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en>Monkbot: /* References */Task 5: Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors

2014-07-24T01:07:59Z

References: Task 5: Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:07, 24 July 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''Decimal degrees''' (DD) express [[latitude]] and [[longitude]] [[Geographic coordinate system\|geographic coordinates]] as [[decimal fractions]] and are used in many [[geographic information system]]s (GIS), [[web mapping]] applications such as [[Google Maps]], and [[Global Positioning System\|GPS]] devices. Decimal degrees are an alternative to ~~using degrees, minutes,~~ and ~~seconds (DMS)~~. ~~As with latitude~~ and ~~longitude, the values are bounded by ±90° and ±180° respectively.~~		Oscar is what my wife loves to contact me and I totally dig that title. For a while I've been in South Dakota and my parents live nearby. What I adore performing is playing baseball but I haven't produced a dime with it. I am a meter reader but I plan on altering it.<br><br>my blog; [http://www.1a-pornotube.com/blog/84958 over the counter std test]

	~~Positive latitudes are north of the equator, negative latitudes are south of the equator~~. ~~Positive longitudes are east of [[Prime Meridian]], negative longitudes are west of the Prime Meridian. Latitude and longitude are usually expressed in that sequence, latitude before longitude.~~

	~~==Accuracy==~~
	~~The radius of the [[semi-major axis]] of the [[Earth]] at the [[equator]]~~ is ~~6,378,160.0 meters<ref>[http://www.ga.gov.au/earth-monitoring/geodesy/geodetic-datums/historical-datums-of-australia/australian-geodetic-datum-agd.html Australian Geodetic Datum]</ref> resulting in~~ a ~~circumference of 40,075,161~~.~~2 meters. The equator is divided into 360 degrees of longitude, so each degree at the equator represents 111,319.9 metres or approximately 111.32 km. As one moves away from the equator towards~~ a ~~pole, however, one degree of longitude is multiplied by the cosine of the latitude, decreasing the distance, approaching zero at the pole~~. ~~The number of decimal places required for a particular accuracy at the equator is:~~

	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~
	~~\|+ Accuracy versus decimal places~~
	~~! decimal~~<br>~~places !! degrees !! N/S or~~ <br>~~E/W at equator !! E/W at<br>23N/S !! E/W at<br>45N/S !! E/W at<br>67N/S~~
	\|-
	~~\| align="center" \| 0 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 111.32 km \|\| 102.47 km \|\| 78.71 km \|\| 43.496 km~~
	\|-
	~~\| align="center" \| 1 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 11.132 km \|\| 10.247 km \|\| 7.871 km \|\| 4.3496 km~~
	\|-
	~~\| align="center" \| 2 \|\| 0.01 \|\| 1.1132 km \|\| 1.0247 km \|\| .7871 km \|\| .43496 km~~
	\|-
	~~\| align="center" \| 3 \|\| 0.001 \|\| 111.32 m \|\| 102.47 m \|\| 78.71 m \|\| 43.496 m~~
	\|-
	~~\| align="center" \| 4 \|\| 0.0001 \|\| 11.132 m \|\| 10.247 m \|\| 7.871 m \|\| 4.3496 m~~
	\|-
	~~\| align="center" \| 5 \|\| 0.00001 \|\| 1.1132 m \|\| 1.0247 m \|\| .7871 m \|\| .43496 m~~
	\|-
	~~\| align="center" \| 6 \|\| 0.000001 \|\| 111.32 mm \|\| 102.47 mm \|\| 78.71 mm \|\| 43.496 mm~~
	\|-
	~~\| align="center" \| 7 \|\| 0.0000001 \|\| 11.132 mm \|\| 10.247 mm \|\| 7.871 mm \|\| 4.3496 mm~~
	\|-
	~~\| align="center" \| 8 \|\| 0.00000001 \|\| 1.1132 mm \|\| 1.0247 mm \|\| .7871 mm \|\| .43496&nbsp~~;mm
	\|}

	A value in decimal degrees to an accuracy of 4 decimal places is accurate to 11.132 meters (± 5.566 m) at the [[equator]]. A value in decimal degrees to 5 decimal places is accurate to 1.1132 meter at the equator. Elevation also introduces a small error. At 6,378 elevation, the radius and surface distance is increased by 0.001 or 0.1%. Because the [[earth]] is not flat, the accuracy of the longitude part of the coordinates increases the further from the equator you get. The accuracy of the latitude part does not increase so much, more strictly however, a [[meridian arc]] length per 1 second depends on latitude at point concerned. The discrepancy of 1 second meridian arc length between equator and pole is about 0.3 metres because the earth is an [[oblate spheroid]].

	~~==Example==~~
	~~A [[Geographic_coordinate_system#Degrees:_a_measurement_of_angle\|DMS]] value is converted to decimal degrees using the formula:~~
	~~:<math>\mathrm{DD} = \mathrm{D} + \frac{\mathrm{M}}{60} + \frac{\mathrm{S}}{3600}</math>~~
	~~For instance, the decimal degree representation for~~
	~~:38° 53′ 23″ N, 77° 00′ 32″ W~~
	~~(the location of the [[United States Capitol]]) is~~
	~~:38.889722°, -77.008889°~~
	~~In most systems, such as [[Google Maps]], the degree symbols are omitted, reducing the representation to~~
	:[http://~~maps~~.~~google~~.com/~~?q=38.889722,-77.008889&t=h&z=20 38.889722, -77.008889]~~

	~~To calculate the D, M and S components, the following formulas can be used:~~
	~~:<math>\mathrm{DD} = \begin{cases}~~
	~~\mathrm{D} &= \operatorname{trunc}(\mathrm{DD}) \\~~
	~~\mathrm{M} &= \operatorname{trunc}(\|\mathrm{DD}\| * 60) \bmod 60 \\~~
	~~\mathrm{S} &= \left(\|\mathrm{DD}\| * 3600 \right) \bmod 60~~
	~~\end{cases}<~~/~~math>~~
	~~where \|DD\| is the [[absolute value]] of DD, ''trunc'' is~~ the ~~[[truncation]] function, and ''mod'' is the [[modulo operation\|modulo operator]]. Note that with this formula, only S may have a fractional value.~~

	~~Pseudo code, using numbers from above: <br />~~
	~~<code>$min=int(mod(38.88972260,60)); $sec=round(mod(38.8897223600,60)) => min:53, sec:23</code>~~

	~~== References ==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Decimal Degrees}}~~
	~~[[Category:Geographic information systems]]~~
	~~[[Category:Decimalisation]~~]

en>Limit-theorem: more accurate representation of Cramer

2013-06-20T22:18:43Z

more accurate representation of Cramer

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:18, 21 June 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~The writer is known~~ by the ~~title~~ of ~~Numbers Lint~~. ~~Years ago we moved to North Dakota~~. ~~Doing ceramics is what my family members~~ and ~~I enjoy~~. ~~Hiring~~ is ~~his profession~~.<~~br><br~~>~~Feel free to visit my blog post ...~~ [http://www.~~noonptm~~.~~com~~/~~fox~~/~~upload~~/~~index~~.~~php?do~~=/~~profile~~-~~3715/info~~/ http://~~www~~.~~noonptm~~.com/~~fox~~/~~upload~~/~~index~~.~~php?do~~=/~~profile-3715/info/~~]		'''Decimal degrees''' (DD) express [[latitude]] and [[longitude]] [[Geographic coordinate system\|geographic coordinates]] as [[decimal fractions]] and are used in many [[geographic information system]]s (GIS), [[web mapping]] applications such as [[Google Maps]], and [[Global Positioning System\|GPS]] devices. Decimal degrees are an alternative to using degrees, minutes, and seconds (DMS). As with latitude and longitude, the values are bounded by ±90° and ±180° respectively.

			Positive latitudes are north of the equator, negative latitudes are south of the equator. Positive longitudes are east of [[Prime Meridian]], negative longitudes are west of the Prime Meridian. Latitude and longitude are usually expressed in that sequence, latitude before longitude.

			==Accuracy==
			The radius of the [[semi-major axis]] of the [[Earth]] at the [[equator]] is 6,378,160.0 meters<ref>[http://www.ga.gov.au/earth-monitoring/geodesy/geodetic-datums/historical-datums-of-australia/australian-geodetic-datum-agd.html Australian Geodetic Datum]</ref> resulting in a circumference of 40,075,161.2 meters. The equator is divided into 360 degrees of longitude, so each degree at the equator represents 111,319.9 metres or approximately 111.32 km. As one moves away from the equator towards a pole, however, one degree of longitude is multiplied by the cosine of the latitude, decreasing the distance, approaching zero at the pole. The number of decimal places required for a particular accuracy at the equator is:

			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+ Accuracy versus decimal places
			! decimal<br>places !! degrees !! N/S or <br>E/W at equator !! E/W at<br>23N/S !! E/W at<br>45N/S !! E/W at<br>67N/S
			\|-
			\| align="center" \| 0 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 111.32 km \|\| 102.47 km \|\| 78.71 km \|\| 43.496 km
			\|-
			\| align="center" \| 1 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 11.132 km \|\| 10.247 km \|\| 7.871 km \|\| 4.3496 km
			\|-
			\| align="center" \| 2 \|\| 0.01 \|\| 1.1132 km \|\| 1.0247 km \|\| .7871 km \|\| .43496 km
			\|-
			\| align="center" \| 3 \|\| 0.001 \|\| 111.32 m \|\| 102.47 m \|\| 78.71 m \|\| 43.496 m
			\|-
			\| align="center" \| 4 \|\| 0.0001 \|\| 11.132 m \|\| 10.247 m \|\| 7.871 m \|\| 4.3496 m
			\|-
			\| align="center" \| 5 \|\| 0.00001 \|\| 1.1132 m \|\| 1.0247 m \|\| .7871 m \|\| .43496 m
			\|-
			\| align="center" \| 6 \|\| 0.000001 \|\| 111.32 mm \|\| 102.47 mm \|\| 78.71 mm \|\| 43.496 mm
			\|-
			\| align="center" \| 7 \|\| 0.0000001 \|\| 11.132 mm \|\| 10.247 mm \|\| 7.871 mm \|\| 4.3496 mm
			\|-
			\| align="center" \| 8 \|\| 0.00000001 \|\| 1.1132 mm \|\| 1.0247 mm \|\| .7871 mm \|\| .43496 mm
			\|}

			A value in decimal degrees to an accuracy of 4 decimal places is accurate to 11.132 meters (± 5.566 m) at the [[equator]]. A value in decimal degrees to 5 decimal places is accurate to 1.1132 meter at the equator. Elevation also introduces a small error. At 6,378 elevation, the radius and surface distance is increased by 0.001 or 0.1%. Because the [[earth]] is not flat, the accuracy of the longitude part of the coordinates increases the further from the equator you get. The accuracy of the latitude part does not increase so much, more strictly however, a [[meridian arc]] length per 1 second depends on latitude at point concerned. The discrepancy of 1 second meridian arc length between equator and pole is about 0.3 metres because the earth is an [[oblate spheroid]].

			==Example==
			A [[Geographic_coordinate_system#Degrees:_a_measurement_of_angle\|DMS]] value is converted to decimal degrees using the formula:
			:<math>\mathrm{DD} = \mathrm{D} + \frac{\mathrm{M}}{60} + \frac{\mathrm{S}}{3600}</math>
			For instance, the decimal degree representation for
			:38° 53′ 23″ N, 77° 00′ 32″ W
			(the location of the [[United States Capitol]]) is
			:38.889722°, -77.008889°
			In most systems, such as [[Google Maps]], the degree symbols are omitted, reducing the representation to
			:[http://maps.google.com/?q=38.889722,-77.008889&t=h&z=20 38.889722, -77.008889]

			To calculate the D, M and S components, the following formulas can be used:
			:<math>\mathrm{DD} = \begin{cases}
			\mathrm{D} &= \operatorname{trunc}(\mathrm{DD}) \\
			\mathrm{M} &= \operatorname{trunc}(\|\mathrm{DD}\| * 60) \bmod 60 \\
			\mathrm{S} &= \left(\|\mathrm{DD}\| * 3600 \right) \bmod 60
			\end{cases}</math>
			where \|DD\| is the [[absolute value]] of DD, ''trunc'' is the [[truncation]] function, and ''mod'' is the [[modulo operation\|modulo operator]]. Note that with this formula, only S may have a fractional value.

			Pseudo code, using numbers from above: <br />
			<code>$min=int(mod(38.88972260,60)); $sec=round(mod(38.8897223600,60)) => min:53, sec:23</code>

			== References ==
			{{reflist}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Decimal Degrees}}
			[[Category:Geographic information systems]]
			[[Category:Decimalisation]]

en>BattyBot: changed {{no footnotes}} to {{more footnotes}} & general fixes using AWB (8097)

2012-07-17T06:55:03Z

changed {{no footnotes}} to {{more footnotes}} & general fixes using AWB (8097)

New page

The writer is known by the title of Numbers Lint. Years ago we moved to North Dakota. Doing ceramics is what my family members and I enjoy. Hiring is his profession.<br><br>Feel free to visit my blog post ... [http://www.noonptm.com/fox/upload/index.php?do=/profile-3715/info/ http://www.noonptm.com/fox/upload/index.php?do=/profile-3715/info/]