus incorrectly), and gave as an example Luke 2:38 – Ισραηλ instead of Ιερουσαλημ.<ref>Andreas Birch, ''Variae Lectiones ad Textum IV Evangeliorum'' (Copenhagen 1801), p. XXVII.</ref> The reading Ισραηλ could be found in the codex [[Minuscule 130|130]], housed at the Vatican Library, under shelf number Vat. gr. 359.<ref>UBS3, p. 210.</ref>
| |
| | |
| Before the 19th century, no scholar was allowed to study or edit the Codex Vaticanus, and scholars did not ascribe any value to it; in fact it was suspected to have been interpolated by the Latin textual tradition.<ref name = Martini>[[Carlo Maria Martini]], [http://books.google.pl/books?id=5pZyQmwXhdsC&pg=PA155&lpg ''La Parola di Dio Alle Origini della Chiesa''], (Rome: Bibl. Inst. Pr. 1980), p. 287.</ref> [[John Mill (theologian)|John Mill]] wrote in his ''Prolegomena'' (1707): "in Occidentalium gratiam a Latino scriba exaratum" (''written by a Latin scribe for the western world''). He did not believe there was value to having a collation for the manuscript.<ref name = Martini/> [[Johann Jakob Wettstein|Wettstein]] would have liked to know the readings of the codex, but not because he thought that they could have been of any help to him for difficult textual decisions. According to him, this codex had no authority whatsoever (''sed ut vel hoc constaret, Codicem nullus esse auctoris'').<ref>Johann Jakob Wettstein, ''Novum Testamentum Graecum'', Tomus I (Ex Officina Dommeriana: Amstelodami, 1751), p. 24.</ref> In 1751 Wettstein produced the first list of the New Testament manuscripts, Codex Vaticanus received symbol B (because of its age) and took second position on this list (Alexandrinus received A, Ephraemi – C, Bezae – D, etc.)<ref>Johann Jakob Wettstein, ''Novum Testamentum Graecum'', Tomus I (Amstelodami, 1751), p. 22.</ref> until the discovery of Codex Sinaiticus (designated by ℵ).<ref>Constantin von Tischendorf, ''Novum Testamentum Graece: Editio Octava Critica Maior'' (Leipzig: 1869), p. 345.</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[Johann Jakob Griesbach|Griesbach]] produced a list of nine manuscripts which were to be assigned to the Alexandrian text: [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]], [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]], [[Codex Cyprius|K]], [[Codex Basilensis A. N. IV. 2|1]], [[Minuscule 13|13]], [[Minuscule 33|33]], [[Minuscule 69|69]], [[Minuscule 106|106]], and [[Minuscule 118|118]].<ref>J. J. Griesbach, ''Novum Testamentum Graecum'', vol. I (Halle, 1777), prolegomena.</ref> Codex Vaticanus was not in this list. In the second (1796) edition of his Greek NT, Griesbach added Codex Vaticanus as a witness to the Alexandrian text in Mark, Luke, and John. He still believed the first half of Matthew represented the Western text-type.<ref>J. J. Griesbach, ''Novum Testamentum Graecum'', 2 editio (Halae, 1796), prolegomena, p. LXXXI. See [http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&id=BLk9AAAAIAAJ&dq=graece&printsec=frontcover&source#PPR76,M1 Edition from 1809 (London)]</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Editions of text of the codex ===
| |
| [[File:Tischendorf - stehend.jpg|thumb|right|In 1843 Tischendorf was permitted to make a facsimile of a few verses.]]
| |
| In 1809 [[Napoleon]] brought the manuscript as a victory trophy to [[Paris]], but in 1815 it was returned to the [[Vatican Library]]. During that time, in Paris, German scholar [[Johann Leonhard Hug]] (1765–1846) saw it. Hug examined it, together with other worthy treasures of the Vatican, but he did not perceive the need of a new and full collation.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hug | first = J. L. | title = De antiquitate Codicis Vaticani commentatio | publisher = | year = 1810 | place = Freiburg: Herder | pages = | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/deantiquitateco00huggoog#page/n4/mode/2up| accessdate = 2010-12-08 |language=la}}</ref><ref>John Leonard Hug, ''Writings of the New Testament'', translated by Daniel Guildford Wait (London 1827), p. 165.</ref>
| |
| | |
| Cardinal [[Angelo Mai]] prepared the first typographical facsimile edition between 1828 and 1838, which did not appear until 1857, three years after his death, and which was considered unsatisfactory.<ref name = Nestle>[[Eberhard Nestle]] and William Edie, "Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the Greek New Testament", London, Edinburgh, Oxford, New York, 1901, p. 60.</ref> It was issued in 5 volumes (1–4 volumes for the Old Testament, 5 volume for the New Testament). All lacunae of the Codex were supplemented. Lacunae in the Acts and Pauline epistles were supplemented from the codex [[Minuscule 625|Vaticanus 1761]], the whole text of Revelation from [[Uncial 046|Vaticanus 2066]], text of Mark 16:8–20 from [[Minuscule 151|Vaticanus Palatinus 220]]. Verses not included by codex as [[Matthew 12:47]]; Mark 15:28; Luke 22:43–44; 23:17.34; John 5:3.4; 7:53–8:11; 1 Peter 5:3; 1 John 5:7 were supplemented from popular Greek printed editions.<ref>Constantin von Tischendorf, ''[[Editio Octava Critica Maior]]'' (Lipsiae, 1884), vol. III, p. 364.</ref> The number of errors was extraordinarily high, and also no attention was paid to distinguish readings of the first hand versus correctors. There was no detailed examination of the manuscript's characteristics. As a consequence, this edition was deemed inadequate for critical purposes.<ref name = Elliott>J. K. Elliott, ''A Bibliography of Greek New Testament Manuscripts'' (Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 34.</ref> An improved edition was published in 1859, which became the source of Bultmann's 1860 NT.<ref name = Kenyon/>
| |
| | |
| In 1843 [[Constantin von Tischendorf|Tischendorf]] was permitted to make a facsimile of a few verses,<ref group="n">Besides the twenty-five readings Tischendorf observed himself, [[Angelo Mai|Cardinal Mai]] supplied him with thirty-four more his NT of 1849. His seventh edition of the text of New Testament (1859) was enriched by 230 other readings furnished by Albert Dressel in 1855. (F. H. A. Scrivener, ''[[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]'' (London 1894), vol. 1, p. 111).</ref> in 1844 [[Eduard de Muralt]] saw it,<ref>E. de Muralt, ''Novum Testamentum Graecum ad fidem codicis principis vaticani'', Hamburg 1848, p. XXXV.</ref> and in 1845 [[Samuel Prideaux Tregelles|S. P. Tregelles]] was allowed to observe several points which Muralt had overlooked. He often saw the Codex, but "it was under such restrictions that it was impossible to do more than examine particular readings."<ref>S. P. Tregelles, ''An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament'', London 1856, p. 162).</ref>
| |
| <blockquote>
| |
| "They would not let me open it without searching my pockets, and depriving me of pen, ink, and paper; and at the same time two prelati kept me in constant conversation in Latin, and if I looked at a passage too long, they would snatch the book out of my hand".<ref>S. P. Tregelles, [http://books.google.pl/books?id=wKECAAAAQAAJ&pg=pl#PPA84,M1 "A Lecture on the Historic Evidence of the Authorship and Transmission of the Books of the New Testament"], London 1852, pp. 83–85.</ref>
| |
| </blockquote>
| |
| Tregelles left Rome after five months without accomplishing his object. During a large part of the 19th century, the authorities of the Vatican Library obstructed scholars who wished to study the codex in detail. [[Henry Alford]] in 1849 wrote: “It has never been published in facsimile (!) nor even thoroughly collated (!!).”<ref>H. Alford, ''The Greek Testament. The Four Gospels'', London 1849, p. 76.</ref> Scrivener in 1861 commented:
| |
| <blockquote>
| |
| [[File:Angelo Mai.JPG|left|thumb|Angelo Mai prepared first facsimile edition of the New Testament text of the codex (published posthumoustly)]]
| |
| "Codex Vaticanus 1209 is probably the oldest large vellum manuscript in existence, and is the glory of the great Vatican Library in Rome. To these legitimate sources of deep interest must be added the almost romantic curiosity which has been excited by the jealous watchfulness of its official guardians, with whom an honest zeal for its safe preservation seems to have now degenerated into a species of capricious wilfulness, and who have shewn a strange incapacity for making themselves the proper use of a treasure they scarcely permit others more than to gaze upon".<ref>{{Cite book
| |
| | last = Scrivener
| |
| | first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
| |
| | authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
| |
| | title = A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament
| |
| | publisher = Deighton, Bell, & Co.
| |
| | year = 1861
| |
| | location = Cambridge
| |
| | edition = 1
| |
| | volume = 1
| |
| | page = 95
| |
| | url = http://books.google.pl/books?id=6pOl5kos2O0C&pg=PA347&lpg=PA347&dq=pl#PPA85,M1
| |
| | isbn = }}</ref> It (...) "is so jealously guarded by the Papal authorities that ordinary visitors see nothing of it but the red morocco binding".<ref name = Scrivener/>
| |
| </blockquote>
| |
| | |
| Thomas Law Montefiore (1862):
| |
| <blockquote>
| |
| "The history of the Codex Vaticanus B, No. 1209, is the history in miniature of Romish jealousy and exclusiveness.” <ref>T.L. Montefiore, ''Catechesis Evangelica; bring Questions and Answers based on the “Textus Receptus”'', (London, 1862), p. 272.</ref>
| |
| </blockquote>
| |
| [[John William Burgon|Burgon]] was permitted to examine the codex for an hour and a half in 1860, consulting 16 different passages.<ref>{{Cite book
| |
| | last = Scrivener
| |
| | first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
| |
| | authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
| |
| | coauthors = Edward Miller
| |
| | title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
| |
| | publisher = [[George Bell & Sons]]
| |
| | year = 1894
| |
| | location = London
| |
| | edition = 4
| |
| | volume = 1
| |
| | page = 114
| |
| | url =
| |
| | isbn = }}</ref> Burgon was a defender of the [[Byzantine text-type|Traditional Text]] and for him Codex Vaticanus, as well as codices Sinaiticus and Codex Bezae, were the most corrupt documents extant. He felt that each of these three codices "clearly exhibits a fabricated text – is the result of arbitrary and reckless recension."<ref>D. Burgon, ''Revision Revised'', p. 9.</ref> The two most widely respected of these three codices, א and B, he likens to the "two false witnesses" of Matthew 26:60.<ref>D. Burgon, ''Revised Revision'', p. 48.</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[File:Codex Vaticanus Matthew 1,22-2,18.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Vaticanus in facsimile edition (1868), page with text of Matthew 1:22–2:18]]
| |
| In 1861, Henry Alford collated and verified doubtful passages (in several imperfect collations), which he published in facsimile editions complete with errors. Until he began his work he met unexpected hindrances: He received a special order from Cardinal Antonelli "per verificare", to verify passages, but this license was interpreted by the librarian to mean that he was to see the book, but not to use it. In 1862, secretary of Alford, Mr. Cure, continued Alford's work.<ref>H. Alford, ''Life by my Widow'', pp. 310, 315.</ref> For some reason which does not clearly appear, the authorities of the Vatican Library put continual obstacles in the way of all who wished to study it in detail.<ref name = Kenyon/><ref group = "n">It should be noted that the Vatican Library was opened for three hours a day. See F. H. A. Scrivener, ''Six Lectures on the Text of the New Testament and the Ancient Manuscripts'' (Cambridge, 1875), p. 27.</ref> In 1867 Tischendorf published the text of the New Testament of the codex on the basis of Mai's edition.<ref>Constantin von Tischendorf, [http://www.archive.org/stream/novumtestamentum00tisc#page/n3/mode/2up ''Novum Testamentum Vaticanum. Post Angeli Maii Aloirumque Imperfectos Labores ex ipso Codice''] (Lipsiae 1867).</ref> It was the "most perfect edition of the manuscript which had yet appeared".<ref name = Kenyon/>
| |
| | |
| In 1868–1881 [[Carlo Vercellone|C. Vercellone]], [[Giuseppe Cozza-Luzi]], and G. Sergio published an edition of the entire codex in 6 volumes (New Testament in volume V; Prolegomena in volume VI). A typographical facsimile appeared between 1868 and 1872.<ref name = Elliott/> In 1889–1890 a photographic facsimile of the entire manuscript was made and published by Cozza-Luzi, in three volumes.<ref name = Nestle/> Another facsimile of the New Testament text was published in 1904–1907 in Milan.<ref>''Bibliorum Scriptorum Graecorum Codex Vaticanus 1209'' (Milan, 1904–1907).</ref> As a result the Codex became widely available.<ref name = Transmission68>[[Bruce M. Metzger]], [[Bart D. Ehrman]], "The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration", ''[[Oxford University Press]]'' (New York – Oxford, 2005), p. 68.</ref>
| |
| | |
| In 1999, the Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca della Stato in Rome (the Italian State Printing House and Mint) published a limited edition, full-color, exact scale facsimile of Codex Vaticanus. The facsimile reproduces the very form of the pages of the original manuscript, complete with the distinctive individual shape of each page, including holes in the vellum. It has an additional ''Prolegomena'' volume with gold and silver impressions of 74 pages.<ref>[http://library.bethel.edu/about/friends/codex The "Uncrating" of Codex Vaticanus: the Facsimile] at the Bethel University. It weighs in at {{convert|14.4|kg|0|abbr=in}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.linguistsoftware.com/codexvat.htm Codex Vaticanus B Greek Old & New Testaments Magnificent Color Facsimile], Roma: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1999.</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Importance ==
| |
| Codex Vaticanus is one of the most important manuscripts for the text of the [[Septuagint]] and Greek [[New Testament]], it is a leading example of the [[Alexandrian text-type]]. It was used by [[Brooke Foss Westcott|Westcott]] and [[Fenton John Anthony Hort|Hort]] in their edition, ''[[The New Testament in the Original Greek]]'' (1881), and it was the basis for their text.<ref>[[Brooke Foss Westcott]], [[Fenton John Anthony Hort]], ''The New Testament in the original Greek: Introduction, appendix'', p. 34.</ref> All critical editions of the New Testament published after Westcott and Hort were closer in the Gospels to the Codex Vaticanus text than to the Sinaiticus, with only the exception of [[Hermann von Soden]]'s editions which are closer to Sinaiticus. All editions of Nestle-Aland remain close in textual character to the text of Westcott-Hort, which means Vaticanus was the basis for the translation.<ref name = Aland26>K. Aland & B. Aland, ''Text of the New Testament'', pp. 26–30.</ref>
| |
| | |
| According to the commonly accepted opinion of the textual critics, it is the most important witness of the text of the Gospels, in the Acts and Catholic epistles, with a stature equal to Codex Sinaiticus,<ref>W. L. Richards, ''The Classification of the Greek Manuscripts of the Johannine Epistles,'' SBL Dissertation Series, 1977, p. 141.</ref> although in the Pauline epistles it includes Western readings and the value of the text is somewhat less than the Codex Sinaiticus.{{r|Waltz|Metzger}} Unfortunately the manuscript is not complete. Aland notes: "B is by far the most significant of the uncials".{{r|Aland}}
| |
| | |
| == See also ==
| |
| * [[List of New Testament uncials]]
| |
| * [[Biblical manuscript]]
| |
| * [[Textual criticism]]
| |
| * [[Minuscule 2427]]
| |
| * [[Differences between codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus]]
| |
| * [[Fifty Bibles of Constantine]]
| |
| | |
| == Notes ==
| |
| {{Reflist|group="n"}}
| |
| | |
| == References ==
| |
| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
| |
| {{refbegin}}
| |
| {{refend}}
| |
| | |
| == Further reading ==
| |
| | |
| === Facsimile editions of the codex ===
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Tischendorf
| |
| | first = Constantin von
| |
| | authorlink = Constantin von Tischendorf
| |
| | title = Novum Testamentum Vaticanum
| |
| | publisher = [[Giesecke & Devrient]]
| |
| | place = Lipsiae
| |
| | series =
| |
| | year = 1867
| |
| | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/novumtestamentum00tisc#page/n3/mode/2up
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Vercellonis
| |
| | first = Carlo & [[Giuseppe Cozza-Luzi]]
| |
| | authorlink =
| |
| | title = Bibliorum Sacrorum Graecus Codex Vaticanus
| |
| | publisher =
| |
| | place = Roma
| |
| | series =
| |
| | year = 1868
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last =
| |
| | first =
| |
| | authorlink =
| |
| | title = Bibliorum Scriptorum Graecorum Codex Vaticanus 1209
| |
| | publisher =
| |
| | place = Milan
| |
| | series =
| |
| | year = 1904–1907
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last =
| |
| | first =
| |
| | authorlink =
| |
| | title = Bibliorum Sacrorum Graecorum Codex Vaticanus B
| |
| | publisher = Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato
| |
| | place = Roma
| |
| | series =
| |
| | year = 1999
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| | |
| === Textual character of the codex ===
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Hoskier
| |
| | first = Herman C.
| |
| | authorlink = Herman C. Hoskier
| |
| | title = Codex B and Its Allies, a Study and an Indictment
| |
| | publisher = London, 1–2 volumes
| |
| | series =
| |
| | year = 1914
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Kubo
| |
| | first = S.
| |
| | authorlink =
| |
| | title = P<sup>72</sup> and the Codex Vaticanus
| |
| | publisher = Salt Lake City
| |
| | series = ''S & D'' XXVII
| |
| | year = 1965
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Martini
| |
| | first = C. M.
| |
| | authorlink =
| |
| | title = Il problema della recensionalità del Codice B alla luce del papiro Bodmer XIV (P<sup>75</sup>)
| |
| | publisher = Roma
| |
| | series = ''Analecta biblica''
| |
| | year = 1966
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Voelz
| |
| | first = James W.
| |
| | authorlink =
| |
| | title = The Greek of Codex Vaticanus in the Second Gospel and Marcan Greek
| |
| | publisher =
| |
| | series = ''Novum Testamentum'' 47, 3, pp. 209–249
| |
| | year = 2005
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| | |
| === "Umlauts" ===
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Miller
| |
| | first = J. Edward
| |
| | authorlink =
| |
| | title = Some Observations on the Text-Critical Function of the Umlauts in Vaticanus, with Special Attention to 1. Corinthians 14.34–35
| |
| | publisher =
| |
| | series = JSNT 26, pp. 217–236 [Miller disagrees with Payne on several points. He notes and uses this website.]
| |
| | year = 2003
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Payne
| |
| | first = Philip B. and Paul Canart
| |
| | authorlink =
| |
| | title = The Originality of Text-Critical Symbols in Codex Vaticanus
| |
| | publisher =
| |
| | series = Novum Testamentum Vol. 42, Fasc. 2, pp. 105–113
| |
| | year = 2000
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | url = http://www.linguistsoftware.com/Payne2000NovT-Vaticanus_umlauts_1Cor14_34-35.pdf
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Payne
| |
| | first = Philip B. and Paul Canart
| |
| | authorlink =
| |
| | title = The Text-Critical Function of the Umlauts in Vaticanus, with Special Attention to 1 Corinthians 14.34–35: A Response to J. Edward Miller
| |
| | publisher =
| |
| | series = ''JSNT'' 27, pp. 105–112 [The combination of a bar plus umlaut has a special meaning]
| |
| | year = 2004
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Amphoux
| |
| | first = Christian–B.
| |
| | authorlink =
| |
| | title = Codex Vaticanus B: Les points diacritiques des marges de Marc
| |
| | publisher =
| |
| | series = ''Journal of Theological Studies'' vol. 58 (2007), pp. 440–466
| |
| | year = 2007
| |
| | url = http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/Amphoux.pdf
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| | |
| === Other ===
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Streeter
| |
| | first = Burnett Hillman
| |
| | authorlink = Burnett Hillman Streeter
| |
| | title = The Four Gospels. A Study of Origins the Manuscripts Tradition, Sources, Authorship & Dates
| |
| | publisher = MacMillan and Co Limited
| |
| | place = Oxford
| |
| | series =
| |
| | year = 1924
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Metzger
| |
| | first = Bruce M.
| |
| | authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger
| |
| | title = Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Greek Palaeography
| |
| | publisher = Oxford University Press
| |
| | place = New York – Oxford
| |
| | series =
| |
| | year = 1991
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Sagi
| |
| | first = Janko
| |
| | authorlink =
| |
| | title = Problema historiae codicis B
| |
| | publisher = Divius Thomas
| |
| | series =
| |
| | year = 1872
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| | |
| For more bibliographies see: J. K. Elliott, ''A Bibliography of Greek New Testament Manuscripts'' (Cambridge University Press: 1989), pp. 34–36.
| |
| | |
| == External links ==
| |
| | |
| === Typographical facsimile (1868) ===
| |
| * [http://www.csntm.org/Manuscript/View/GA_03 Center for the Study of NT Manuscripts. Codex Vaticanus]
| |
| | |
| === Documenta Catholica Omnia ===
| |
| {{Commons category|Codex Vaticanus}}
| |
| * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/1001/1005/local_general_index.html Recensio Codice Vaticano] – Documenta Catholica Omnia (2006)
| |
| * [http://archive.org/details/OldTestamentGreeklxxTextCodexVaticanus Old Testament Greek (LXX) Text Codex Vaticanus]. Cambridge University Press 8vols, Brooke McLean 1906-1935.
| |
| | |
| === Articles ===
| |
| *{{cite web |url=http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uB |title=An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism |chapter = Codex Vaticanus|accessdate=2010-12-25 |author=Waltz, Robert |work=A Site Inspired By: The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism|year=2003}}
| |
| * [http://www.user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/index.html Universität Bremen] Detailed description of "Codex Vaticanus" with many images and discussion of the "umlauts".
| |
| * [http://www.efg-hohenstaufenstr.de/downloads/texte/codex_vaticanus.html Der "Codex Vaticanus" – ("B")] EFG Berlin Hohenstaufenstr (2006) {{de icon}}
| |
| | |
| {{good article}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Illuminated biblical manuscripts]]
| |
| [[Category:Greek New Testament uncials|Vaticanus]]
| |
| [[Category:Manuscripts of the Vatican Library]]
| |
| [[Category:4th-century biblical manuscripts]]
| |
| [[Category:Septuagint manuscripts]]
| |
| [[Category:Great uncial codices]]
| |
| | |
| {{Link FA|pl}}
| |
| {{Link GA|ru}}
| |