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power set provides a different definition of power objects

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			In [[quantum field theory]], a '''fermionic field''' is a [[quantum field]] whose quanta are [[fermion]]s; that is, they obey [[Fermi–Dirac statistics]]. Fermionic fields obey [[canonical anticommutation relation]]s rather than the [[canonical commutation relation]]s of [[bosonic field]]s.

			The most prominent example of a fermionic field is the Dirac field, which describes fermions with [[spin (physics)\|spin]]-1/2: [[electron]]s, [[proton]]s, [[quarks]], etc. The Dirac field can be described as either a 4-component [[spinor]] or as a pair of 2-component Weyl spinors. Spin-1/2 [[Majorana fermion]]s, such as the hypothetical [[neutralino]], can be described as either a dependent 4-component [[Majorana spinor]] or a single 2-component Weyl spinor. It is not known whether the [[neutrino]] is a Majorana fermion or a [[Dirac fermion]] (see also [[Double beta decay#Neutrinoless double beta decay\|Neutrinoless double-beta decay]] for experimental efforts to determine this).

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			Free (non-interacting) fermionic fields obey [[canonical anticommutation relation]]s, i.e., involve the [[anticommutator]]s {''a'',''b''} = ''ab'' + ''ba'' rather than the commutators [''a'',''b''] = ''ab'' − ''ba'' of bosonic or standard quantum mechanics. Those relations also hold for interacting fermionic fields in the [[interaction picture]], where the fields evolve in time as if free and the effects of the interaction are encoded in the evolution of the states.

			It is these anticommutation relations that imply Fermi–Dirac statistics for the field quanta. They also result in the [[Pauli exclusion principle]]: two fermionic particles cannot occupy the same state at the same time.

			==Dirac fields==
			The prominent example of a spin-1/2 fermion field is the '''Dirac field''' (named after [[Paul Dirac]]), and denoted by ψ(''x''). The equation of motion for a free field is the [[Dirac equation]],

			:<math>(i\gamma^{\mu} \partial_{\mu} - m) \psi(x) = 0.\,</math>

			where γ<sup>μ</sup> are [[gamma matrices]] and ''m'' is the mass. The simplest possible solutions to this equation are plane wave solutions, <math>\psi_{1}(x) = u(p)e^{-ip.x}\,</math> and <math>\psi_{2}(x) = v(p)e^{ip.x}\,</math>. These [[plane wave]] solutions form a basis for the Fourier components of ψ(''x''), allowing for the general expansion of the Dirac field as follows,

			<math>\psi(x) = \int \frac{d^{3}p}{(2\pi)^{3}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2E_{p}}}\sum_{s} \left(
			a^{s}_{\textbf{p}}u^{s}(p)e^{-ip \cdot x}+b^{s \dagger}_{\textbf{p}}v^{s}(p)e^{ip \cdot x}\right).\,</math>

			The ''a'' and ''b'' labels are spinor indices and the ''s'' indices represent spin labels and so for the electron, a spin 1/2 particle, s = +1/2 or s=−1/2. The energy factor is the result of having a Lorentz invariant integration measure. Since ψ(''x'') can be thought of as an operator, the coefficients of its Fourier modes must be operators too. Hence, <math>a^{s}_{\textbf{p}}</math> and <math>b^{s \dagger}_{\textbf{p}}</math> are operators. The properties of these operators can be discerned from the properties of the field. ψ(''x'') and <math>\psi(y)^{\dagger}</math> obey the anticommutation relations

			:<math>\{\psi_a(\textbf{x}),\psi_b^{\dagger}(\textbf{y})\} = \delta^{(3)}(\textbf{x}-\textbf{y})\delta_{ab},</math>

			By putting in the expansions for ψ(''x'') and ψ(''y''), the anticommutation relations for the coefficients can be computed.

			:<math>\{a^{r}_{\textbf{p}},a^{s \dagger}_{\textbf{q}}\} = \{b^{r}_{\textbf{p}},b^{s \dagger}_{\textbf{q}}\}=(2 \pi)^{3} \delta^{3} (\textbf{p}-\textbf{q}) \delta^{rs},\,</math>

			In a manner analogous to non-relativistic annihilation and creation operators and their commutators, these algebras lead to the physical interpretation that <math>a^{s \dagger}_{\textbf{p}}</math> creates a fermion of momentum '''p''' and spin s, and <math>b^{r \dagger}_{\textbf{q}}</math> creates an antifermion of momentum '''q''' and spin ''r''. The general field ψ(''x'') is now seen to be a weighed (by the energy factor) summation over all possible spins and momenta for creating fermions and antifermions. Its conjugate field, <math>\bar{\psi} \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \psi^{\dagger} \gamma^{0}</math>, is the opposite, a weighted summation over all possible spins and momenta for annihilating fermions and antifermions.

			With the field modes understood and the conjugate field defined, it is possible to construct Lorentz invariant quantities for fermionic fields. The simplest is the quantity <math>\overline{\psi}\psi\,</math>. This makes the reason for the choice of <math>\bar{\psi} = \psi^{\dagger} \gamma^{0}</math>clear. This is because the general Lorentz transform on ψ is not [[Unitary transformation\|unitary]] so the quantity <math>\psi^{\dagger}\psi</math> would not be invariant under such transforms, so the inclusion of <math>\gamma^{0}\,</math> is to correct for this. The other possible non-zero [[Lorentz covariance\|Lorentz invariant]] quantity, up to an overall conjugation, constructible from the fermionic fields is <math>\overline{\psi}\gamma^{\mu}\partial_{\mu}\psi</math>.

			Since linear combinations of these quantities are also Lorentz invariant, this leads naturally to the [[Lagrangian#Lagrangians and Lagrangian densities in field theory\|Lagrangian density]] for the Dirac field by the requirement that the [[Euler–Lagrange equation]] of the system recover the Dirac equation.

			:<math>\mathcal{L}_{D} = \bar{\psi}(i\gamma^{\mu} \partial_{\mu} - m)\psi\,</math>

			Such an expression has its indices suppressed. When reintroduced the full expression is

			:<math>\mathcal{L}_{D} = \bar{\psi}_{a}(i\gamma^{\mu}_{ab} \partial_{\mu} - m\mathbb{I}_{ab})\psi_{b}\,</math>

			Given the expression for ψ(''x'') we can construct the Feynman [[propagator]] for the fermion field:

			:<math> D_{F}(x-y) = \langle 0\| T(\psi(x) \bar{\psi}(y))\| 0 \rangle </math>

			we define the [[time-ordered]] product for fermions with a minus sign due to their anticommuting nature

			:<math> T(\psi(x) \bar{\psi}(y)) \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \theta(x^{0}-y^{0}) \psi(x) \bar{\psi}(y) - \theta(y^{0}-x^{0})\bar\psi(y) \psi(x) .</math>

			Plugging our plane wave expansion for the fermion field into the above equation yields:

			:<math> D_{F}(x-y) = \int \frac{d^{4}p}{(2\pi)^{4}} \frac{i(p\!\!\!/ + m)}{p^{2}-m^{2}+i \epsilon}e^{-ip \cdot (x-y)}</math>

			where we have employed the [[Feynman slash]] notation. This result makes sense since the factor

			:<math>\frac{i(p\!\!\!/ + m)}{p^{2}-m^{2}}</math>

			is just the inverse of the operator acting on ψ(''x'') in the Dirac equation. Note that the Feynman propagator for the Klein–Gordon field has this same property. Since all reasonable observables (such as energy, charge, particle number, etc.) are built out of an even number of fermion fields, the commutation relation vanishes between any two observables at spacetime points outside the light cone. As we know from elementary quantum mechanics two simultaneously commuting observables can be measured simultaneously. We have therefore correctly implemented [[Lorentz invariance]] for the Dirac field, and preserved [[causality]].

			More complicated field theories involving interactions (such as [[Yukawa theory]], or [[quantum electrodynamics]]) can be analyzed too, by various perturbative and non-perturbative methods.

			Dirac fields are an important ingredient of the [[Standard Model]].

			==See also==
			*[[Dirac equation]]
			*[[Einstein-Maxwell-Dirac equations\|Einstein–Maxwell–Dirac equations]]
			*[[Spin-statistics theorem]]
			*[[Spinor]]

			==References==
			*{{cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=D. \|year=1981 \|title=The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Field Theory: Fermions, Gauge Fields, and Super-symmetry, Part I: Lattice Field Theories \|journal=International J. of Theor. Phys. \|volume=20 \|issue=7 \|pages=503–517 \|doi=10.1007/BF00669437 \|bibcode = 1981IJTP...20..503E }}
			* Peskin, M and Schroeder, D. (1995). ''An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory,'' Westview Press. (See pages 35–63.)
			* Srednicki, Mark (2007). ''[http://www.physics.ucsb.edu/~mark/qft.html Quantum Field Theory]'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-86449-7.
			* Weinberg, Steven (1995). ''The Quantum Theory of Fields,'' (3 volumes) Cambridge University Press.

			[[Category:Quantum field theory]]
			[[Category:Spinors]]

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en>Yobot: /* Definition */WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes using AWB (10093)

99.153.64.179: power set provides a different definition of power objects

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