PVIFA - Revision history

en>Yobot: Tagging using AWB (10703)

2015-01-07T15:01:54Z

Tagging using AWB (10703)

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:01, 7 January 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~'''Photothermal optical microscopy''' / "photothermal single particle microscopy" is a technique that~~ is based on detection of non-[[fluorescence\|fluorescent]] labels. It relays on absorption properties of labels ([[gold]] [[nanoparticle]]s, [[semiconductor]] [[nanocrystal]]s, etc.) Can be realized on conventional microscope using resonant modulated heating beam, non-resonant probe beam and [[lock-in]] detection of photothermal signals from a single nanoparticle. It is the extension of the macroscopic photothermal spectroscopy to the nanoscopic domain. The high sensitivity and selectivity of photothermal microscopy allows even the detection of single molecules by their absorption. Similar [[Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy\|Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy]] (FCS) with the fluorescence signal, the photothermal signal may be recorded time-resolved to study the diffusion and advection characteristics of absorbing nanoparticles in a ~~solution. This technique is called photothermal correlation spectroscopy (PhoCS).~~		Hello! My name is Angeline. <br>It is a little about myself: I live in France, my city of Clichy. <br>It's called often Northern or cultural capital of . I've married 2 years ago.<br>I have two children - a son (Andres) and the daughter (Danelle). We all like Fantasy Football.<br><br>Visit my blog post - [http://legaladviceindia.com/content/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE нажмите на эту ссылку]

	~~== Forward detection scheme ==~~
	~~In this detection scheme a conventional scanning sample or laser-scanning transmission microscope is employed. Both, the heating and the probing laser beam are coaxially aligned and~~
	superimposed using a [[Dichroic filter\|dichroic mirror]]. Both beams are focused onto a sample, typically via a high-NA illumination microscope objective, and recollected using a detection microscope objective. The thereby collimated transmitted beam is then imaged onto a photodiode after filtering out the heating beam. The photothermal signal is then the change <math>\Delta</math> in ~~the transmitted probe beam power <math>P_d</math> due to the heating laser. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio a lock-in technique may be used. To this end~~, ~~the heating laser beam is modulated at a high frequency of the order~~ of ~~MHz and the detected probe beam power is then demodulated on the same frequency~~. ~~For quantitative measurements, the photothermal signal may be normalized to the background detected power~~ <~~math~~>~~P_{d,0}</math> (which is typically much larger than the change <math>\Delta P_d</math>), thereby defining the relative photothermal signal <math>\Phi</math>~~

	~~<math>~~
	~~\Phi=\frac{\Delta P_d}{P_{d,0}}=\frac{P_d\left(\text{heating beam on}\right)-P_d\left(\text{heating beam off}\right)}{P_d\left(\text{background, no particle}\right)}~~
	~~</math>~~

	~~=== Detection mechanism ===~~
	~~The physical basis for the photothermal signal in the transmission detection scheme is the lensing action~~ of ~~the refractive index profile that is created upon the absorption of the heating laser power by the nanoparticle~~. ~~The signal is homodyne in the sense that a steady state difference signal accounts for the mechanism and the forward scattered field~~'~~s self-interference with the transmitted beam corresponds to an energy redistribution as expected for a simple lens~~. The lens is a Gadient Refractive INdex (GRIN) particle determined by the 1/r refractive index profile established due to the point-source temperature profile around the nanoparticle. For a nanoparticle of radius <~~math~~>~~R</math> embedded in~~ a ~~homogeneous medium of refractive index <math>n_0</math> with a thermorefractive coefficient <math>\mathrm{d}n/\mathrm{d}T</math> the refractive index profile reads:~~

	~~<math>n\left~~(~~\mathbf{r}\right~~)~~=n_0 + \frac{\mathrm{d}n}{\mathrm{d}T}\Delta T\left(\mathbf{r}\right)=n_0+\Delta n \frac{R}{r}</math>~~

	~~in which the contrast of~~ the ~~thermal lens is determined by the nanoparticle [[Absorption~~ (~~electromagnetic radiation~~)~~\|absorption]] cross-section~~ <~~math~~>~~\sigma_{\rm abs}~~<~~/math~~> at the heating beam wavelength, the heating beam intensity <math>I_h</math> at the point of the particle and the embedding medium's [[thermal conductivity]] <math>\kappa</math> via <math>\Delta n=\left(\mathrm{d}n/\mathrm{d}T\right)\sigma_{\rm abs} I_h/4\pi\kappa R</math>.
	~~Although the signal can be well~~-~~explained in a scattering framework, the most intuitive description can be found by an intuitive analogy to the Coulomb scattering of wave packets in particle physics.~~

	~~== Backwards detection scheme ==~~
	~~In this detection scheme a conventional scanning sample or laser-scanning transmission microscope is employed. Both, the heating and the probing laser beam are coaxially aligned and~~
	superimposed using a [[Dichroic filter\|dichroic mirror]]. Both beams are focused onto a sample, typically via a high-NA illumination microscope objective. Alternatively, the probe-beam may be laterally displaced with respect to the heating beam. The retroreflected probe-beam power is then imaged onto a photodiode and the change as induced by the heating beam provides the photothermal signal

	~~=== Detection mechanism ===~~
	The detection is heterodyne in the sense that the scattered field of the probe beam by the thermal lens interferes in the backwards direction with a well-defined retroreflected part of the incidence probing beam.

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~
	~~{{col-begin}}~~
	~~{{col-3}}~~
	* D. Boyer, P. Tamarat, A. Maali, B. Lounis and M. Orrit, "Photothermal Imaging of Nanometer-Sized Metal Particles Among Scatterers", Science, Vol 297, 1160-1163, 2002
	* L. Cognet, C. Tardin, D. Boyer, D. Choquet, P. Tamarat and B. Lounis, "Single metallic nanoparticle imaging for protein detection in cells", PNAS, Vol. 100, No. 20, 11350–11355, 2003
	* A. Gaiduk, P. V. Ruijgrok, M. Yorulmaz and M. Orrit, "Detection limits in photothermal microscopy", Chem. Sci., 1, 343–350, 2010
	* M. Selmke and F. Cichos, "Photonic Rutherford Scattering: A Classical and Quantum mechanical analogy in Ray- and Wave-optics", American Journal of Physics, 2013
	* M. Selmke, F. Cichos, "Photothermal single particle Rutherford scattering microscopy", Physical Review Letters, 2013
	* M. Selmke, M. Braun and F. Cichos, "[http://~~pubs~~.~~acs.org~~/~~doi/abs/10.1021~~/~~nn300181h Photothermal single particle microscopy: Detection of a nanolens]", ACS Nano, 6 (3), pp 2741–2749, 2012~~
	* M. Selmke, M. Braun and F. Cichos, "[http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-20-7-~~8055 Nano~~-~~lens diffraction around a single heated nano particle]", Optics Express, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 8055–8070, 2012~~
	* M. Selmke, M. Braun, F. Cichos, "[http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josaa/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-29-10-~~2237 Gaussian Beam Photothermal Single Particle Microscopy]", Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Vol. 29, No.10, 2012~~
	* M. Selmke, R. Schachoff, M. Braun, F. Cichos, "[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/RA/C2RA22061J Twin-~~Focus Photothermal Correlation Spectroscopy]", [[RSC Advances]], Vol. 3, pp. 394–400, 2012~~
	* M. Selmke, R. Schachoff, M. Braun, F. Cichos, "[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/cp/c3cp44092c Photothermal Signal Distribution Analysis (PhoSDA)]", Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2013
	* S. E. Bialkowski ''Photothermal Spectroscopy Methods for Chemical Analysis'' John Wiley, New York '''1996'''
	* [http://www.uni-~~leipzig.de/~physik/mona_photothermal_microscopy.html Photothermal Microscopy]~~
	~~{{col~~-~~end}}~~

	~~[[Category:Microscopy]~~]

en>Good Olfactory: added Category:Interest using HotCat

2013-11-12T19:52:13Z

added Category:Interest using HotCat

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:52, 12 November 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~This entry was posted~~ on ~~2013~~-09-24-~~13:11:54~~ by ~~2013~~-09-24-~~13:11:54~~. <~~br /~~><br><br><br>~~<br>You have always dreamt of being~~ in a ~~position to afford those stunning attire in~~ the ~~window~~ of ~~Saks Fifth Avenue but you don't have enough cash in your checking account~~. ~~You have asked all your closed friends for help but sadly they inform you that they can't help you. You have no concept how you are going~~ to ~~be pay for your dream life.~~<br><br>~~Do not forget~~ that ~~you are going to spend high fees~~ for ~~such instant financial loans as~~ the ~~money advances. Therefore you ought~~ to ~~consider all other options. It might so occur that avenues are still open up before you~~ for ~~obtaining financial loans without~~ a ~~lot price or at lesser charges~~. ~~You should carefully determine and consider all choices prior~~ to ~~finally accepting~~ the ~~payday loans~~.<br><br>~~They should be simple for you to discover. You'll discover~~ a ~~prosperity~~ of ~~fantastic websites~~ and on-~~line payday mortgage businesses prepared~~ to ~~services your needs~~. ~~Some provide~~ a ~~quicker mortgage process than other people~~. ~~Some will offer you with cash inside minutes~~. ~~Fast and easy payday loan options~~ are ~~not~~ the ~~only issues that you need~~ to ~~consider~~.~~<br><br>~~The ~~only thing that you need to get your payday mortgage~~ is that ~~you have worked~~ in the ~~exact same place for about 6 months~~, and ~~make more than $1~~,~~500 each thirty day period~~. ~~Some payday loan loan companies only need that you make $1~~,~~000 per thirty day period~~. ~~You will not need to provide anything as collateral~~, and ~~you also do not need to worry about a credit rating~~. ~~The loan company will not check your rating at all - so it does not make a difference if your credit score is good or poor~~.~~<br><br>Direct payday loan companies are the best choice~~. ~~Since you get to talk with the lender~~ and ~~you don't have to pay an extra charge to an agent~~. ~~These loans are generally available from $100 to $1500~~. ~~Nevertheless~~, ~~if you are~~ in ~~need~~ of ~~additional money much more than $1500~~, ~~you can talk to the loan company~~. ~~The procedure is less complex as compared to regular financial loans~~. ~~Nevertheless~~, ~~if you have a good credit document~~, ~~you should method your personal bank first~~. ~~This is because when you are working with your personal financial institution~~, ~~there is no 3rd celebration involved~~ and ~~your bank account info is more safe~~.~~<br><br>Most businesses do not operate credit checks~~, ~~as your credit rating is not generally taken into account when figuring out whether or not you can get~~ a ~~mortgage~~. [~~https~~://~~play~~.~~google~~.~~com~~/~~store~~/~~apps/details~~?id=~~com~~.~~paycheck~~.~~advance5689 google~~.~~com~~] ~~Employment standing and whether or not you actually have a financial institution account is far much more essential to these companies that~~ the ~~general standing~~ of ~~your credit~~.~~<br><br>If you require cash fast~~, ~~it is prudent to get your documentation in purchase before you start applying for loans~~. ~~The specifications are really fairly simple~~. ~~Have a blank verify from your checking account~~. ~~Have some type of photograph ID from an official issuing agent (drivers license~~, ~~passport~~,~~etc~~.). ~~Evidence of residence (usually a utility invoice with your current address will suffice)~~. ~~Deliver a recent pay stub from your payroll check~~, ~~or a financial institution assertion if you do immediate deposit of your spend~~. ~~Bring evidence of your social safety quantity~~. ~~That is about it~~. ~~And~~, ~~no credit check is needed~~.~~<br><br>No 1 is so smart to forecast the expensed in advance~~. ~~You might have to deal with uncomfortable monetary situations at some time~~. ~~You if requiring the little quantity to do some job can apply for the interest financial plan~~. ~~You can effortlessly return the amount on or following the subsequent wage day~~. ~~This is why the fifty pound payday mortgage is a legitimate alternative for numerous individuals~~. ~~The fact that the money will be available on the next company day also makes this kind of loan much more feasible to those who are in a bind financially~~. ~~So use this plan~~ for ~~the getting the very best of the cash lending schemes~~.~~<br><br>This entry was posted on 2013~~-09-~~24-13~~:~~11:54 by 2013-09-24-13:11:54. <br />~~		'''Photothermal optical microscopy''' / "photothermal single particle microscopy" is a technique that is based on detection of non-[[fluorescence\|fluorescent]] labels. It relays on absorption properties of labels ([[gold]] [[nanoparticle]]s, [[semiconductor]] [[nanocrystal]]s, etc.) Can be realized on conventional microscope using resonant modulated heating beam, non-resonant probe beam and [[lock-in]] detection of photothermal signals from a single nanoparticle. It is the extension of the macroscopic photothermal spectroscopy to the nanoscopic domain. The high sensitivity and selectivity of photothermal microscopy allows even the detection of single molecules by their absorption. Similar [[Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy\|Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy]] (FCS) with the fluorescence signal, the photothermal signal may be recorded time-resolved to study the diffusion and advection characteristics of absorbing nanoparticles in a solution. This technique is called photothermal correlation spectroscopy (PhoCS).

			== Forward detection scheme ==
			In this detection scheme a conventional scanning sample or laser-scanning transmission microscope is employed. Both, the heating and the probing laser beam are coaxially aligned and
			superimposed using a [[Dichroic filter\|dichroic mirror]]. Both beams are focused onto a sample, typically via a high-NA illumination microscope objective, and recollected using a detection microscope objective. The thereby collimated transmitted beam is then imaged onto a photodiode after filtering out the heating beam. The photothermal signal is then the change <math>\Delta</math> in the transmitted probe beam power <math>P_d</math> due to the heating laser. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio a lock-in technique may be used. To this end, the heating laser beam is modulated at a high frequency of the order of MHz and the detected probe beam power is then demodulated on the same frequency. For quantitative measurements, the photothermal signal may be normalized to the background detected power <math>P_{d,0}</math> (which is typically much larger than the change <math>\Delta P_d</math>), thereby defining the relative photothermal signal <math>\Phi</math>

			<math>
			\Phi=\frac{\Delta P_d}{P_{d,0}}=\frac{P_d\left(\text{heating beam on}\right)-P_d\left(\text{heating beam off}\right)}{P_d\left(\text{background, no particle}\right)}
			</math>

			=== Detection mechanism ===
			The physical basis for the photothermal signal in the transmission detection scheme is the lensing action of the refractive index profile that is created upon the absorption of the heating laser power by the nanoparticle. The signal is homodyne in the sense that a steady state difference signal accounts for the mechanism and the forward scattered field's self-interference with the transmitted beam corresponds to an energy redistribution as expected for a simple lens. The lens is a Gadient Refractive INdex (GRIN) particle determined by the 1/r refractive index profile established due to the point-source temperature profile around the nanoparticle. For a nanoparticle of radius <math>R</math> embedded in a homogeneous medium of refractive index <math>n_0</math> with a thermorefractive coefficient <math>\mathrm{d}n/\mathrm{d}T</math> the refractive index profile reads:

			<math>n\left(\mathbf{r}\right)=n_0 + \frac{\mathrm{d}n}{\mathrm{d}T}\Delta T\left(\mathbf{r}\right)=n_0+\Delta n \frac{R}{r}</math>

			in which the contrast of the thermal lens is determined by the nanoparticle [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)\|absorption]] cross-section <math>\sigma_{\rm abs}</math> at the heating beam wavelength, the heating beam intensity <math>I_h</math> at the point of the particle and the embedding medium's [[thermal conductivity]] <math>\kappa</math> via <math>\Delta n=\left(\mathrm{d}n/\mathrm{d}T\right)\sigma_{\rm abs} I_h/4\pi\kappa R</math>.
			Although the signal can be well-explained in a scattering framework, the most intuitive description can be found by an intuitive analogy to the Coulomb scattering of wave packets in particle physics.

			== Backwards detection scheme ==
			In this detection scheme a conventional scanning sample or laser-scanning transmission microscope is employed. Both, the heating and the probing laser beam are coaxially aligned and
			superimposed using a [[Dichroic filter\|dichroic mirror]]. Both beams are focused onto a sample, typically via a high-NA illumination microscope objective. Alternatively, the probe-beam may be laterally displaced with respect to the heating beam. The retroreflected probe-beam power is then imaged onto a photodiode and the change as induced by the heating beam provides the photothermal signal

			=== Detection mechanism ===
			The detection is heterodyne in the sense that the scattered field of the probe beam by the thermal lens interferes in the backwards direction with a well-defined retroreflected part of the incidence probing beam.

			==References==
			{{reflist}}
			{{col-begin}}
			{{col-3}}
			* D. Boyer, P. Tamarat, A. Maali, B. Lounis and M. Orrit, "Photothermal Imaging of Nanometer-Sized Metal Particles Among Scatterers", Science, Vol 297, 1160-1163, 2002
			* L. Cognet, C. Tardin, D. Boyer, D. Choquet, P. Tamarat and B. Lounis, "Single metallic nanoparticle imaging for protein detection in cells", PNAS, Vol. 100, No. 20, 11350–11355, 2003
			* A. Gaiduk, P. V. Ruijgrok, M. Yorulmaz and M. Orrit, "Detection limits in photothermal microscopy", Chem. Sci., 1, 343–350, 2010
			* M. Selmke and F. Cichos, "Photonic Rutherford Scattering: A Classical and Quantum mechanical analogy in Ray- and Wave-optics", American Journal of Physics, 2013
			* M. Selmke, F. Cichos, "Photothermal single particle Rutherford scattering microscopy", Physical Review Letters, 2013
			* M. Selmke, M. Braun and F. Cichos, "[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn300181h Photothermal single particle microscopy: Detection of a nanolens]", ACS Nano, 6 (3), pp 2741–2749, 2012
			* M. Selmke, M. Braun and F. Cichos, "[http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-20-7-8055 Nano-lens diffraction around a single heated nano particle]", Optics Express, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 8055–8070, 2012
			* M. Selmke, M. Braun, F. Cichos, "[http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josaa/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-29-10-2237 Gaussian Beam Photothermal Single Particle Microscopy]", Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Vol. 29, No.10, 2012
			* M. Selmke, R. Schachoff, M. Braun, F. Cichos, "[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/RA/C2RA22061J Twin-Focus Photothermal Correlation Spectroscopy]", [[RSC Advances]], Vol. 3, pp. 394–400, 2012
			* M. Selmke, R. Schachoff, M. Braun, F. Cichos, "[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/cp/c3cp44092c Photothermal Signal Distribution Analysis (PhoSDA)]", Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2013
			* S. E. Bialkowski ''Photothermal Spectroscopy Methods for Chemical Analysis'' John Wiley, New York '''1996'''
			* [http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~physik/mona_photothermal_microscopy.html Photothermal Microscopy]
			{{col-end}}

			[[Category:Microscopy]]

en>Diannaa: clean up, removed wikify tag, added orphan tag using AWB

2010-12-15T04:56:49Z

clean up, removed wikify tag, added orphan tag using AWB

New page

This entry was posted on 2013-09-24-13:11:54 by 2013-09-24-13:11:54. You have always dreamt of being in a position to afford those stunning attire in the window of Saks Fifth Avenue but you don't have enough cash in your checking account. You have asked all your closed friends for help but sadly they inform you that they can't help you. You have no concept how you are going to be pay for your dream life. Do not forget that you are going to spend high fees for such instant financial loans as the money advances. Therefore you ought to consider all other options. It might so occur that avenues are still open up before you for obtaining financial loans without a lot price or at lesser charges. You should carefully determine and consider all choices prior to finally accepting the payday loans. They should be simple for you to discover. You'll discover a prosperity of fantastic websites and on-line payday mortgage businesses prepared to services your needs. Some provide a quicker mortgage process than other people. Some will offer you with cash inside minutes. Fast and easy payday loan options are not the only issues that you need to consider. The only thing that you need to get your payday mortgage is that you have worked in the exact same place for about 6 months, and make more than $1,500 each thirty day period. Some payday loan loan companies only need that you make $1,000 per thirty day period. You will not need to provide anything as collateral, and you also do not need to worry about a credit rating. The loan company will not check your rating at all - so it does not make a difference if your credit score is good or poor. Direct payday loan companies are the best choice. Since you get to talk with the lender and you don't have to pay an extra charge to an agent. These loans are generally available from $100 to $1500. Nevertheless, if you are in need of additional money much more than $1500, you can talk to the loan company. The procedure is less complex as compared to regular financial loans. Nevertheless, if you have a good credit document, you should method your personal bank first. This is because when you are working with your personal financial institution, there is no 3rd celebration involved and your bank account info is more safe. Most businesses do not operate credit checks, as your credit rating is not generally taken into account when figuring out whether or not you can get a mortgage. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.paycheck.advance5689 google.com] Employment standing and whether or not you actually have a financial institution account is far much more essential to these companies that the general standing of your credit. If you require cash fast, it is prudent to get your documentation in purchase before you start applying for loans. The specifications are really fairly simple. Have a blank verify from your checking account. Have some type of photograph ID from an official issuing agent (drivers license, passport,etc.). Evidence of residence (usually a utility invoice with your current address will suffice). Deliver a recent pay stub from your payroll check, or a financial institution assertion if you do immediate deposit of your spend. Bring evidence of your social safety quantity. That is about it. And, no credit check is needed. No 1 is so smart to forecast the expensed in advance. You might have to deal with uncomfortable monetary situations at some time. You if requiring the little quantity to do some job can apply for the interest financial plan. You can effortlessly return the amount on or following the subsequent wage day. This is why the fifty pound payday mortgage is a legitimate alternative for numerous individuals. The fact that the money will be available on the next company day also makes this kind of loan much more feasible to those who are in a bind financially. So use this plan for the getting the very best of the cash lending schemes. This entry was posted on 2013-09-24-13:11:54 by 2013-09-24-13:11:54.