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en>Loraof: /* top */ wikilink

2014-09-01T19:32:54Z

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	~~{{Star formation}}~~		Andrew Simcox is the title his mothers and fathers gave him and he completely loves this title. Some time in the past he selected to live in North Carolina and he doesn't plan on changing it. I am truly fond of to go to karaoke but I've been using on new issues recently. Distributing production is how he makes a living.<br><br>my web-site :: psychic chat online - [http://ltreme.com/index.php?do=/profile-127790/info/ Read Even more] -

	~~In [[astronomy]], the '''initial mass function''' ('''IMF''')~~ is ~~an [[empirical]] function that describes~~ the [[Frequency distribution\|distribution]] of initial masses for a population of stars. The IMF is often given as a [[Probability distribution\|probability distribution function]] (PDF) for the mass at which a star enters the [[main sequence]] (begins [[nuclear fusion\|hydrogen fusion]]). The distribution function can then be used to construct the [[mass distribution]] (the [[histogram]] of stellar masses) of a population of stars. The properties and evolution of a star are closely related to its mass, so the IMF is an important diagnostic tool for astronomers studying large quantities of stars. For example, the initial mass of a star is the primary factor determining its [[Stellar classification\|colour]], [[luminosity]], and ~~lifetime~~. ~~The IMF is relatively invariant from one group of stars to another.~~

	~~==Form of the IMF==~~

	~~The IMF is often stated in terms of a series of [[power law]]s, where <math>N(m) dm</math> (sometimes also represented as <math>\xi (m) \Delta m</math>), the number of stars with masses~~ in the ~~range <math>m</math>~~ to ~~<math>m + dm~~
	</math> within a specified volume of space, is proportional to <math>m^{-\alpha}</math>, where <math>\alpha</math> is a dimensionless exponent. The IMF can be inferred from the present day stellar [[luminosity function (astronomy)\|luminosity function]] by using the stellar [[mass-luminosity relation]] together with a model of how the star formation rate varies with time.

	~~The IMF of stars more massive than our sun was first quantified by [[Edwin Salpeter]]~~ in ~~1955.<ref>{{cite journal \| first = Edwin \| last = Salpeter \| title = The luminosity function~~ and ~~stellar evolution \| journal = ApJ \| volume = 121 \| pages = 161 \| year = 1955 \| url = http://adsabs~~.~~harvard.edu/abs/1955ApJ...121..161S \| doi=10.1086/145971}}</ref> His work favoured an exponent~~ of ~~<math>\alpha=2.35</math>. This form of the IMF is called the~~ '~~''Salpeter function''' or a Salpeter IMF. It shows that the number of stars in each mass range decreases rapidly with increasing mass~~. ~~The Salpeter Initial Mass Function~~ is
	~~:<math>\xi (m) \Delta m= \xi_{0}\left(\frac{m}{M_\mathrm{sun}}\right)^{-2.35}\left(\frac{\Delta m}{M_\mathrm{sun}}\right).</math>~~

	Later authors extended the work below one solar mass. Glenn E. Miller and [[John M. Scalo]] suggested that the IMF "flattened" (approached <math>\alpha=0</math>) below one solar mass.<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Miller \| first1 = Glenn \| last2 = Scalo \| first2 = John \| title = The initial mass function and stellar birthrate in the solar neighborhood \| journal = ApJS \| volume = 41 \| pages = 513 \| year = 1979 \| url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJS...41..513M}}</ref> [[Pavel Kroupa]] kept <math>\alpha=2.3</math> above half a ~~solar mass, but introduced <math>\alpha=1.3</math> between 0.08-0.5 solar masses and <math>\alpha=0.3</math> below 0.08 solar masses.~~

	Commonly used forms of the IMF are the Kroupa (2001) broken power law<ref name = Kroupa01>{{cite journal \| first = Pavel \| last = Kroupa \| title = On the variation of the initial mass function \| journal = MNRAS \| volume = 322 \| pages = 231 \| year = 2001 \| url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MNRAS.322..231K}}</ref> and the Chabrier (2003) log-normal.<ref name = Chabrier03>{{cite journal \| first = Gilles \| last = Chabrier \| title = Galactic stellar and substellar initial mass function \| journal = PASP \| volume = 115 \| pages = 763 \| year = 2003 \| url = http://adsabs.~~harvard.edu/abs/2003PASP..115..763C}}~~<~~/ref~~>

	~~Chabrier 2003 for individual stars:~~
	:<~~math~~>~~\xi (m) \Delta m= 0.158 (1/m) \exp[~~- ~~(\log(m)-\log(0.08))^2/(2 \times 0.69^2)]</math> for <math> m < 1,</math>~~
	:~~<math>\xi(m) = k m^{-\alpha} </math> for <math> m > 1, \alpha = 2.3 \pm 0.3 </math>~~

	~~Chabrier 2003 for stellar systems~~:
	~~:<math>\xi (m) \Delta m= 0.086 (1/m) \exp[~~- ~~(\log(m)-\log(0.22))^2/(2 \times 0.57^2)]</math> for <math> m < 1,</math>~~
	~~:<math>\xi(m) = k m^{-\alpha} </math> for <math> m > 1, \alpha = 2.3 \pm 0.3 </math>~~

	~~Kroupa 2001:~~
	~~:<math>\xi(m) = m^{-\alpha},</math>~~
	~~:<math> \alpha = 0.3 </math> for <math> m< 0.08,</math>~~
	~~:<math> \alpha = 1.3 </math> for <math> 0.08 <m<0.5,</math>~~
	~~:<math> \alpha = 2.3 </math> for <math> 0.5 <m </math>~~

	~~There are large uncertainties concerning the [~~[Brown dwarf\|substellar region]]. In particular, the classical assumption of a single IMF covering the whole substellar and stellar mass range is being questioned in favour of a two-component IMF to account for possible different formation modes of substellar objects. I.e. one IMF covering brown dwarfs and very-low-mass stars on the one hand, and another ranging from the higher-mass brown dwarfs to the most massive stars on the other. Note that this leads to an overlap region between about 0.05 and 0.2 solar masses where both formation modes may account for bodies in this mass range.<ref>{{cite conference \|url= http://~~arxiv~~.~~org~~/~~abs/1112.3340 \| last1 = Kroupa \| first1 = Pavel \| last2 = et al. \| booktitle = Stellar Systems and Galactic Structure, Vol~~. ~~V \| title~~ = ~~The stellar and sub-stellar IMF of simple and composite populations \| year = 2012}}<~~/~~ref>~~

	~~==Further reading==~~
	*John Scalo, ''The initial mass function of massive stars in galaxies. Empirical evidence'', Luminous stars and associations in galaxies; Proceedings of the Symposium, Porto-~~Kheli, Greece, May 26-31, 1985. Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1986, p. 451-466.~~
	*John Scalo, [http://~~www.as.utexas.edu/astronomy/people/scalo/Scalo1986.IMF.FundCosPhys.pdf ''The Stellar Initial Mass Function''~~]~~, Fundamentals of cosmic physics, vol 11 pp.1-278, University of Texas (1986).~~
	*Pavel Kroupa, [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-~~ph/0201098 ''The initial mass function of stars: evidence for uniformity in variable systems''], Science 295, 82 (2002)~~
	*John Gallagher & Linda Sparke, ''Galaxies in the Universe'', Cambridge Press, 66 (2007)

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~[[Category:Stellar astronomy]]~~

en>Mark viking: /* Definition */ Added wl

2014-01-01T19:21:04Z

Definition: Added wl

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:21, 1 January 2014
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	The ~~author~~ is ~~known~~ as ~~Wilber Pegues~~. ~~One~~ of the ~~very very best things~~ in the ~~world for him~~ is ~~performing ballet~~ and he'~~ll be beginning~~ ~~best psychics~~ ([http://~~breenq~~.~~com~~/~~index~~.~~php?do~~=/~~profile~~-~~1144~~/~~info~~/ ~~click through~~ the ~~next web site]~~) ~~some thing online psychic chat~~ ([~~http~~://~~gcjcteam~~.~~org~~/~~index~~.~~php?mid~~=~~etc_video&document_srl~~=~~696611&sort_index~~=~~regdate&order_type~~=~~desc click through~~ the ~~next web site~~]~~) else along with it~~. ~~North Carolina~~ is ~~where we've been residing~~ for ~~years~~ and ~~will never move~~. ~~My working day job is~~ an ~~info officer but I've currently utilized~~ for ~~an additional 1~~.<br><br>~~Look at my web~~-~~site: online psychic [~~[http://www.~~publicpledge~~.~~com~~/~~blogs~~/~~post~~/~~7034 check this link right here now~~]]		{{Star formation}}

			In [[astronomy]], the '''initial mass function''' ('''IMF''') is an [[empirical]] function that describes the [[Frequency distribution\|distribution]] of initial masses for a population of stars. The IMF is often given as a [[Probability distribution\|probability distribution function]] (PDF) for the mass at which a star enters the [[main sequence]] (begins [[nuclear fusion\|hydrogen fusion]]). The distribution function can then be used to construct the [[mass distribution]] (the [[histogram]] of stellar masses) of a population of stars. The properties and evolution of a star are closely related to its mass, so the IMF is an important diagnostic tool for astronomers studying large quantities of stars. For example, the initial mass of a star is the primary factor determining its [[Stellar classification\|colour]], [[luminosity]], and lifetime. The IMF is relatively invariant from one group of stars to another.

			==Form of the IMF==

			The IMF is often stated in terms of a series of [[power law]]s, where <math>N(m) dm</math> (sometimes also represented as <math>\xi (m) \Delta m</math>), the number of stars with masses in the range <math>m</math> to <math>m + dm
			</math> within a specified volume of space, is proportional to <math>m^{-\alpha}</math>, where <math>\alpha</math> is a dimensionless exponent. The IMF can be inferred from the present day stellar [[luminosity function (astronomy)\|luminosity function]] by using the stellar [[mass-luminosity relation]] together with a model of how the star formation rate varies with time.

			The IMF of stars more massive than our sun was first quantified by [[Edwin Salpeter]] in 1955.<ref>{{cite journal \| first = Edwin \| last = Salpeter \| title = The luminosity function and stellar evolution \| journal = ApJ \| volume = 121 \| pages = 161 \| year = 1955 \| url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955ApJ...121..161S \| doi=10.1086/145971}}</ref> His work favoured an exponent of <math>\alpha=2.35</math>. This form of the IMF is called the '''Salpeter function''' or a Salpeter IMF. It shows that the number of stars in each mass range decreases rapidly with increasing mass. The Salpeter Initial Mass Function is
			:<math>\xi (m) \Delta m= \xi_{0}\left(\frac{m}{M_\mathrm{sun}}\right)^{-2.35}\left(\frac{\Delta m}{M_\mathrm{sun}}\right).</math>

			Later authors extended the work below one solar mass. Glenn E. Miller and [[John M. Scalo]] suggested that the IMF "flattened" (approached <math>\alpha=0</math>) below one solar mass.<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Miller \| first1 = Glenn \| last2 = Scalo \| first2 = John \| title = The initial mass function and stellar birthrate in the solar neighborhood \| journal = ApJS \| volume = 41 \| pages = 513 \| year = 1979 \| url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJS...41..513M}}</ref> [[Pavel Kroupa]] kept <math>\alpha=2.3</math> above half a solar mass, but introduced <math>\alpha=1.3</math> between 0.08-0.5 solar masses and <math>\alpha=0.3</math> below 0.08 solar masses.

			Commonly used forms of the IMF are the Kroupa (2001) broken power law<ref name = Kroupa01>{{cite journal \| first = Pavel \| last = Kroupa \| title = On the variation of the initial mass function \| journal = MNRAS \| volume = 322 \| pages = 231 \| year = 2001 \| url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MNRAS.322..231K}}</ref> and the Chabrier (2003) log-normal.<ref name = Chabrier03>{{cite journal \| first = Gilles \| last = Chabrier \| title = Galactic stellar and substellar initial mass function \| journal = PASP \| volume = 115 \| pages = 763 \| year = 2003 \| url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PASP..115..763C}}</ref>

			Chabrier 2003 for individual stars:
			:<math>\xi (m) \Delta m= 0.158 (1/m) \exp[- (\log(m)-\log(0.08))^2/(2 \times 0.69^2)]</math> for <math> m < 1,</math>
			:<math>\xi(m) = k m^{-\alpha} </math> for <math> m > 1, \alpha = 2.3 \pm 0.3 </math>

			Chabrier 2003 for stellar systems:
			:<math>\xi (m) \Delta m= 0.086 (1/m) \exp[- (\log(m)-\log(0.22))^2/(2 \times 0.57^2)]</math> for <math> m < 1,</math>
			:<math>\xi(m) = k m^{-\alpha} </math> for <math> m > 1, \alpha = 2.3 \pm 0.3 </math>

			Kroupa 2001:
			:<math>\xi(m) = m^{-\alpha},</math>
			:<math> \alpha = 0.3 </math> for <math> m< 0.08,</math>
			:<math> \alpha = 1.3 </math> for <math> 0.08 <m<0.5,</math>
			:<math> \alpha = 2.3 </math> for <math> 0.5 <m </math>

			There are large uncertainties concerning the [[Brown dwarf\|substellar region]]. In particular, the classical assumption of a single IMF covering the whole substellar and stellar mass range is being questioned in favour of a two-component IMF to account for possible different formation modes of substellar objects. I.e. one IMF covering brown dwarfs and very-low-mass stars on the one hand, and another ranging from the higher-mass brown dwarfs to the most massive stars on the other. Note that this leads to an overlap region between about 0.05 and 0.2 solar masses where both formation modes may account for bodies in this mass range.<ref>{{cite conference \|url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.3340 \| last1 = Kroupa \| first1 = Pavel \| last2 = et al. \| booktitle = Stellar Systems and Galactic Structure, Vol. V \| title = The stellar and sub-stellar IMF of simple and composite populations \| year = 2012}}</ref>

			==Further reading==
			*John Scalo, ''The initial mass function of massive stars in galaxies. Empirical evidence'', Luminous stars and associations in galaxies; Proceedings of the Symposium, Porto-Kheli, Greece, May 26-31, 1985. Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1986, p. 451-466.
			*John Scalo, [http://www.as.utexas.edu/astronomy/people/scalo/Scalo1986.IMF.FundCosPhys.pdf ''The Stellar Initial Mass Function''], Fundamentals of cosmic physics, vol 11 pp.1-278, University of Texas (1986).
			*Pavel Kroupa, [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0201098 ''The initial mass function of stars: evidence for uniformity in variable systems''], Science 295, 82 (2002)
			*John Gallagher & Linda Sparke, ''Galaxies in the Universe'', Cambridge Press, 66 (2007)

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			[[Category:Stellar astronomy]]

en>Marie Poise: Links to pseudo-random number sampling; one might also discuss a merger

2011-05-06T20:59:33Z

Links to pseudo-random number sampling; one might also discuss a merger

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