en>Salih: Undid revision 577087795 by 117.196.86.9 (talk)

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Undid revision 577087795 by 117.196.86.9 (talk)

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{{PBB|geneid=962}}
'''CD48 antigen''' ('''C'''luster of '''D'''ifferentiation 48) also known as '''B-lymphocyte activation marker''' (BLAST-1) or '''signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 2''' (SLAMF2) is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the CD48 [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CD48 CD48 molecule| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=962| accessdate = }}</ref>

CD48 is a member of the [[CD2]] subfamily of the [[immunoglobulin superfamily]] (IgSF) which includes [[signaling lymphocytic activation molecule|SLAM]] (signaling lymphocyte activation molecules) proteins, such as [[CD84]], [[CD150]], [[CD229]] and [[CD244]]. CD48 is found on the surface of [[lymphocyte]]s and other immune cells, [[dendritic cell]]s and [[endothelial cell]]s, and participates in activation and differentiation pathways in these cells.<ref name="entrez"/>

CD48 was the first B-cell-specific [[cellular differentiation]] [[antigen]] identified in transformed B [[lymphoblast]]s.<ref name="pmid6291768">{{cite journal | author = Thorley-Lawson DA, Schooley RT, Bhan AK, Nadler LM | title = Epstein-Barr virus superinduces a new human B cell differentiation antigen (B-LAST 1) expressed on transformed lymphoblasts | journal = Cell | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 415–25 |date=September 1982 | pmid = 6291768 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90239-2 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1848579">{{cite journal | author = Yokoyama S, Staunton D, Fisher R, Amiot M, Fortin JJ, Thorley-Lawson DA | title = Expression of the Blast-1 activation/adhesion molecule and its identification as CD48 | journal = J. Immunol. | volume = 146 | issue = 7 | pages = 2192–200 |date=April 1991 | pmid = 1848579 | doi = }}</ref>

==Structure==

The gene for CD48 is located in [[chromosome]] 1q23 and contains 4 exons, each exon encoding one of the 4 domains of CD48: [[signal peptide]], variable (V) domain, constant 2 (C2) domain and the [[glycophosphatidylinositol]] anchor ([[GPI anchor]]). The cDNA sequence of 1137 nucleotides encodes a 243 amino acid polypeptide of about 45 kDa.<ref name="pmid1999351"/><ref name="pmid1827826">{{cite journal | author = Del Porto P, Mami-Chouaib F, Bruneau JM, Jitsukawa S, Dumas J, Harnois M, Hercend T | title = TCT.1, a target molecule for gamma/delta T cells, is encoded by an immunoglobulin superfamily gene (Blast-1) located in the CD1 region of human chromosome 1 | journal = J. Exp. Med. | volume = 173 | issue = 6 | pages = 1339–44 |date=June 1991 | pmid = 1827826 | pmc = 2190850 | doi = 10.1084/jem.173.6.1339 }}</ref> It consists of a 26 amino acid [[signal peptide]], 194 amino acids of mature CD48 (V and C2 domains) and the C-terminal 23 amino acid segment comprising the [[GPI anchor]].<ref name="pmid3181129">{{cite journal |author=Killeen N, Moessner R, Arvieux J, Willis A, Williams AF |title=The MRC OX-45 antigen of rat leukocytes and endothelium is in a subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily with CD2, LFA-3 and carcinoembryonic antigens |journal=EMBO J. |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=3087–91 |date=October 1988 |pmid=3181129 |pmc=454697 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2466936">{{cite journal |author=Staunton DE, Fisher RC, LeBeau MM, ''et al.'' |title=Blast-1 possesses a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor, is related to LFA-3 and OX-45, and maps to chromosome 1q21-23 |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=1087–99 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2466936 |pmc=2189294 |doi= |url=}}</ref> The GPI linkage of CD48 to the cell surface is through serine residue 220.<ref name="pmid3181129"/><ref name="pmid2466936"/> CD48 does not have a [[transmembrane]] domain, however, but is held at the cell surface by a [[glycophosphatidylinositol|GPI]] anchor via a [[C-terminal]] domain which can be cleaved to yield a soluble form of the receptor.<ref name="entrez"/> The CD48 protein is heavily [[glycosylated]], with five possible asparagine-linked [[glycosylation]] sites at positions 40, 44, 104, 162 and 189, respectively.<ref name="pmid1848579"/><ref name="pmid1999351">{{cite journal | author = Vaughan HA, Henning MM, Purcell DF, McKenzie IF, Sandrin MS | title = The isolation of cDNA clones for CD48 | journal = Immunogenetics | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–7 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1999351 | doi = 10.1007/BF00210824 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Thorley-Lawson DA, Schooley RT, Bhan AK, Nadler LM |title=Epstein-Barr virus superinduces a new human B cell differentiation antigen (B-LAST 1) expressed on transformed lymphoblasts |journal=Cell |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=415–25 |date=September 1982 |pmid=6291768 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2828034">{{cite journal |author=Staunton DE, Thorley-Lawson DA |title=Molecular cloning of the lymphocyte activation marker Blast-1 |journal=EMBO J. |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=3695–701 |date=December 1987 |pmid=2828034 |pmc=553839 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10529350">{{cite journal | author = Rudd PM, Wormald MR, Stanfield RL, Huang M, Mattsson N, Speir JA, DiGennaro JA, Fetrow JS, Dwek RA, Wilson IA | title = Roles for glycosylation of cell surface receptors involved in cellular immune recognition | journal = J. Mol. Biol. | volume = 293 | issue = 2 | pages = 351–66 |date=October 1999 | pmid = 10529350 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3104 }}</ref> Approximately 35-40% of the total molecular weight is attributed to the carbohydrate side chains.<ref name="pmid2828034"/><ref name="pmid10529350"/><ref name="pmid6623618">{{cite journal | author = Vaughan HA, Thompson CH, Sparrow RL, McKenzie IF | title = Hu Ly-M3--a human leukocyte antigen | journal = Transplantation | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 446–50 |date=October 1983 | pmid = 6623618 | doi = }}</ref>

==Interactions==
CD48 was found to have a very low affinity for [[CD2]] with [[dissociation constant]] (<math>K_{D}</math>) < 0.5 mM.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sandrin MS, Mouhtouris E, Vaughan HA, Warren HS, Parish CR |title=CD48 is a low affinity ligand for human CD2 |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=151 |issue=9 |pages=4606–13 |date=November 1993 |pmid=7691954 |doi= |url=}}</ref> It was found that the preferred ligand of CD48 is [[2B4]] ([[CD244]]), which is also a member of the CD2 subfamily [[signaling lymphocytic activation molecule|SLAM]] of [[IgSF]] expressed on [[natural killer cells]] (NK cells) and other leukocytes. The affinity of [[CD244]] for CD48 is at <math>K_{D}</math> = 8 μM which is about 5 - 10 times stronger than for CD2.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brown MH, Boles K, van der Merwe PA, Kumar V, Mathew PA, Barclay AN |title=2B4, the natural killer and T cell immunoglobulin superfamily surface protein, is a ligand for CD48 |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=188 |issue=11 |pages=2083–90 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9841922 |pmc=2212392 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kubin MZ, Parshley DL, Din W, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular cloning and biological characterization of NK cell activation-inducing ligand, a counterstructure for CD48 |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=3466–77 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10556801 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3466::AID-IMMU3466>3.0.CO;2-9 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Nakajima H, Colonna M |title=2B4: an NK cell activating receptor with unique specificity and signal transduction mechanism |journal=Hum. Immunol. |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=39–43 |date=January 2000 |pmid=10658976 |doi= |url=}}</ref>

==Function==

=== Cell distribution ===

CD48 is expressed on all [[peripheral blood lymphocytes]] (PBL) including [[T cells]], [[B cells]], [[Null cell]] and [[thymocytes]].<ref name="pmid1848579"/><ref name="pmid1999351"/><ref name="pmid6623618"/><ref name="pmid2088634">{{cite journal | author = Henniker AJ, Bradstock KF, Grimsley P, Atkinson MK | title = A novel non-lineage antigen on human leucocytes: characterization with two CD-48 monoclonal antibodies | journal = Dis. Markers | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 179–90 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2088634 | doi = }}</ref> It is also found on the surface of activated T cells, [[monocytes]] and [[granulocytes]].<ref name="pmid2828034"/> Like all other [[GPI]] anchor protein (GPI-AP), CD48 is deficient in [[erythrocytes]] (red blood cells).

=== T cell activation ===

CD48 and CD2 molecular coupling together with other interaction pairs of CD28 and CD80, TCR and peptide-MHC and LFA-1 and ICAM-1 contribute to the formation of an immunological synapse between a T cell and an [[antigen presenting cell]].<ref name="pmid10428718">{{Cite pmid|10428718}}</ref> CD48 interaction with CD2 has been shown to promote lipid raft formation, T cell activation and the formation of caveolae for [[macrophages]] through cell signal transductionthe via GPI moieties.<ref name="pmid10950716">{{Cite pmid|10950716}}</ref><ref name="pmid12180852">{{Cite pmid|12180852}}</ref>

==Clinical Significance==

{{Empty section|date=August 2013}}

==See also==
* [[Cluster of differentiation]]

==References==
{{reflist | 2}}
{{-}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
*{{cite journal | author=Wong YW, Williams AF, Kingsmore SF, Seldin MF |title=Structure, expression, and genetic linkage of the mouse BCM1 (OX45 or Blast-1) antigen. Evidence for genetic duplication giving rise to the BCM1 region on mouse chromosome 1 and the CD2/LFA3 region on mouse chromosome 3 |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=171 |issue= 6 |pages= 2115–30 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1693656 |doi=10.1084/jem.171.6.2115 | pmc=2187942 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fisher RC, Thorley-Lawson DA |title=Characterization of the Epstein-Barr virus-inducible gene encoding the human leukocyte adhesion and activation antigen BLAST-1 (CD48) |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=11 |issue= 3 |pages= 1614–23 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1847502 |doi= | pmc=369456 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Korínek V |title=The human leucocyte antigen CD48 (MEM-102) is closely related to the activation marker Blast-1 |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=33 |issue= 2 |pages= 108–12 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1999350 |doi=10.1007/BF00210823 | author-separator=, | author2=Stefanová I | author3=Angelisová P | display-authors=3 | last4=Hilgert | first4=Ivan | last5=Hořejší | first5=Václav }}
*{{cite journal | author=Garnett D, Barclay AN, Carmo AM, Beyers AD |title=The association of the protein tyrosine kinases p56lck and p60fyn with the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins Thy-1 and CD48 in rat thymocytes is dependent on the state of cellular activation |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=23 |issue= 10 |pages= 2540–4 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8104794 |doi=10.1002/eji.1830231024 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Maruyama K, Sugano S |title=Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides |journal=Gene |volume=138 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 171–4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8125298 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Solomon KR, Rudd CE, Finberg RW |title=The association between glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits in lymphocytes |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=93 |issue= 12 |pages= 6053–8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8650218 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.12.6053 | pmc=39187 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Suzuki Y |title=Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library |journal=Gene |volume=200 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 149–56 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9373149 |doi=10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 | author-separator=, | author2=Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K | author3=Maruyama K | display-authors=3 | last4=Suyama | first4=Akira | last5=Sugano | first5=Sumio }}
*{{cite journal | author=Smith GM |title=Detection of a soluble form of the leukocyte surface antigen CD48 in plasma and its elevation in patients with lymphoid leukemias and arthritis |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=17 |issue= 6 |pages= 502–9 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9418191 |doi=10.1023/A:1027327912204 | author-separator=, | author2=Biggs J | author3=Norris B | display-authors=3 | last4=Anderson-Stewart | first4=Peter | last5=Ward | first5=Robyn }}
*{{cite journal | author=Latchman Y, McKay PF, Reiser H |title=Identification of the 2B4 molecule as a counter-receptor for CD48 |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=161 |issue= 11 |pages= 5809–12 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9834056 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nakajima H |title=Activating interactions in human NK cell recognition: the role of 2B4-CD48 |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=29 |issue= 5 |pages= 1676–83 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10359122 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199905)29:05<1676::AID-IMMU1676>3.0.CO;2-Y | author-separator=, | author2=Cella M | author3=Langen H | display-authors=3 | last4=Friedlein | first4=Arno | last5=Colonna | first5=Marco }}
*{{cite journal | author=Shin JS, Abraham SN |title=Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored receptor-mediated bacterial endocytosis. |journal=FEMS Microbiol. Lett. |volume=197 |issue= 2 |pages= 131–8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11313125 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10594.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tangye SG, Cherwinski H, Lanier LL, Phillips JH |title=2B4-mediated activation of human natural killer cells |journal=Mol. Immunol. |volume=37 |issue= 9 |pages= 493–501 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11163399 |doi=10.1016/S0161-5890(00)00076-6 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Suzuki T |title=CD24 induces apoptosis in human B cells via the glycolipid-enriched membrane domains/rafts-mediated signaling system |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=166 |issue= 9 |pages= 5567–77 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11313396 |doi= | author-separator=, | author2=Kiyokawa N | author3=Taguchi T | display-authors=3 | last4=Sekino | first4=T | last5=Katagiri | first5=YU | last6=Fujimoto | first6=J }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hawash IY |title=The oxygen-substituted palmitic acid analogue, 13-oxypalmitic acid, inhibits Lck localization to lipid rafts and T cell signaling |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1589 |issue= 2 |pages= 140–50 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12007789 |doi=10.1016/S0167-4889(02)00165-9 | author-separator=, | author2=Hu XE | author3=Adal A | display-authors=3 | last4=Cassady | first4=John M. | last5=Geahlen | first5=Robert L. | last6=Harrison | first6=Marietta L. }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kim D |title=CM1 ligation initiates apoptosis in a caspase 8-dependent manner in Ramos cells and in a mitochondria-controlled manner in Raji cells |journal=Hum. Immunol. |volume=63 |issue= 7 |pages= 576–87 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12072193 |doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(02)00405-6 | author-separator=, | author2=Hur DY | author3=Kim YS | display-authors=3 | last4=Lee | first4=Kyungmi | last5=Lee | first5=Youngseon | last6=Cho | first6=Daeho | last7=Kang | first7=Jae Seung | last8=Kim | first8=Young-in | last9=Hahm | first9=Eunsil }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhu B |title=Direct measurements of heterotypic adhesion between the cell surface proteins CD2 and CD48 |journal=Biochemistry |volume=41 |issue= 40 |pages= 12163–70 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12356317 |doi=10.1021/bi020296g | author-separator=, | author2=Davies EA | author3=van der Merwe PA | display-authors=3 | last4=Calvert | first4=Tammy | last5=Leckband | first5=Deborah E. }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wei J |title=Expression and characterisation of recombinant human CD48 and isolation of a human anti-CD48 monoclonal antibody by phage display |journal=Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology |volume=80 |issue= 7 |pages= 782–795 |year= 2005 |pmid= |doi=10.1002/jctb.1238 | author-separator=, | author2=Chi YC | author3=Catzel D | display-authors=3 | last4=Pera | first4=Natasha | last5=Mahler | first5=Stephen M. }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wei J |title=Cytotoxic Activity of CD48 Monoclonal Antibodies Against Human Lymphoma Cells |journal=The Open Biotechnology Journal |volume=2 |issue= |pages= 219–223 |year= 2008 |pmid= |doi=10.2174/1874070700802010219 | author-separator=, | author2=Chin DY | author3=Mahler SM | display-authors=3 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{MeshName|CD48+protein,+human}}

{{NLM content}}
{{Clusters of differentiation}}

[[Category:Clusters of differentiation]]

Shock capturing method - Revision history

en>Salih: Undid revision 577087795 by 117.196.86.9 (talk)