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[[Image:triangle-td and fd.png|thumb|400px|A bandlimited triangle wave pictured in the time domain (top) and frequency domain (bottom). The fundamental is at 220 Hz (A3).]]
{{Listen|filename=220 Hz anti-aliased triangle wave.ogg|title=Triangle wave sound sample|description=5 seconds of triangle wave at 220 Hz|format=[[Ogg]]}}
 
A '''triangle wave''' is a [[non-sinusoidal waveform]] named for its [[Triangle|triangular]] shape. It is a [[periodic function|periodic]], [[piecewise linear function|piecewise linear]], [[continuous function|continuous]] [[function of a real variable|real function]].
 
Like a [[square wave]], the triangle wave contains only odd [[harmonic]]s, due to its [[Even and odd functions|odd symmetry]]. However, the higher harmonics [[roll-off|roll off]] much faster than in a square wave (proportional to the inverse square of the harmonic number as opposed to just the inverse).
 
==Harmonics==
[[Image:Synthesis triangle.gif|thumb|350px|right|Animation of the additive synthesis of a triangle wave with an increasing number of harmonics. See [[Fourier_Transform | Fourier Analysis]] for a mathematical description. ]]
 
It is possible to approximate a triangle wave with [[additive synthesis]] by adding odd harmonics of the fundamental, multiplying every (4n−1)th harmonic by −1 (or changing its phase by π), and rolling off the harmonics by the inverse square of their relative frequency to the [[Fundamental frequency|fundamental]].
 
This infinite [[Fourier series]] converges to the triangle wave:
 
:<math>
\begin{align}
x_\mathrm{triangle}(t) & {} = \frac {8}{\pi^2} \sum_{k=0}^\infty (-1)^k \, \frac{ \sin \left( (2k+1) t \right)}{(2k+1)^2} \\
& {} = \frac{8}{\pi^2} \left( \sin ( t)-{1 \over 9} \sin (3 t)+{1 \over 25} \sin (5 t) - \cdots \right)
\end{align}
</math>
 
==Definitions==
[[Image:Waveforms.svg|thumb|400px|[[sine wave|Sine]], [[square wave|square]], triangle, and [[sawtooth wave|sawtooth]] waveforms]]
 
Another definition of the triangle wave, with range from -1 to 1 and period 2''a'' is:
 
:<math> x(t)=\frac{2}{a} \left (t-a \left \lfloor\frac{t}{a}+\frac{1}{2} \right \rfloor \right )(-1)^\left \lfloor\frac{t}{a}+\frac{1}{2} \right \rfloor</math>
:where the symbol <math>\scriptstyle \lfloor n \rfloor</math> represent the [[Floor and ceiling functions|floor function]] of ''n''.
 
Also, the triangle wave can be the absolute value of the [[sawtooth wave]]:<br>
 
:<math> x(t)= \left | 2 \left ( {t \over a} - \left \lfloor {t \over a} + {1 \over 2} \right \rfloor \right) \right | </math>
 
or, for a range from -1 to +1:
 
:<math> x(t)= 2 \left | 2 \left ( {t \over a} - \left \lfloor {t \over a} + {1 \over 2} \right \rfloor \right) \right | - 1 </math>
 
The triangle wave can also be expressed as the integral of the square wave:
 
:<math>\int\sgn(\sin(x))\,dx\,</math>
 
A simple equation with a period of 4, with <math>y(0) = 1</math>.
As this only uses the [[modulo operation]] and [[absolute value]], this can be used to simply implement a triangle wave on hardware electronics with less CPU power:
 
:<math>y(x) = |x\,\bmod\,4 - 2|-1</math>
 
or, a more complex and complete version of the above equation with a period of 2π and starting with <math>y(0) = 0</math>:
 
:<math>y(x) = \left|4\left(\left(\frac{x}{2\pi} - 0.25\right)\,\bmod\,1\right) - 2\right|-1</math>
 
In terms of sine and arcsine with period ''p'' and amplitude ''a'':
 
:<math>y(x) = \frac{2a}{\pi}\arcsin\left(\sin\left(\frac{2\pi}{p}x\right)\right)</math>
 
==See also==
* [[List of periodic functions]]
* [[Triangle function]]
* [[Wave]]s
* [[Sound]]
* [[Zigzag]]
 
==References==
*{{MathWorld|urlname=FourierSeriesTriangleWave|title=Fourier Series - Triangle Wave}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Triangle Wave}}
[[Category:Fourier series]]
[[Category:Waveforms]]

Latest revision as of 11:34, 26 December 2013

A bandlimited triangle wave pictured in the time domain (top) and frequency domain (bottom). The fundamental is at 220 Hz (A3).

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A triangle wave is a non-sinusoidal waveform named for its triangular shape. It is a periodic, piecewise linear, continuous real function.

Like a square wave, the triangle wave contains only odd harmonics, due to its odd symmetry. However, the higher harmonics roll off much faster than in a square wave (proportional to the inverse square of the harmonic number as opposed to just the inverse).

Harmonics

Animation of the additive synthesis of a triangle wave with an increasing number of harmonics. See Fourier Analysis for a mathematical description.

It is possible to approximate a triangle wave with additive synthesis by adding odd harmonics of the fundamental, multiplying every (4n−1)th harmonic by −1 (or changing its phase by π), and rolling off the harmonics by the inverse square of their relative frequency to the fundamental.

This infinite Fourier series converges to the triangle wave:

xtriangle(t)=8π2k=0(1)ksin((2k+1)t)(2k+1)2=8π2(sin(t)19sin(3t)+125sin(5t))

Definitions

Sine, square, triangle, and sawtooth waveforms

Another definition of the triangle wave, with range from -1 to 1 and period 2a is:

x(t)=2a(tata+12)(1)ta+12
where the symbol n represent the floor function of n.

Also, the triangle wave can be the absolute value of the sawtooth wave:

x(t)=|2(tata+12)|

or, for a range from -1 to +1:

x(t)=2|2(tata+12)|1

The triangle wave can also be expressed as the integral of the square wave:

sgn(sin(x))dx

A simple equation with a period of 4, with y(0)=1. As this only uses the modulo operation and absolute value, this can be used to simply implement a triangle wave on hardware electronics with less CPU power:

y(x)=|xmod42|1

or, a more complex and complete version of the above equation with a period of 2π and starting with y(0)=0:

y(x)=|4((x2π0.25)mod1)2|1

In terms of sine and arcsine with period p and amplitude a:

y(x)=2aπarcsin(sin(2πpx))

See also

References



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