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[[File:Vortex-street-animation.gif|thumb|right|A [[vortex street]] around a cylinder. This occurs around cylinders, for any fluid, cylinder size and fluid speed, provided that there is a Reynolds number of between ~40 and 103.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tansley|first=Claire E.|coauthors=Marshall, David P.|title=Flow past a Cylinder on a Plane, with Application to Gulf Stream Separation and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current|journal=Journal of Physical Oceanography|year=2001|volume=31|pages=3274–3283|url=http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/~ocean/Dynamics/pub/tm01b.pdf|doi=10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<3274:FPACOA>2.0.CO;2|issue=11|bibcode = 2001JPO....31.3274T }}</ref> ]]
In [[fluid mechanics]], the '''Reynolds number''' ('''Re''') is a [[dimensionless quantity]] that is used to help predict similar flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. The concept was introduced by [[George Gabriel Stokes]] in 1851,<ref name="Stokes 1851" /> but the Reynolds number is named after [[Osborne Reynolds]] (1842–1912), who popularized its use in 1883.<ref name="Reynolds 1883" /><ref name="Rott 1990" />

The Reynolds number is defined as the [[ratio]] of inertial forces to [[viscous]] forces and consequently quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions.<ref name="Falkovich" /> Reynolds numbers frequently arise when performing scaling of fluid dynamics problems, and as such can be used to determine [[dynamic similitude]] between two different cases of fluid flow. They are also used to characterize different flow regimes within a similar fluid, such as [[Laminar flow|laminar]] or [[Turbulence|turbulent flow]]: laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion; turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is dominated by inertial forces, which tend to produce chaotic [[Eddy (fluid dynamics)|eddies]], [[Vortex|vortices]] and other flow instabilities.

In practice, matching the Reynolds number is not on its own sufficient to guarantee similitude. Fluid flow is generally chaotic, and very small changes to shape and surface roughness can result in very different flows. Nevertheless, Reynolds numbers are a very important guide and are widely used.

==Definition==
The Reynolds number can be defined for several different situations where a fluid is in relative motion to a surface.<ref group="n">The definition of the Reynolds number is not to be confused with the [[Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations|Reynolds equation]] or lubrication equation.</ref> These definitions generally include the fluid properties of density and viscosity, plus a velocity and a [[characteristic length]] or characteristic dimension. This dimension is a matter of convention – for example radius and diameter are equally valid to describe spheres or circles, but one is chosen by convention. For aircraft or ships, the length or width can be used. For flow in a pipe or a sphere moving in a fluid the internal diameter is generally used today. Other shapes such as rectangular pipes or non-spherical objects have an ''equivalent diameter'' defined. For fluids of variable density such as compressible gases or fluids of variable viscosity such as [[non-Newtonian fluid]]s, special rules apply. The velocity may also be a matter of convention in some circumstances, notably stirred vessels. With these conventions, the Reynolds number is defined as

===Flow in pipe===
For [[flow conditioning|flow in a pipe]] or tube, the Reynolds number is generally defined as:<ref name="Engineeringtoolbox" />

:<math> \mathrm{Re} = {{\rho {\mathbf v} D_H} \over {\mu}} = {{{\mathbf v} D_H} \over {\nu}} = {{{\mathbf Q} D_H} \over {\nu}A} </math>

where:
* <math>{D_H}</math> is the [[hydraulic diameter]] of the pipe; its characteristic travelled length, <math>{L}</math>, (m).
* <math>{\mathbf Q}</math> is the volumetric [[flow rate]] (m3/s).
* <math>{A}</math> is the pipe ''cross-sectional'' area (m²).
* <math>{\mathbf v}</math> is the mean velocity of the fluid ([[SI units]]: m/s).
* <math>{\mu}</math> is the [[dynamic viscosity]] of the [[fluid]] (Pa·s or N·s/m² or kg/(m·s)).
* <math>{\nu}</math> is the [[kinematic viscosity]] (<math>\nu = \mu /{\rho})</math> (m²/s).
* <math>{\rho}\,</math> is the [[density]] of the fluid (kg/m³).

For shapes such as squares, rectangular or annular ducts where the height and width are comparable, the characteristical dimension for internal flow situations is taken to be the [[hydraulic diameter]], <math>D_H</math>, defined as:

:<math>D_H = \frac{4 A}{P},</math>

where ''A'' is the cross-sectional area and ''P'' is the [[wetted perimeter]]. The wetted perimeter for a channel is the total perimeter of all channel walls that are in contact with the flow.<ref name="Holman" /> This means the length of the channel exposed to air is ''not'' included in the wetted perimeter.

For a circular pipe, the hydraulic diameter is exactly equal to the inside pipe diameter, <math>D</math>. That is,

:<math>D_H = D.</math>

For an annular duct, such as the outer channel in a tube-in-tube [[heat exchanger]], the hydraulic diameter can be shown algebraically to reduce to

:<math>D_{H,\mathrm{annulus}} = D_o - D_i</math>

where
:<math>D_o</math> is the inside diameter of the outside pipe, and
:<math>D_i</math> is the outside diameter of the inside pipe.

For calculations involving flow in non-circular ducts, the hydraulic diameter can be substituted for the diameter of a circular duct, with reasonable accuracy.

===Flow in a wide duct===
For a fluid moving between two plane parallel surfaces—where the width is much greater than the space between the plates—then the characteristic dimension is twice the distance between the plates.<ref name="Fox 2004" />

===Flow in an open channel===
For flow of liquid with a free surface, the [[hydraulic radius]] must be determined. This is the cross-sectional area of the channel divided by the wetted perimeter. For a semi-circular channel, it is half the radius. For a rectangular channel, the hydraulic radius is the cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter. Some texts then use a characteristic dimension that is four times the hydraulic radius, chosen because it gives the same value of Re for the onset of turbulence as in pipe flow,<ref name="Streeter 1962" /> while others use the hydraulic radius as the characteristic length-scale with consequently different values of Re for transition and turbulent flow.

===Flow around airfoils===
Reynolds numbers are used in [[airfoil]] design to (among other things) manage "Scale Effect" when computing/comparing characteristics (a tiny wing, scaled to be huge, will perform differently).<ref name="Lissaman" /> Fluid dynamicists define the chord Reynolds number, R, like this: '''R = Vc / ν''' where V is the flight speed, c is the chord, and ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid in which the airfoil operates, which is 1.460x10−5 m2/s for the atmosphere at sea level.<ref>{{cite web|last=ISO|title=International Standard Atmosphere|url=http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/web/library/enginfo/aerothermal_dvd_only/aero/atmos/atmos.html|publisher=eng.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> In some special studies a characteristic length other than chord may be used; rare is the "span Reynolds number" which is not to be confused with span-wise stations on a wing where chord is still used.<ref>https://www.irphe.fr/~eloy/PDF/JFM2013b.pdf</ref>

===Object in a fluid===
[[File:Reynolds behaviors.png|thumb|Qualitative behaviors of fluid flow over a cylinder depends to a large extent on Reynolds number; similar flow patterns often appear when the shape and Reynolds number is matched, although other parameters like surface roughness have a big effect]]
The Reynolds number for an object in a fluid, called the particle Reynolds number and often denoted '''Rep''', is important when considering the nature of the surrounding flow, whether or not [[vortex shedding]] will occur, and its fall velocity.

====In viscous fluids====
[[Image:Stokes sphere.svg|thumb|right|200px|Creeping flow past a sphere: [[Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines|streamlines]], drag force ''F''d and force by gravity ''F''g.]]
Where the viscosity is naturally high, such as polymer solutions and polymer melts, flow is normally laminar. The Reynolds number is very small and [[Stokes' Law]] can be used to measure the [[viscosity]] of the fluid. Spheres are allowed to fall through the fluid and they reach the [[terminal velocity]] quickly, from which the viscosity can be determined.

The laminar flow of polymer solutions is exploited by animals such as fish and dolphins, who exude viscous solutions from their skin to aid flow over their bodies while swimming. It has been used in yacht racing by owners who want to gain a speed advantage by pumping a polymer solution such as low molecular weight [[polyoxyethylene]] in water, over the wetted surface of the hull.

It is, however, a problem for mixing of polymers, because turbulence is needed to distribute fine filler (for example) through the material. Inventions such as the "cavity transfer mixer" have been developed to produce multiple folds into a moving melt so as to improve [[Mixture|mixing]] efficiency. The device can be fitted onto [[extruder]]s to aid mixing.

====Sphere in a fluid====
For a sphere in a fluid, the characteristic length-scale is the diameter of the sphere and the characteristic velocity is that of the sphere relative to the fluid some distance away from the sphere, such that the motion of the sphere does not disturb that reference parcel of fluid. The density and viscosity are those belonging to the fluid.<ref name="Rhodes 1989" /> Note that purely laminar flow only exists up to Re = 0.1 under this definition.

Under the condition of low Re, the relationship between force and speed of motion is given by [[Stokes' law]].<ref name="Dusenbery 2009" />

====Oblong object in a fluid====
The equation for an oblong object is identical to that of a sphere, with the object being approximated as an [[ellipsoid]] and the axis of length being chosen as the characteristic length scale. Such considerations are important in natural streams, for example, where there are few perfectly spherical grains. For grains in which measurement of each axis is impractical, sieve diameters are used instead as the characteristic particle length-scale. Both approximations alter the values of the critical Reynolds number.

====Fall velocity====
The particle Reynolds number is important in determining the fall velocity of a particle. When the particle Reynolds number indicates laminar flow, [[Stokes' law]] can be used to calculate its fall velocity. When the particle Reynolds number indicates turbulent flow, a turbulent drag law must be constructed to model the appropriate settling velocity.

===Packed bed===
For fluid flow through a bed of approximately spherical particles of diameter ''D'' in contact, if the "[[porosity|voidage]]" is ''ε'' and the "[[superficial velocity]]" is ''vs'', the Reynolds number can be defined as:<ref name="Dwivedi 1977" />
:<math> \mathrm{Re} = {{\rho {\mathbf v_s} D} \over {\mu}}.</math>
or
:<math> \mathrm{Re} = {{\rho {\mathbf v_s} D} \over {\mu \epsilon}}.</math>
or
:<math> \mathrm{Re} = {{\rho {\mathbf v_s} D} \over {\mu (1-\epsilon)}}.</math>
The choice of equation depends on the system involved: the first is successful in correlating the data for various types of packed and fludized beds, the second Reynolds number suits for the liquid-phase data, while the third was found successful in correlating the fludized bed data, being first introduced for liquid fluidized bed system.<ref name="Dwivedi 1977" />

Laminar conditions apply up to Re = 10, fully turbulent from 2000.<ref name="Rhodes 1989" />

===Stirred vessel===
In a cylindrical vessel stirred by a central rotating paddle, turbine or propeller, the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the agitator <math>D</math>. The velocity is <math>N D</math> where <math>N</math> is the [[angular velocity|rotational speed]]. Then the Reynolds number is:

:<math> \mathrm{Re} = {{\rho N D^2} \over {\mu}}.</math>

The system is fully turbulent for values of Re above 10 000.<ref name="Sinnott" />

==Transition and turbulent flow==
In [[boundary layer]] flow over a flat plate, experiments confirm that, after a certain length of flow, a laminar boundary layer will become unstable and turbulent. This instability occurs across different scales and with different fluids, usually when <math>\mathrm{Re}_x \approx 5 \times 10^5</math>,<ref name="De Witt 1990" /> where <math>x</math> is the distance from the leading edge of the flat plate, and the flow velocity is the [[freestream]] velocity of the fluid outside the boundary layer.

For flow in a pipe of diameter <math>D</math>, experimental observations show that for "fully developed" flow,<ref group="n">Full development of the flow occurs as the flow enters the pipe, the boundary layer thickens and then stabilizes after several diameters distance into the pipe.</ref> laminar flow occurs when <math>\mathrm{Re}_D < 2300</math> and turbulent flow occurs when <math>\mathrm{Re}_D > 4000</math>.<ref name="Holman 2002-207" /> In the interval between 2300 and 4000, laminar and turbulent flows are possible and are called "transition" flows, depending on other factors, such as pipe roughness and flow uniformity. This result is generalized to non-circular channels using the [[hydraulic diameter]], allowing a transition Reynolds number to be calculated for other shapes of channel.

These [[laminar-turbulent transition|transition]] Reynolds numbers are also called ''critical Reynolds numbers'', and were studied by Osborne Reynolds around 1895.<ref name="Rott 1990" />

==Pipe friction==
[[File:Moody diagram.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Moody diagram]], which describes the [[Darcy–Weisbach equation|Darcy–Weisbach friction factor]] ''f'' as a function of the Reynolds number and relative pipe roughness.]]
Pressure drops seen for fully developed flow of fluids through pipes can be predicted using the [[Moody diagram]] which plots the [[Darcy–Weisbach equation|Darcy–Weisbach friction factor]] <math>f</math> against Reynolds number <math>{\mathrm{Re}}</math> and relative roughness <math>\epsilon / D</math>. The diagram clearly shows the laminar, transition, and turbulent flow regimes as Reynolds number increases.
The nature of pipe flow is strongly dependent on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.

==Similarity of flows==
In order for two flows to be similar they must have the same geometry, and have equal Reynolds numbers and [[Euler number (physics)|Euler numbers]]. When comparing fluid behavior at corresponding points in a model and a full-scale flow, the following holds:

:<math> \mathrm{Re}_m = \mathrm{Re} \; </math>

: <math> \mathrm{Eu}_m = \mathrm{Eu} \; \quad\quad \mbox{i.e.} \quad {p_m \over \rho_m {v_m}^{2}} = {p\over \rho v^{2}} \; , </math>

quantities marked with 'm' concern the flow around the model and the others the actual flow. This allows engineers to perform experiments with reduced models in [[water channel]]s or [[wind tunnel]]s, and correlate the data to the actual flows, saving on costs during experimentation and on lab time. Note that true dynamic similitude may require matching other [[dimensionless number]]s as well, such as the [[Mach number]] used in [[compressible flow]]s, or the [[Froude number]] that governs open-channel flows. Some flows involve more dimensionless parameters than can be practically satisfied with the available apparatus and fluids, so one is forced to decide which parameters are most important. For experimental flow modeling to be useful, it requires a fair amount of experience and judgement of the engineer.

==Smallest scales of turbulent motion==
In a turbulent flow, there is a range of scales of the time-varying fluid motion. The size of the largest scales of fluid motion (sometimes called eddies) are set by the overall geometry of the flow. For instance, in an industrial smoke stack, the largest scales of fluid motion are as big as the diameter of the stack itself. The size of the smallest scales is set by the Reynolds number. As the Reynolds number increases, smaller and smaller scales of the flow are visible. In a smoke stack, the smoke may appear to have many very small velocity perturbations or eddies, in addition to large bulky eddies. In this sense, the Reynolds number is an indicator of the range of scales in the flow. The higher the Reynolds number, the greater the range of scales. The largest eddies will always be the same size; the smallest eddies are determined by the Reynolds number.

What is the explanation for this phenomenon? A large Reynolds number indicates that viscous forces are not important at large scales of the flow. With a strong predominance of inertial forces over viscous forces, the largest scales of fluid motion are undamped—there is not enough viscosity to dissipate their motions. The kinetic energy must "cascade" from these large scales to progressively smaller scales until a level is reached for which the scale is small enough for viscosity to become important (that is, viscous forces become of the order of inertial ones). It is at these small scales where the dissipation of energy by viscous action finally takes place. The Reynolds number indicates at what scale this viscous dissipation occurs.

==In physiology==
[[Poiseuille's law]] on blood circulation in the body is dependent on [[laminar flow]]. In turbulent flow the flow rate is proportional to the square root of the pressure gradient, as opposed to its direct proportionality to pressure gradient in laminar flow.

Using the definition of the Reynolds number we can see that a large diameter with rapid flow, where the density of the blood is high, tends towards turbulence. Rapid changes in vessel diameter may lead to turbulent flow, for instance when a narrower vessel widens to a larger one. Furthermore, a bulge of [[atheroma]] may be the cause of turbulent flow, where audible turbulence may be detected with a stethoscope.

==Derivation==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2013}}
The Reynolds number can be obtained when one uses the [[nondimensional number|nondimensional]] form of the incompressible [[Navier-Stokes equations]] for a newtonian fluid expressed in the [[lagrangian derivative]]:
:<math>\rho \frac{D \mathbf{v}}{D t} = -\nabla p + \mu \nabla^2 \mathbf{v} + \rho \mathbf{f}. </math>

Each term in the above equation has the units of a "body force" (force per unit volume) with the same dimensions of a density times an acceleration. Each term is thus dependent on the exact measurements of a flow. When one renders the equation nondimensional, that is when we multiply it by a factor with inverse units of the base equation, we obtain a form which does not depend directly on the physical sizes.
One possible way to obtain a nondimensional equation is to multiply the whole equation by the following factor:
:<math> D \over \rho V^2 </math>
where:
* <math> V \,</math> is the mean velocity, <math> v \,</math> or <math> \mathbf{\bar v} </math>, relative to the fluid (m/s).
* <math> D \,</math> is the characteristic length, <math> L \,</math>, (m).
* <math> \rho \,</math> is the fluid density (kg/m³).

If we now set:
:<math> \mathbf{v'} = \frac{\mathbf{v}}{V},\ p' = p\frac{1}{\rho V^2}, \ \mathbf{f'} = \mathbf{f}\frac{D}{V^2}, \ \frac{\partial}{\partial t'} = \frac{D}{V} \frac{\partial}{\partial t}, \ \nabla' = D \nabla </math>

we can rewrite the Navier-Stokes equation without dimensions:
:<math>\frac{D \mathbf{v'}}{D t'} = -\nabla' p' + \frac{\mu}{\rho D V} \nabla'^2 \mathbf{v'} + \mathbf{f'} </math>

where the term <math>\frac{\mu}{\rho D V} = \frac{1}{\mathrm{Re}}. </math>

Finally, dropping the primes for ease of reading:
:<math>\frac{D \mathbf{v}}{D t} = -\nabla p + \frac{1}{\mathrm{Re}} \nabla^2 \mathbf{v} + \mathbf{f}. </math>

This is why mathematically all newtonian, incompressible flows with the same Reynolds number are comparable. Notice also, in the above equation, as <math>\mathrm{Re} \to \infty</math> the viscous terms vanish. Thus, high Reynolds number flows are approximately inviscid in the free-stream.

==See also==
* [[Reynolds transport theorem]]
* [[Drag coefficient]]
* [[Deposition (geology)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Stokes 1851">{{cite journal |last=Stokes |first=George |authorlink=George Gabriel Stokes |year=1851 |title=On the Effect of the Internal Friction of Fluids on the Motion of Pendulums |journal=[[Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society]] |volume=9 |pages=8–106 |bibcode = 1851TCaPS...9....8S }}</ref>
<ref name="Reynolds 1883">{{cite journal | last = Reynolds | first = Osborne | authorlink = Osborne Reynolds | year = 1883| month = | title = An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous, and of the law of resistance in parallel channels | journal = [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] | volume = 174 | issue = 0| pages = 935–982 | jstor=109431 | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1883.0029 }}</ref>
<ref name="Rott 1990">{{cite journal |last=Rott |first=N. |title=Note on the history of the Reynolds number |journal=[[Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics]] |volume=22 |issue=1 |year=1990 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.000245 |bibcode = 1990AnRFM..22....1R }}</ref>

<ref name="Falkovich">{{cite book |last=Falkovich |first=G. |title=Fluid Mechanics |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |url=http://www.weizmann.ac.il/complex/falkovich/fluid-mechanics}}</ref>
<ref name="Lissaman">[http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.fl.15.010183.001255 Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils, P.B.S. Lissaman, AeroVironment Inc., Pasadena, California, 91107]</ref>

<ref name="Engineeringtoolbox">[http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynolds-number-d_237.html Reynolds Number] Engineeringtoolbox.com</ref>
<ref name="Rhodes 1989">{{cite book |first=M. |last=Rhodes |year=1989 |title=Introduction to Particle Technology |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-471-98482-5 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=P9Qgvh7kMP8C&pg=PA29}}</ref>
<ref name="Holman">{{cite book |first=J. P. |last=Holman |title=Heat Transfer |location= |publisher=McGraw Hill |year= |edition= |isbn= }}{{full|date=November 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Holman 2002-207">{{cite book |first=J. P. |last=Holman |title=Heat Transfer |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2002 |page=207}}</ref>
<ref name="De Witt 1990">{{cite book |first=D. P. |last=De Witt |year=1990 |title=Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer |location=New York |publisher=Wiley}}</ref>
<ref name="Sinnott">{{cite book |first=R. K. |last=Sinnott |title=Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering, Volume 6: Chemical Engineering Design |edition=4th |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=0-7506-6538-6 |page=73}}</ref>
<ref name="Dusenbery 2009">{{cite book |last=Dusenbery |first=David B. |year=2009 |title=Living at Micro Scale |page=49 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Mass |isbn=978-0-674-03116-6}}</ref>
<ref name="Streeter 1962">{{cite book |first=V. L. |last=Streeter |year=1962 |title=Fluid Mechanics |edition=3rd |publisher=McGraw-Hill}}</ref>
<ref name="Fox 2004">{{cite book |first=R. W. |last=Fox |first2=A. T. |last2=McDonald |first3=Phillip J. |last3=Pritchard |title=Introduction to Fluid Mechanics |edition=6th |location=Hoboken |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=0-471-20231-2 |page=348 |year=2004 }}</ref>
<ref name="Dwivedi 1977">{{cite journal |last=Dwivedi |first=P.N. |title=Particle-fluid mass transfer in fixed and fluidized beds |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development |volume=16 |issue=2 |year=1977 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.1021/i260062a001 }}</ref>
</references>

==Further reading==
* Zagarola, M.V. and Smits, A.J., "Experiments in High Reynolds Number Turbulent Pipe Flow." AIAA paper #96-0654, 34th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 15–18, 1996.
* Jermy M., "Fluid Mechanics A Course Reader," Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of Canterbury, 2005, pp. d5.10.
* Hughes, Roger "Civil Engineering Hydraulics," Civil and Environmental Dept., University of Melbourne 1997, pp. 107–152
* Fouz, Infaz "Fluid Mechanics," Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of Oxford, 2001, p. 96
* E.M. Purcell. "Life at Low Reynolds Number", American Journal of Physics vol 45, pp. 3–11 (1977)[http://jilawww.colorado.edu/perkinsgroup/Purcell_life_at_low_reynolds_number.pdf]
* Truskey, G.A., Yuan, F, Katz, D.F. (2004). ''Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems'' Prentice Hall, pp. 7. ISBN 0-13-042204-5. ISBN 978-0-13-042204-0.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Reynolds number}}
* [http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~alexeenk/GDT/index.html Gas Dynamics Toolbox] Calculate Reynolds number for mixtures of gases using VHS model
* [http://www.calctool.org/CALC/eng/fluid/reynolds Browser-based Reynolds number calculator]
* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/reynolds.htm The Reynolds Number] at Sixty Symbols

{{NonDimFluMech}}

[[Category:Aerodynamics]]
[[Category:Convection]]
[[Category:Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics]]
[[Category:Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics]]
[[Category:Fluid dynamics]]
[[Category:Piping]]

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