en>Rsrikanth05: Reverted 1 good faith edit by Sodinfeliz using STiki

2014-03-10T14:22:00Z

Reverted 1 good faith edit by Sodinfeliz using STiki

en>Toby Bartels: A function that is ''not'' bounded is said to be '''unbounded'''.

2013-12-09T04:02:49Z

A function that is ''not'' bounded is said to be '''unbounded'''.

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:02, 9 December 2013
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	~~The action~~ of ~~pedaling~~ a ~~bicycle aids~~ in ~~weight reduction. Uphill cycling~~ and ~~also excellent intensity cycling is an excellent means of developing the muscles in the body~~ to ~~make them stronger~~. ~~At the same time it burns fat too~~. ~~You want both to occur and cycling accomplishes this~~.<br><br>~~Then~~ [http://~~safedietplans~~.~~com~~/~~bmr~~-~~calculator bmr calculator~~], ~~you get into~~ the ~~mechanics of our bodies~~. ~~Forget all~~ of the ~~fluff you've heard on TV; weight control~~ is ~~about Calories In vs~~. ~~Calories Out~~. ~~Where those calories come from~~, be ~~it carbs~~, ~~protein~~, ~~fat~~, ~~or alcohol, or~~ the ~~time~~ of ~~day we eat those calories~~, ~~doesn't matter. What issues is the~~ number of ~~calories we eat or drink~~ (~~"Calories In"~~) ~~and~~ the ~~number~~ of ~~calories we burn~~ (~~"Calories Out"~~).<br><br>The ~~many perfectly known means to calculate a BMR is~~ the ~~Harris Benedict equation. This formula accounts for~~ the ~~factors of height~~, ~~weight~~, ~~age, and sex~~ to ~~calculate a basal metabolic rate~~ (~~BMR~~). ~~This calculation~~ is ~~more exact than determining calorie demands based only on total bodyweight~~. ~~However~~, the ~~Harris Benedict equation does not take lean body mass into consideration~~. ~~Calculations usually be exact~~ in ~~every however~~, the ~~extremely muscular plus~~ the ~~extremely fat~~.<br><br>~~If you~~'~~re eating fewer calories than you~~'~~re burning~~, ~~you~~'~~ll lose fat. How much? So~~, ~~look~~ at ~~it this way - by burning an additional 500 calories a day~~, ~~you~~'~~ll lose one pound each week~~. ~~Slow progress, certain, yet it~~'~~s a ideal illustration of how, by keeping track of what you~~'~~re doing~~, ~~you are able to succeed~~ at ~~losing fat~~.<br>~~<br>Same goes~~ to ~~our body~~. ~~Do we understand why some folks eat thus little yet~~ not ~~seeing any encouraging fat loss~~ results~~? Each one~~ of ~~us has our own power indicator,~~ the ~~bmr~~ that is the ~~amount~~ of ~~calories needed by our body to let you have~~ the ~~power to work daily escapades like strolling~~, ~~doing apartment chores, working, driving~~ and ~~etc. BMR moreover based found on~~ the ~~individual person~~'~~s age, muscle, physic rating, body fat %, visceral fat plus body water %.~~<br><br>~~To calculate~~ a ~~activity level~~, ~~visit this free online calculator: http://exercise~~.~~about~~.~~com/cs/fitnesstools/l/blcalorieburn~~.~~htm which usually use your fat~~, the ~~kind~~ of ~~exercise~~, ~~plus the amount~~ of ~~time you can afford to spend doing which exercise to tell you how several calories you~~'~~re going to burn. Take note~~ of the ~~results - when you utilize this calculator realistically, you are able~~ to ~~plug it right into~~ the ~~BMR results~~.~~<br><br>Add~~ it up. ~~Take~~ a ~~BMR number~~, ~~add your activity calories, then drag~~ the ~~calories from foods. If you eat more than we burn (BMR +~~ a ~~business~~ is ~~2000~~ and ~~you eat 2400 calories) we should gain fat~~. ~~If you burn more than we eat, you'll lose weight~~.		A '''spontaneous process''' is the time-evolution of a [[system]] in which it releases [[Gibbs free energy\|free energy]] (usually as heat) and moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable energy state.<ref>[http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/gloss/sponprocess.html Spontaneous process] - Purdue University</ref><ref>[http://chemed.chem.wisc.edu/chempaths/GenChem-Textbook/Entropy-and-Spontaneous-Reactions-623.html Entropy and Spontaneous Reactions] - ChemEd DL</ref> The sign convention of changes in free energy follows the general convention for [[thermodynamic]] measurements, in which a release of free energy from the system corresponds to a negative change in free energy, but a positive change for the surroundings.

			Depending on the nature of the process, the free energy is determined differently. For example, the [[Gibbs free energy]] is used when considering processes that occur under constant pressure and temperature conditions whereas the [[Helmholtz free energy]] is used when considering processes that occur under constant volume and temperature conditions.

			A spontaneous process is capable of proceeding in a given direction, as written or described, without needing to be driven by an outside source of energy. The term is used to refer to macro processes in which [[entropy]] increases; such as a smell diffusing in a room, ice melting in lukewarm water, salt dissolving in water, and iron rusting.

			The [[laws of thermodynamics]] govern the direction of a spontaneous process, ensuring that if a sufficiently large number of individual interactions (like [[atom]]s colliding) are involved then the direction will [[Almost surely\|always]] be in the direction of increased entropy (since entropy increase is a [[statistical]] phenomenon).

			==Overview==
			For a reaction at constant temperature and pressure, Δ''G'' in the [[Gibbs free energy]] is:

			:<math>\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S \,</math>

			The sign of Δ''G'' depends on the signs of the changes in [[enthalpy]] (Δ''H'') and [[entropy]] (Δ''S''), as well as on the [[absolute temperature]] (''T'', in [[kelvin]]s). Δ''G'' changes from positive to negative (or vice versa) where
			''T'' = Δ''H''/Δ''S''.

			For heterogeneous systems where all of the species of the reaction are in different phases and can be mechanically separated, the following is true.

			'''When Δ''G'' is negative, a process or chemical reaction proceeds spontaneously in the forward direction.'''

			'''When Δ''G'' is positive, the process proceeds spontaneously in reverse.'''

			'''When Δ''G'' is zero, the process is already in equilibrium, with no net change taking place over time.'''

			We can further distinguish four cases within the above rule just by examining the signs of the two terms on the right side of the equation.

			<blockquote>
			When Δ''S'' is positive and Δ''H'' is negative, a process is always spontaneous
			<p>When Δ''S'' is positive and Δ''H'' is positive, a process is spontaneous at high temperatures, where [[exothermic]]ity plays a small role in the balance.
			<p>When Δ''S'' is negative and Δ''H'' is negative, a process is spontaneous at low temperatures, where exothermicity ''is'' important.
			<p>When Δ''S'' is negative and Δ''H'' is positive, a process is not spontaneous at any temperature, but the reverse process is spontaneous.
			</blockquote>

			For Homogeneous systems where all of the species of the reaction are in the same phase, Δ''G'' cannot accurately predict reaction spontaneity.

			The [[second law of thermodynamics]] states that for any spontaneous process the overall Δ''S'' must be greater than or equal to zero, yet a spontaneous chemical reaction can result in a negative change in entropy. This does not contradict the second law, however, since such a reaction must have a sufficiently large negative change in enthalpy (heat energy) that the increase in temperature of the reaction surroundings (considered to be part of the system in thermodynamic terms) results in a sufficiently large increase in entropy that overall the change in entropy is positive. That is, the Δ''S'' of the ''surroundings'' increases enough because of the exothermicity of the reaction that it overcompensates for the negative Δ''S'' of the system, and since the overall Δ''S'' = Δ''S''<sub>surroundings</sub> + Δ''S''<sub>system</sub>, the overall change in entropy is still positive.

			Another way to view the fact that some spontaneous chemical reactions can lead to products with lower entropy is to realize that the second law states that entropy of an '''isolated''' system must increase (or remain constant). Since a negative enthalpy change in a reaction means that energy is being released to the surroundings, then the 'isolated' system includes the chemical reaction plus its surroundings. This means that the heat release of the chemical reaction sufficiently increases the entropy of the surroundings such that the overall entropy of the isolated system increases in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics.

			Spontaneity does not imply that the reaction proceeds with great speed. For example, the decay of diamonds into graphite is a spontaneous process occurs very slowly, taking millions of years. The ''rate'' of a reaction is independent of its spontaneity, and instead depends on the [[chemical kinetics]] of the reaction. Every reactant in a spontaneous process has a tendency to form the corresponding product. This tendency is related to stability. Stability is gained by a substance if it is in a minimum energy state or is in maximum randomness. Only one of these can be applied at a time. e.g. Water converting to ice is a spontaneous process because ice is more stable since it is of lower energy. However, the formation of water is also a spontaneous process as water is the more random state.

			==See also==
			* [[Endergonic reaction]] reactions which are not spontaneous at standard temperature, pressure, and concentrations.
			* [[Diffusion]] spontaneous phenomena that minimizes Gibbs free energy.

			==References==
			<references />

			[[Category:Thermodynamics]]
			[[Category:Chemical thermodynamics]]
			[[Category:Chemical processes]]

en>RibotBOT: Robot: Adding ca:Funció fitada

2012-08-19T14:50:35Z

Robot: Adding ca:Funció fitada

New page

The action of pedaling a bicycle aids in weight reduction. Uphill cycling and also excellent intensity cycling is an excellent means of developing the muscles in the body to make them stronger. At the same time it burns fat too. You want both to occur and cycling accomplishes this. Then [http://safedietplans.com/bmr-calculator bmr calculator], you get into the mechanics of our bodies. Forget all of the fluff you've heard on TV; weight control is about Calories In vs. Calories Out. Where those calories come from, be it carbs, protein, fat, or alcohol, or the time of day we eat those calories, doesn't matter. What issues is the number of calories we eat or drink ("Calories In") and the number of calories we burn ("Calories Out"). The many perfectly known means to calculate a BMR is the Harris Benedict equation. This formula accounts for the factors of height, weight, age, and sex to calculate a basal metabolic rate (BMR). This calculation is more exact than determining calorie demands based only on total bodyweight. However, the Harris Benedict equation does not take lean body mass into consideration. Calculations usually be exact in every however, the extremely muscular plus the extremely fat. If you're eating fewer calories than you're burning, you'll lose fat. How much? So, look at it this way - by burning an additional 500 calories a day, you'll lose one pound each week. Slow progress, certain, yet it's a ideal illustration of how, by keeping track of what you're doing, you are able to succeed at losing fat. Same goes to our body. Do we understand why some folks eat thus little yet not seeing any encouraging fat loss results? Each one of us has our own power indicator, the bmr that is the amount of calories needed by our body to let you have the power to work daily escapades like strolling, doing apartment chores, working, driving and etc. BMR moreover based found on the individual person's age, muscle, physic rating, body fat %, visceral fat plus body water %. To calculate a activity level, visit this free online calculator: http://exercise.about.com/cs/fitnesstools/l/blcalorieburn.htm which usually use your fat, the kind of exercise, plus the amount of time you can afford to spend doing which exercise to tell you how several calories you're going to burn. Take note of the results - when you utilize this calculator realistically, you are able to plug it right into the BMR results. Add it up. Take a BMR number, add your activity calories, then drag the calories from foods. If you eat more than we burn (BMR + a business is 2000 and you eat 2400 calories) we should gain fat. If you burn more than we eat, you'll lose weight.

Bounded function - Revision history

en>Rsrikanth05: Reverted 1 good faith edit by Sodinfeliz using STiki

en>Toby Bartels: A function that is ''not'' bounded is said to be '''unbounded'''.

en>RibotBOT: Robot: Adding ca:Funció fitada