en>Rjwilmsi: 10.1007/BF01180608

2014-09-25T20:16:25Z

10.1007/BF01180608

en>Monkbot: /* Further reading */Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors

2014-01-28T08:44:47Z

Further reading: Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors

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	~~Hello! My~~ name ~~is Sebastian~~. ~~<br>It is~~ a ~~little about myself~~: ~~I live~~ in ~~Norway~~, ~~my city~~ of ~~Arendal~~. ~~<br>It's~~ called ~~often Eastern or cultural capital~~ of . I'~~ve married 3 years ago~~.<br>~~I have 2 children~~ - ~~a son~~ (~~Ben~~) ~~and~~ the ~~daughter~~ (~~Dessie~~). ~~We all like Painting~~.<br><br>~~Feel free~~ to ~~visit my~~ page: [http://~~fungonline~~.~~com~~/~~profile~~/~~124586~~/~~jumaestas Cannondale mountain bike sizing~~.]		{{More footnotes\|date=August 2010}}
			{{Infobox scientist
			\|name = Michael Stifel
			\|image =
			\|image_size =
			\|caption = Detail of Tomb Relief of Johannes Trithemius by [[Tilman Riemenschneider]]
			\|birth_date = 1487
			\|birth_place = [[Esslingen am Neckar\|Esslingen]]
			\|death_date = April 19, 1567
			\|death_place = [[Jena]]
			\|nationality = German
			\|residence =
			\|citizenship =
			\|ethnicity =
			\|field = Theology, mathematics
			\|work_institution = [[University of Jena]]
			\|alma_mater = [[University of Halle-Wittenberg]]
			\|doctoral_advisor =
			\|doctoral_students =
			\|known_for = ''Arithmetica integra'' cf. [[Logarithm]]s
			\|prizes =
			}}
			[[File:Michael Stifel's Arithmetica Integra (1544) p225.tif\|thumb\|Michael Stifel's Arithmetica Integra (1544), p. 225.]]
			'''Michael Stifel''' or '''Styfel''' (1487 – April 19, 1567) was a [[Germany\|German]] monk and mathematician. He was an [[Augustinian]] who became an early supporter of [[Martin Luther]]. He was later appointed professor of mathematics at [[Jena University]].

			==Life==

			Stifel was born in [[Esslingen am Neckar]]. He joined the [[Order of Saint Augustine]] and was ordained a priest in 1511. Tensions in the abbey grew after he published the poem ''Von der Christförmigen, rechtgegründeten leer Doctoris Martini Luthers'' (1522, i.e. On the Christian, righteous doctrine of Doctor Martin Luther) and came into conflict with [[Thomas Murner]]. Stifel then left for [[Frankfurt]], and soon went to [[Mansfeld]], where he began his mathematical studies. In 1524 upon a recommendation by Luther Stifel was called to the [[w:de:Schloss Tollet\|Tollet Palace]] in [[Tollet]]. Stifel returned to [[Wittenberg]] in 1527 and then married and became minister in [[Annaburg\|Lochau]], where [[George Spalatin]] frequently resided.
			Stifel married the widow of his predecessor in the ministry. The tranquil life in Lochau again led him to mathematical studies and he performed, what he called "Wortrechnung" (i.e. word-calculation), studying the statistical properties of letters and words in the bible. In 1532 Stifel published anonymously his "''Ein Rechenbuchlin vom EndChrist. [[apocalypse\|Apocalyps]] in Apocalypsim''" (A Book of Arithmetic about the AntiChrist. A Revelation in the Revelation). This predicted that [[Last Judgement\|Judgement Day]] the world would end at 8am on October 19, 1533. The German saying "to talk a Stiefel" or "to calculate a Stiefel" (Stiefel is the German word for boot) meaning to say or calculate nonsense can be traced back to this incident.<ref>[http://oewb.retti.info/oewb-public/show.cgi?lexnr=x7AQ\3TKPB9KMyeqsV4u645NFKuv3OfMaLLxfWhH0LKU305vr\\vww==&pgm_stat=show Stiefel (einen Stiefel reden / schreiben)] Retrieved 01/11/2012</ref> When this prediction failed, he did not make any other predictions.

			Instead in 1541 he started studying mathematics at the [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg\|University of Wittenberg]].

			==Mathematics==
			Stifel's most important work ''Arithmetica integra'' (1544) contained important innovations in [[mathematical notation]]. It has the first use of multiplication by juxtaposition (with no symbol between the terms) in Europe. He is the first to use the term "[[Exponentiation\|exponent]]" and also included the following rules for calculating powers: <math>q^m q^n = q^{m+n}</math> and <math>\tfrac{q^m}{q^n} = q^{m-n}</math>. The book contains a table of integers and powers of 2 that some have considered to be an early version of a [[logarithm]]ic table.<ref>
			{{cite book
			\| title = A short account of the history of mathematics
			\| author = Walter William Rouse Ball
			\| publisher = Macmillan and Co
			\| year = 1908
			\| page = 216
			\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=egY6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA216&dq=%22arithmetica+integra%22+logarithms&hl=en&ei=iG9jTIvnN4P78Aagv8nICg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22arithmetica%20integra%22%20logarithms&f=false
			}}</ref><ref>
			{{cite book
			\| title = Precalculus mathematics
			\| author = Vivian Shaw Groza and Susanne M. Shelley
			\| publisher = 9780030776700
			\| year = 1972
			\| isbn = 978-0-03-077670-0
			\| page = 182
			\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yM_lSq1eJv8C&pg=PA182&dq=%22arithmetica+integra%22+logarithm&hl=en&ei=ijhjTPqEJIL58Aal6MTTCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=stifel&f=false
			}}</ref>
			Further topics dealt with in the ''Arithmetica integra'' are [[negative number]]s (which Stifel calls ''numeri absurdi'') and [[sequence]]s.

			==Notes==
			<references/>

			==References==
			*Stifel, Michael (1544). ''"Arithmetica integra"''.
			*Anon. (Stifel, Michael) (1532). "''Ein Rechenbuchlin vom EndChrist. Apocalyps in Apocalypsim''" (A Book of Arithmetic about the AntiChrist. A Revelation in the Revelation).
			* Koetsier, Teun and Karin Reich (2005). Michael Stifel and his numerology. pp. 291–310 in Koetsier and Bergmans (2005).
			* Koetsier, Teun and Luc Bergmans (2005). ''Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study.'' Elsevier.

			==External links==
			*[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Stifel.html MacTutor biography]
			*[http://books.google.com/books?id=fndPsRv08R0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=arithmetica+integra&hl=en&ei=CJVeTozEMonV0QGQ_LH9AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Arithmetica Integra, Google Books]

			{{Authority control\|VIAF=32124880}}

			{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
			\| NAME = Stifel, Michael
			\| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
			\| SHORT DESCRIPTION = German mathematician
			\| DATE OF BIRTH = 1487
			\| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Esslingen am Neckar\|Esslingen]]
			\| DATE OF DEATH = April 19, 1567
			\| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Jena]]
			}}
			{{DEFAULTSORT:Stifel, Michael}}
			[[Category:1487 births]]
			[[Category:1567 deaths]]
			[[Category:People from Esslingen am Neckar]]
			[[Category:German mathematicians]]
			[[Category:German Christians]]
			[[Category:16th-century mathematicians]]
			[[Category:Apocalypticists]]

en>Suslindisambiguator: /* Further reading */

2012-07-25T21:11:45Z

Perron method - Revision history

en>Rjwilmsi: 10.1007/BF01180608

en>Monkbot: /* Further reading */Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors

en>Suslindisambiguator: /* Further reading */