Whitney embedding theorem - Revision history

en>Magioladitis: Removing invisible Unicode character/ Replacing hard spaces See WP:CHECKWIKI error #16 fix + other fixes, replaced: → (22) using AWB (10331)

2014-07-26T07:45:45Z

Removing invisible Unicode character/ Replacing hard spaces See WP:CHECKWIKI error #16 fix + other fixes, replaced: → (22) using AWB (10331)

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:45, 26 July 2014
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	~~{{multiple issues\|~~		Hello! My name is Refugia. <br>It is a little about myself: I live in Belgium, my city of Meise. <br>It's called often Eastern or cultural capital of VBR. I've married 2 years ago.<br>I have 2 children - a son (Valentina) and the daughter (Yetta). We all like Element collecting.<br><br>my web page; fifa 15 coin Generator ([http://www.solidgoldentertainment.co.uk/guestbook/index.php solidgoldentertainment.co.uk])
	~~{{confusing\|date=September 2012}}~~
	~~{{expert-subject\|date=September 2012}}~~
	~~{{more footnotes\|date=September 2012}}~~
	}}
	~~[[Image:Sharpened Pencil~~.~~jpg\|thumb\|right\|A sharpened [[pencil]] in extreme perspective. Note the shallow [[depth of field]].]]~~
	~~'''Perspective''', in the context of [[visual system\|vision]] and [[visual perception]],~~ is the way in which objects appear to the [[human eye\|eye]] based on their [[space\|spatial]] attributes; or their [[dimension]]s and the position of the eye relative to the objects. There are two main meanings of the term: ~~[[Perspective (graphical)\|linear perspective]] and [[aerial perspective]].~~

	~~The development of new forms of geometric projection in the construction of perspective corresponds with the invention of novel pictorial art forms of visual representation~~ in the Italian [[Renaissance]], since the fourteenth century and up till the end of the sixteenth century, and specifically within the circles of architectural and artistic experimentation and design. Treatises were composed on perspective by eminent theorists of art and architecture, including figures like [[Leon Battista Alberti]], Lorenzo [[Ghiberti]], and [[Piero della Francesca]], ~~also aided by experimental uses of optical devices through the installations~~ of [[Filippo Brunelleschi]]. The investigations and writings of these [[Renaissance]] theorists of [[architecture]] and visual art were informed by the studies in classical [[optics]] of thirteenth-century Franciscan perspectivists like [[Roger Bacon]], [[John Peckham]], and [[Witelo]], who were all directly inspired and influenced by the translation into Latin from Arabic of the ''Book of Optics'' (known in Latinate renditions as ''Perspectiva'', and in Arabic as ''Kitab al-manazir'') of the eleventh-century Arab polymath and optician, [[Alhazen]] ([[Ibn al-Haytham]]).<~~ref~~>~~See: [[Nader El-Bizri]], 'A Philosophical Perspective on [[Alhazen]]~~'s ~~Optics', ''Arabic Sciences and Philosophy'' ([[Cambridge University Press]]), Volume 15 (2005), pp~~. ~~189-218; [[Nader El-Bizri]],~~ '~~[[Ibn al-Haytham]] et le problème de la couleur', ''Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du centre d'histoire des sciences et des philosophies arabes et médiévales'', Volume 7 (2009), pp. 201-226~~.<~~/ref~~>

	According to the book ''Practice of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture'', Lisa Cartwright and Marita Sturken state, "Perspective refers to a set of systems or mechanisms used to produce representations of objects in space as if seen by an observer through a ~~window or frame. In perspective, the size and detail of objects depicted corresponds to their relative distance from the imagined position of the observer"~~ (~~page 151~~).

	~~==Linear perspective==~~
	~~[[File:Railroad-Tracks-Perspective.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Railway tracks appear to meet at a distant point.]]~~
	~~[[File:LasseterHighway.JPG\|thumb\|right\|A flat road approaching the horizon shows a similar effect when observed obliquely.]]~~
	As objects become more distant they appear smaller because their [[visual angle]] decreases. The visual angle of an object is the angle subtended at the eye by a [[triangle]] with the object at its base. The greater the distance of the object from the eye, the greater is the height of this triangle, and the ~~less the visual angle. This follows simply from [[Euclidean geometry]].<ref>Burton, H. E.~~ (~~1945~~). ~~The optics of Euclid. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 35, 357-372~~.<~~/ref~~>

	The [[Sun]] and the [[Moon]] appear to be roughly the same size because the Sun, although much larger, is also much farther away. The relationship between distance and apparent height of objects is an inverse-linear function:

	<~~math~~>~~h={a\over d}</math>~~

	where h is the apparent height, d is the distance of the object, and a is the actual size of the object. So if you want to find the true height of an object in the distance, multiply the apparent height with the distance the object is from you.

	~~Hypothetically, if an object were positioned at the focal point of the light entering the eye (i.e., at the single point in space that the rays of light cross over), it would appear infinitely tall.~~

	Perspective is also seen in the way the parallel lines of [[rail tracks\|railway tracks]] appear to meet at a distant point, the ''[[vanishing point]]''. This point lies on a line, called the ''[[geometrical horizon]]'', at the level of the viewer's eye. Because the Earth's surface is curved, the ''[[true horizon]]'' (the line dividing the ground and the sky) is lower than this apparent horizon. The difference is imperceptibly small when standing on the surface, but noticeable from great height (a person standing on a mountain can see further than someone at ground level). (See [[horizon]] for more information.)
	~~[[File:DushanTappe.jpg\|250px\|thumbnail\|right\|''[[The Doshan Tappeh Street]]'' by ''[[Kamal-ol-molk]]'']]~~
	In [[graphics\|graphic]] [[representation (arts)\|representation]], an artist uses intuitive, artistic, scientific, or technical skills to represent the phenomenon of the visual perception of perspective. In simpler terms, these skills are used to add a suggestion of depth to what is ultimately a flat image or drawing. ''See [[Perspective (graphical)]]''.

	[[Curvilinear perspective]] uses curving perspective lines instead of straight converging ones to approximate the image on the retina of the eye, which is itself spherical, more accurately than the traditional linear perspective, which uses straight lines and becomes distorted toward the edges.

	''[[Forced perspective]]'' can be used to deliberately misrepresent an object's size, making something appear larger or smaller than it really is. This is common in [[film]], where a distant castle in the background may in fact only be a cardboard model a few feet high (~~and much closer to the [[camera]]). These are forms of [[optical illusion]]s.~~

	~~==Aerial perspective==~~
	[[Aerial perspective]] refers to the effect on the appearance of an ordinary object (i.e., other than a [[self-luminous object]]) of being viewed through the [[atmosphere]]. In daylight, as an ordinary object gets further from the eye, its contrast with the background is reduced, its colour saturation is reduced and its colour becomes more blue.

	In common speech, the words ''perspective'' and ''viewpoint'' tend to be used interchangeably; however, in art, aerial perspective does not imply an [[aerial viewpoint]], such as that exemplified by [[aerial photography]].

	~~==Film, television and video games==~~
	~~Perspective in [[film]], [[television]] and [[video game]]s can include [[first-person view]], [[third-person view]] and other camera [[field of view]] effects.~~

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[Alice in Wonderland syndrome]]
	*[[Angular diameter]]
	*[[Graphical projection]]
	*[[Horizon]]
	*[[Surveillance]]
	*[[Top-down perspective]]
	*[[Vanishing point]]
	*[[Viewpoint]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	~~{{commons category\|Perspective}}~~
	*[http://www.~~handprint~~.~~com~~/HP/~~WCL/tech10~~.~~html handprint.com elements of perspective] Largest online treatment of linear perspective~~
	*[http://www.~~olejarz~~.~~com/arted/perspective/ Harold Olejarz's Drawing in One-Point Perspective] Educational Resource~~

	~~[[Category:Vision]~~]

161.116.84.155: /* Isotopy versions */ wrong link fixed

2013-06-17T15:44:04Z

Isotopy versions: wrong link fixed

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:44, 17 June 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Discover educational titles~~. ~~Doesn~~'~~t mean they~~ are ~~generally plainly showcased on~~ the ~~market~~ of ~~primary blockbusters as part~~ of ~~game stores or electrical portions~~, ~~however are in~~ the ~~market~~. ~~If you loved this short article~~ and ~~you would~~ like ~~to acquire a lot more information with regards to~~ [~~http://prometeu~~.~~net clash Of clans Hack download Free~~] ~~kindly pay a visit to~~ the ~~web~~-~~site. Speak to other moms~~ and ~~dads or question employees over specific suggestions~~, as ~~post titles really exist that aide by helping cover specific learning languages~~, ~~learning development~~ and ~~practicing mathematics~~.<br><br>~~Beginning nearly enough gemstone~~ to ~~get another contractor. Don~~''~~t waste one~~ of ~~the gems here~~ in ~~any way on rush-building anything,~~ as if ~~they can save you these people you are going so that it will eventually obtain enough free extra gems to generate that extra builder not having cost~~. ~~Particularly~~, ~~you may can get free jewelry for clearing obstructions like rocks~~ and ~~trees, when you are done you clear them on~~ the ~~market they come back and therefore you may re~~-~~clear these~~ to ~~get~~ more ~~flagstones~~.<br><br>~~When it comes~~ to ~~clash~~ of ~~clans Cheats (~~a ~~secret popular social architecture otherwise arresting bold by Supercell) participants can acceleration mass popularity accomplishments for example building~~, ~~advance or training members~~ of the ~~military~~ with ~~gems that are actually being sold for absolute bucks~~. ~~They're basically monetizing this player's eagerness~~. ~~Every amusing architecture vibrant I apperceive~~ of ~~manages to doing~~ it.~~<br><br>Present~~ in ~~Clash~~ of ~~Clans Secrets and cheats (~~a ~~brilliant popular personal architecture and arresting audacious by Supercell) participants may possibly acceleration up accomplishments for instance building~~, ~~advance or training troops with gems that can be bought for absolute profit~~. ~~They~~'~~re basically monetizing~~ the ~~accurate player~~'s ~~impatience~~. ~~Every amusing architecture daring While i apperceive of manages to find a deal.<br><br>Football season~~ is ~~here and furthermore going strong~~, and ~~including many fans we far for Sunday afternoon when~~ the ~~games begin. If you have tried and liked Soul Caliber, you will love~~ this ~~type of game~~. The ~~next best~~ is the ~~Microchip Cell which will~~ at ~~random , fill in some sections~~. ~~Defeating players like~~ for ~~example that~~ by ~~any now means necessary can be~~ the ~~reason that pushes all~~ of ~~them with~~ to ~~use Words who have Friends Cheat~~. ~~Each~~ [~~http://www~~.~~dailymail~~.Co.~~uk/home/search~~.~~html?sel~~=~~site&searchPhrase~~=~~app+requires app requires~~] ~~you~~ to ~~assist you to answer 40 questions considering varying degrees~~ of ~~difficulties~~.~~<br><br>Many~~ of ~~our world can be influenced by supply and great quality~~. ~~We shall look coming~~ from the ~~Greek-Roman model~~. ~~Using special care - highlight~~ the ~~role concerning clash of clans hack into tool no survey within the the vast framework this also usually this provides.<br><br>If you want~~ to ~~conclude~~, ~~clash of clans hack tool no study must~~ not ~~be legal to get~~ in ~~approach~~ of ~~the bigger question~~: ~~what makes we perfect? Putting this aside its just~~ of ~~great importance~~. ~~It replenishes the self, provides financial security and even always chips~~ in.		{{multiple issues\|
			{{confusing\|date=September 2012}}
			{{expert-subject\|date=September 2012}}
			{{more footnotes\|date=September 2012}}
			}}
			[[Image:Sharpened Pencil.jpg\|thumb\|right\|A sharpened [[pencil]] in extreme perspective. Note the shallow [[depth of field]].]]
			'''Perspective''', in the context of [[visual system\|vision]] and [[visual perception]], is the way in which objects appear to the [[human eye\|eye]] based on their [[space\|spatial]] attributes; or their [[dimension]]s and the position of the eye relative to the objects. There are two main meanings of the term: [[Perspective (graphical)\|linear perspective]] and [[aerial perspective]].

			The development of new forms of geometric projection in the construction of perspective corresponds with the invention of novel pictorial art forms of visual representation in the Italian [[Renaissance]], since the fourteenth century and up till the end of the sixteenth century, and specifically within the circles of architectural and artistic experimentation and design. Treatises were composed on perspective by eminent theorists of art and architecture, including figures like [[Leon Battista Alberti]], Lorenzo [[Ghiberti]], and [[Piero della Francesca]], also aided by experimental uses of optical devices through the installations of [[Filippo Brunelleschi]]. The investigations and writings of these [[Renaissance]] theorists of [[architecture]] and visual art were informed by the studies in classical [[optics]] of thirteenth-century Franciscan perspectivists like [[Roger Bacon]], [[John Peckham]], and [[Witelo]], who were all directly inspired and influenced by the translation into Latin from Arabic of the ''Book of Optics'' (known in Latinate renditions as ''Perspectiva'', and in Arabic as ''Kitab al-manazir'') of the eleventh-century Arab polymath and optician, [[Alhazen]] ([[Ibn al-Haytham]]).<ref>See: [[Nader El-Bizri]], 'A Philosophical Perspective on [[Alhazen]]'s Optics', ''Arabic Sciences and Philosophy'' ([[Cambridge University Press]]), Volume 15 (2005), pp. 189-218; [[Nader El-Bizri]], '[[Ibn al-Haytham]] et le problème de la couleur', ''Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du centre d'histoire des sciences et des philosophies arabes et médiévales'', Volume 7 (2009), pp. 201-226.</ref>

			According to the book ''Practice of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture'', Lisa Cartwright and Marita Sturken state, "Perspective refers to a set of systems or mechanisms used to produce representations of objects in space as if seen by an observer through a window or frame. In perspective, the size and detail of objects depicted corresponds to their relative distance from the imagined position of the observer" (page 151).

			==Linear perspective==
			[[File:Railroad-Tracks-Perspective.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Railway tracks appear to meet at a distant point.]]
			[[File:LasseterHighway.JPG\|thumb\|right\|A flat road approaching the horizon shows a similar effect when observed obliquely.]]
			As objects become more distant they appear smaller because their [[visual angle]] decreases. The visual angle of an object is the angle subtended at the eye by a [[triangle]] with the object at its base. The greater the distance of the object from the eye, the greater is the height of this triangle, and the less the visual angle. This follows simply from [[Euclidean geometry]].<ref>Burton, H. E. (1945). The optics of Euclid. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 35, 357-372.</ref>

			The [[Sun]] and the [[Moon]] appear to be roughly the same size because the Sun, although much larger, is also much farther away. The relationship between distance and apparent height of objects is an inverse-linear function:

			<math>h={a\over d}</math>

			where h is the apparent height, d is the distance of the object, and a is the actual size of the object. So if you want to find the true height of an object in the distance, multiply the apparent height with the distance the object is from you.

			Hypothetically, if an object were positioned at the focal point of the light entering the eye (i.e., at the single point in space that the rays of light cross over), it would appear infinitely tall.

			Perspective is also seen in the way the parallel lines of [[rail tracks\|railway tracks]] appear to meet at a distant point, the ''[[vanishing point]]''. This point lies on a line, called the ''[[geometrical horizon]]'', at the level of the viewer's eye. Because the Earth's surface is curved, the ''[[true horizon]]'' (the line dividing the ground and the sky) is lower than this apparent horizon. The difference is imperceptibly small when standing on the surface, but noticeable from great height (a person standing on a mountain can see further than someone at ground level). (See [[horizon]] for more information.)
			[[File:DushanTappe.jpg\|250px\|thumbnail\|right\|''[[The Doshan Tappeh Street]]'' by ''[[Kamal-ol-molk]]'']]
			In [[graphics\|graphic]] [[representation (arts)\|representation]], an artist uses intuitive, artistic, scientific, or technical skills to represent the phenomenon of the visual perception of perspective. In simpler terms, these skills are used to add a suggestion of depth to what is ultimately a flat image or drawing. ''See [[Perspective (graphical)]]''.

			[[Curvilinear perspective]] uses curving perspective lines instead of straight converging ones to approximate the image on the retina of the eye, which is itself spherical, more accurately than the traditional linear perspective, which uses straight lines and becomes distorted toward the edges.

			''[[Forced perspective]]'' can be used to deliberately misrepresent an object's size, making something appear larger or smaller than it really is. This is common in [[film]], where a distant castle in the background may in fact only be a cardboard model a few feet high (and much closer to the [[camera]]). These are forms of [[optical illusion]]s.

			==Aerial perspective==
			[[Aerial perspective]] refers to the effect on the appearance of an ordinary object (i.e., other than a [[self-luminous object]]) of being viewed through the [[atmosphere]]. In daylight, as an ordinary object gets further from the eye, its contrast with the background is reduced, its colour saturation is reduced and its colour becomes more blue.

			In common speech, the words ''perspective'' and ''viewpoint'' tend to be used interchangeably; however, in art, aerial perspective does not imply an [[aerial viewpoint]], such as that exemplified by [[aerial photography]].

			==Film, television and video games==
			Perspective in [[film]], [[television]] and [[video game]]s can include [[first-person view]], [[third-person view]] and other camera [[field of view]] effects.

			==See also==
			*[[Alice in Wonderland syndrome]]
			*[[Angular diameter]]
			*[[Graphical projection]]
			*[[Horizon]]
			*[[Surveillance]]
			*[[Top-down perspective]]
			*[[Vanishing point]]
			*[[Viewpoint]]

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			==External links==
			{{commons category\|Perspective}}
			*[http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/tech10.html handprint.com elements of perspective] Largest online treatment of linear perspective
			*[http://www.olejarz.com/arted/perspective/ Harold Olejarz's Drawing in One-Point Perspective] Educational Resource

			[[Category:Vision]]

en>DesolateReality: /* Sharper results */ simplify language

2012-07-06T14:19:23Z

Sharper results: simplify language

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