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In [[mathematics]], the '''Crofton formula''', named after [[Morgan Crofton]] (1826–1915), is a classic result of [[integral geometry]] relating the length of a curve to the [[expected value|expected]] number of times a "random" [[line (mathematics)|line]] intersects it. | |||
==Statement== | |||
Suppose γ is a [[curve|rectifiable plane curve]]. Given an oriented line ''l'', let ''n''<sub>γ</sub>(''l'') be the number of points at which γ and ''l'' intersect. We can parametrize the general line ''l'' by the direction φ in which it points and its signed distance ''p'' from the [[origin (mathematics)|origin]]. The Crofton formula expresses the [[length of an arc|arc length]] of the curve γ in terms of an [[integral]] over the space of all oriented lines: | |||
:<math>\text{length} (\gamma) = \frac14\iint n_\gamma(\varphi, p)\; d\varphi\; dp.</math> | |||
The [[differential form]] | |||
:<math>d\varphi\wedge dp</math> | |||
is invariant under [[Euclidean group|rigid motions]], so it is a natural integration measure for speaking of an "average" number of intersections. | |||
==Proof sketch== | |||
Both sides of the Crofton formula are [[additive function|additive]] over concatenation of curves, so it suffices to prove the formula for a single line segment. Since the right-hand side does not depend on the positioning of the line segment, it must equal some function of the segment's length, and by additivity{{clarify|date=April 2012}} the function must be linear. It remains only to determine the factor of 1/4; this is easily done by computing both sides when γ is the [[unit circle]]. | |||
==Other forms== | |||
The space of oriented lines is a double [[covering map|cover]] of the space of unoriented lines. The Crofton formula is often stated in terms of the corresponding density in the latter space, in which the numerical factor is not 1/4 but 1/2. Since a convex curve intersects [[almost everywhere|almost every]] line either twice or not at all, the unoriented Crofton formula for convex curves can be stated without numerical factors: the measure of the set of straight lines which intersect a convex curve is equal to its length. | |||
The Crofton formula generalizes to any [[Riemannian geometry|Riemannian]] surface; the integral is then performed with the natural measure on the space of [[geodesic]]s. | |||
==Applications== | |||
Crofton's formula yields elegant proofs of the following results, among others: | |||
*Between two nested, convex, closed curves, the inner one is shorter. | |||
*[[Barbier's theorem]]: a [[curve of constant width]] ''w'' has a perimeter of π''w''. | |||
*The [[isoperimetric inequality]]: among closed curves with a given perimeter, the circle gives the unique maximum area. | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[Buffon's noodle]] | |||
* The [[Radon transform]] can be viewed as a measure-theoretic generalization of the Cauchy–Crofton formula. | |||
==References== | |||
*{{cite book | first=Serge | last=Tabachnikov | year=2005 | title=Geometry and Billiards | publisher=AMS | pages=36–40 | isbn=0-8218-3919-5}} | |||
*{{cite book | first=L. A. | last=Santalo | year=1953 | title=Introduction to Integral Geometry | pages=12–13, 54 | id={{LCC|QA641.S3}}}} | |||
== External links == | |||
* [http://merganser.math.gvsu.edu/david/reed03/projects/weyhaupt/project.html Cauchy–Crofton formula page], with demonstration applets | |||
[[Category:Integral geometry]] | |||
[[Category:Measure theory]] | |||
[[Category:Differential geometry]] | |||
[[Category:Theorems in geometry]] | |||
Latest revision as of 12:14, 31 January 2014
In mathematics, the Crofton formula, named after Morgan Crofton (1826–1915), is a classic result of integral geometry relating the length of a curve to the expected number of times a "random" line intersects it.
Statement
Suppose γ is a rectifiable plane curve. Given an oriented line l, let nγ(l) be the number of points at which γ and l intersect. We can parametrize the general line l by the direction φ in which it points and its signed distance p from the origin. The Crofton formula expresses the arc length of the curve γ in terms of an integral over the space of all oriented lines:
is invariant under rigid motions, so it is a natural integration measure for speaking of an "average" number of intersections.
Proof sketch
Both sides of the Crofton formula are additive over concatenation of curves, so it suffices to prove the formula for a single line segment. Since the right-hand side does not depend on the positioning of the line segment, it must equal some function of the segment's length, and by additivityTemplate:Clarify the function must be linear. It remains only to determine the factor of 1/4; this is easily done by computing both sides when γ is the unit circle.
Other forms
The space of oriented lines is a double cover of the space of unoriented lines. The Crofton formula is often stated in terms of the corresponding density in the latter space, in which the numerical factor is not 1/4 but 1/2. Since a convex curve intersects almost every line either twice or not at all, the unoriented Crofton formula for convex curves can be stated without numerical factors: the measure of the set of straight lines which intersect a convex curve is equal to its length.
The Crofton formula generalizes to any Riemannian surface; the integral is then performed with the natural measure on the space of geodesics.
Applications
Crofton's formula yields elegant proofs of the following results, among others:
- Between two nested, convex, closed curves, the inner one is shorter.
- Barbier's theorem: a curve of constant width w has a perimeter of πw.
- The isoperimetric inequality: among closed curves with a given perimeter, the circle gives the unique maximum area.
See also
- Buffon's noodle
- The Radon transform can be viewed as a measure-theoretic generalization of the Cauchy–Crofton formula.
References
- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
External links
- Cauchy–Crofton formula page, with demonstration applets