Cochleoid

File:PedalCurve1.gif

Hippopede (red) given as the pedal curve of an ellipse (black). The equation of the hippopede is 4x²+y²=(x²+y²)².

In geometry, a hippopede (from ἱπποπέδη meaning "horse fetter" in ancient Greek) is a plane curve determined by an equation of the form

$(x^2+y^2{)}^2=c{x}^2+d{y}^2$,

where it is assumed that c>0 and c>d since the remaining cases either reduce to a single point or can be put into the given form with a rotation. Hippopedes are bicircular rational algebraic curves of degree 4 and symmetric with respect to both the x and y axes.

Special cases

When d>0 the curve has an oval form and is often known as an oval of Booth, and when d<0 the curve resembles a sideways figure eight, or lemniscate, and is often known as a lemniscate of Booth, after James Booth (1810–1878) who studied them. Hippopedes were also investigated by Proclus (for whom they are sometimes called Hippopedes of Proclus) and Eudoxus. For d = −c, the hippopede corresponds to the lemniscate of Bernoulli. Benefits of Residing in a Apartment or Landed property in Singapore Property New Launches & Project Showcase In Singapore Many residential Singapore property sales involve buying property in Singapore at new launches. These are often homes underneath building, being sold new by developers. New Launch Singapore Property, 28 Imperial Residences Coming To Geylang Lorong 26 The property market is slowing down, based on personal property transactions in May Cell Apps FREE Sign Up Log in Property Brokers Feedback

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Definition as spiric sections

Hippopedes with a = 1, b = 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0.

Hippopedes with b = 1, a = 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0.

Hippopedes can be defined as the curve formed by the intersection of a torus and a plane, where the plane is parallel to the axis of the torus and tangent to it on the interior circle. Thus it is a spiric section which in turn is a type of toric section.

If a circle with radius a is rotated about an axis at distance b from its center, then the equation of the resulting hippopede in polar coordinates

$r^2=4b(a-b{\sin }^2\theta )$

or in Cartesian coordinates

$(x^2+y^2{)}^2+4b(b-a)(x^2+y^2)=4b^2{x}^2$.

Note that when a>b the torus intersects itself, so it does not resemble the usual picture of a torus.

See also

• List of curves

References

• Lawrence JD. (1972) Catalog of Special Plane Curves, Dover. Pp. 145–146.
• Booth J. A Treatise on Some New Geometrical Methods, Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London, Vol. I (1873) and Vol. II (1877).
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• "Hippopede" at 2dcurves.com
• "Courbes de Booth" at Encyclopédie des Formes Mathématiques Remarquables

External links

• "The Hippopede of Proclus" at The National Curve Bank