Bianchi classification - Revision history

en>K9re11 at 19:16, 23 November 2014

2014-11-23T19:16:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:16, 23 November 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~[[Image:Inrush Current into HVDC Capacitor.JPG\|thumb\|right\|300px\|Peak inrush current into a high voltage capacitor upon power up can stress the component, reducing its reliability.]]~~		The title of the writer is Numbers but it's not the most masucline name out there. North Dakota is her beginning location but she will have to move 1 day or another. I am a meter reader but I plan on changing it. One of the things she loves most is to do aerobics and now she is trying to earn money with it.<br><br>Feel free to surf to my site - [http://withlk.com/board_RNsI08/10421 withlk.com]

	~~'''Pre-charge'''~~ of the ~~powerline voltages in a high voltage DC application~~ is ~~a preliminary mode which current-limits~~ the ~~power source such that a controlled rise time of the system voltage during power up is achieved.~~

	When a high-voltage system is designed appropriately to handle the flow of maximum rated power through its distribution system, the components within the system can still undergo considerable stress upon the system "power up". ~~In some applications, the occasion to activate the system~~ is ~~a rare occurrence, such as in commercial utility power distribution which is typically on almost all of the time. Yet in other systems such as in vehicle applications, activation~~ will occur with every individual use of the system. When a long life of the components and a high reliability of the high voltage system is needed, then a power-up method which reduces and limits the power-up stress is required.

	~~== Background: in-rush currents into capacitors==~~
	~~In-rush currents into capacitive components are a key concern in power-up stress~~ to ~~components~~. ~~When DC input power is applied to~~ a capacitive load, the step response of the voltage input will cause the input capacitor to charge. The capacitor charging starts with an inrush current and ends with an exponential decay down to the steady state condition. When the magnitude of the inrush peak is very large compared to the maximum rating of the components, then component stress is to be expected.
	~~The current into a capacitor is known to be <math>~~I ~~= C(dV/dT)</math>: the peak inrush current will depend upon the [[capacitance]] C and the rate of change of the [[voltage]] (dV/dT)~~. ~~The inrush current will increase as the capacitance value increases, and the inrush current will increase as the voltage~~ of the ~~power source increases. This second parameter~~ is of primary concern in high voltage power distribution systems. By their nature, high voltage power sources will deliver high voltage into the distribution system. Capacitive loads will then be subject to ~~high inrush currents upon power-up. The stress to the components must be understood~~ and ~~minimized.~~

	~~The objective of a pre-charge function~~ is to limit the magnitude of the inrush current into capacitive loads during power-up. This may take several seconds depending on the system. In general, higher voltage systems benefit from longer pre-charge times during power-up.

	~~<center>~~
	~~{\| BORDER="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"~~
	~~\|+ Peak Inrush Current Into Powerline Capacitors Increases~~ with ~~Power-up dV/dT~~
	\|-
	~~! rowspan="2" \| 11,000 µF Powerline Capacitor~~
	~~! colspan="4" \| Peak In-rush Current at Power-Up of a 15 A Feed~~
	\|-
	~~\| 1 ms~~
	~~\| 10 ms~~
	~~\| 100 ms~~
	~~\| 1 s~~
	\|-
	~~! ''v'' = 28 V~~
	~~\| style="background:yellow; color:black" \| 310 A~~
	~~\| style="background:lime; color:black" \| 31 A~~
	~~\| style="background:lime; color:black" \| 3~~.~~1 A~~
	~~\| style="background:lime; color:black" \| 0.31 A~~
	\|-
	~~! ''v'' = 610 V~~
	~~\| style="background:red; color:black" \| 6710 A~~
	~~\| style="background:red; color:black" \| 671A~~
	~~\| style="background:yellow; color:black" \| 67A~~
	~~\| style="background:lime; color:black" \| 7A~~
	\|-
	\|}

	~~{\| BORDER="0" class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"~~
	~~\|+ Color Key:~~
	\|-
	\|<~~span style="background:red; color:red"~~>~~'''___'''~~<~~/span~~> ~~= High Risk of Tripping the Breaker~~
	\|-
	~~\|<span style="background:yellow; color:yellow">'''___'''</span> = Careful Selecting the Breaker Rating~~
	\|-
	~~\|<span style="background:lime; color:lime">'''___'''</span> = Good~~
	\|-
	\|}
	~~</center>~~

	Consider an example where a high voltage source powers up a typical electronics control unit which has an internal power supply with 11000 µF input capacitance. When powered from a 28 V source, the inrush current into the electronics unit would approach 31 amperes in 10 milliseconds. If that same circuit is activated by a 610 V source, then the inrush current would approach 670 A in 10 milliseconds. It is wise not to ~~allow unlimited inrush currents from high voltage power distribution system activation into capacitive loads: instead the inrush current should be controlled to avoid power-up stress~~ to ~~components.~~

	~~== Definition of a pre~~-~~charge function==~~
	[~~[Image~~:~~Precharge.jpg\|thumb\|right\|500px\|Precharging a high voltage DC power distribution line can control the inrush current into capacitive components, reducing stress and supporting a long component life.]]~~

	~~The functional requirement of the high voltage pre-charge circuit is to minimize the peak current out from the power source by slowing down the ''dV''~~/''dT'' of the input power voltage such that a new “pre-charge mode” is created. Of course the inductive loads on the distribution system must be switched off during the precharge mode. While pre-charging, the system voltage will rise slowly and controllably with power-up current never exceeding the maximum allowed. As the circuit voltage approaches near steady state, then the pre-charge function is complete. Normal operation of a pre-charge circuit is to terminate pre-charge mode when the circuit voltage is 90% or 95% of the operating voltage. Upon completion of pre-charging, the pre-charge resistance is switched out of the power supply circuit and returns to a low impedance power source for normal mode. The high voltage loads are then powered up sequentially.

	The simplest inrush-current limiting system, used in many consumer electronics devices, is a [[thermistor\|NTC resistor]]. When cold, its high resistance allows a small current to pre-charge the [[reservoir capacitor]]. After it warms up, its low resistance more efficiently passes the working current.

	~~Many [[active power factor correction]] systems also include [[soft start]].~~

	~~If the example circuit from before is used with a pre-charge circuit which limits the ''dV''~~/~~''dT'' to less than 600 volts per second, then the inrush current will be reduced from 670 amperes to 7 amperes~~. ~~This is a “kinder and gentler” way to activate a high voltage DC power distribution system.~~

	~~== Benefits of pre-charging==~~

	~~The primary benefit of avoiding component stress during power-up is to realize a long system operating life due to reliable and long lasting components.~~

	There are additional benefits: pre-charging reduces the electrical hazards which may occur when the system integrity is compromised due to hardware damage or failure. Activating the high voltage DC system into a short circuit or a ground fault or into unsuspecting personnel and their equipment can have undesired effects. [[Arc flash]] will be minimized if a pre-charge function slows down the activation time of a high voltage power-up. A slow pre-charge will also reduce the voltage into a faulty circuit which builds up while the system diagnostics come on-line. This allows a diagnostic shut down before the fault is fully realized in worst case proportions.

	~~In cases where unlimited inrush current is large enough to trip the source [[circuit breaker]], a slow precharge may even be required to avoid the nuisance trip.~~

	Pre-charging is commonly used in [[battery electric vehicle]] applications. The current to the motor is regulated by a ''controller'' that employs large capacitors in its input circuit. Such systems typically have ''contactors'' (a high-current [[relay]]) to disable the system during inactive periods and to act as an emergency disconnect should the motor current regulator fail in an active state. Without pre-charge the high voltage across the contactors and inrush current can cause a brief [[Electric arc\|arc]] which will cause pitting of the contacts. Pre-charging the controller input capacitors (typically to 90 to 95 percent of applied battery voltage) eliminates the pitting problem. The current to maintain the charge is so low that some systems apply the pre-charge at all times other than when charging batteries, while more complex systems apply pre-charge as part of the starting sequence and will defer main contactor closure until the pre-charge voltage level is detected as sufficiently high.

	~~==Applications in high voltage power systems==~~
	*[[High-voltage direct current]]
	*[[Battery Electric Vehicles]]
	*[[Hybrid Vehicle]]
	*[[Future Combat System]]
	*[[Motorized bicycle]]
	*[[Electric power-assist system]]

	~~== References ==~~
	* [http://~~www.ametherm~~.com~~/Inrush_Current/ Ametherm - Inrush Current Limiters] NTC Thermistors - Application Notes and Inrush Energy Calculator~~

	~~==Notes==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~[[Category:Electrical engineering]]~~
	~~[[Category:Electronic engineering]]~~
	~~[[Category:Electric power transmission systems]]~~
	~~[[Category:Electrical power control]~~]

en>BD2412: Reverted edits by BD2412 (talk) to last version by Squids and Chips

2013-11-07T18:22:53Z

Reverted edits by BD2412 (talk) to last version by Squids and Chips

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:22, 7 November 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[~~http~~://~~bogangsa~~.~~com~~/~~board_avHE75~~/~~389128 over~~ the ~~counter std test~~] ~~title~~ of the ~~writer~~ is ~~Numbers~~. My working ~~day occupation~~ is a ~~meter reader~~. ~~To gather cash~~ is a ~~thing~~ that I'~~m completely addicted~~ to. ~~South Dakota~~ is ~~exactly where I've usually been residing~~.		[[Image:Inrush Current into HVDC Capacitor.JPG\|thumb\|right\|300px\|Peak inrush current into a high voltage capacitor upon power up can stress the component, reducing its reliability.]]

			'''Pre-charge''' of the powerline voltages in a high voltage DC application is a preliminary mode which current-limits the power source such that a controlled rise time of the system voltage during power up is achieved.

			When a high-voltage system is designed appropriately to handle the flow of maximum rated power through its distribution system, the components within the system can still undergo considerable stress upon the system "power up". In some applications, the occasion to activate the system is a rare occurrence, such as in commercial utility power distribution which is typically on almost all of the time. Yet in other systems such as in vehicle applications, activation will occur with every individual use of the system. When a long life of the components and a high reliability of the high voltage system is needed, then a power-up method which reduces and limits the power-up stress is required.

			== Background: in-rush currents into capacitors==
			In-rush currents into capacitive components are a key concern in power-up stress to components. When DC input power is applied to a capacitive load, the step response of the voltage input will cause the input capacitor to charge. The capacitor charging starts with an inrush current and ends with an exponential decay down to the steady state condition. When the magnitude of the inrush peak is very large compared to the maximum rating of the components, then component stress is to be expected.
			The current into a capacitor is known to be <math>I = C(dV/dT)</math>: the peak inrush current will depend upon the [[capacitance]] C and the rate of change of the [[voltage]] (dV/dT). The inrush current will increase as the capacitance value increases, and the inrush current will increase as the voltage of the power source increases. This second parameter is of primary concern in high voltage power distribution systems. By their nature, high voltage power sources will deliver high voltage into the distribution system. Capacitive loads will then be subject to high inrush currents upon power-up. The stress to the components must be understood and minimized.

			The objective of a pre-charge function is to limit the magnitude of the inrush current into capacitive loads during power-up. This may take several seconds depending on the system. In general, higher voltage systems benefit from longer pre-charge times during power-up.

			<center>
			{\| BORDER="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
			\|+ Peak Inrush Current Into Powerline Capacitors Increases with Power-up dV/dT
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \| 11,000 µF Powerline Capacitor
			! colspan="4" \| Peak In-rush Current at Power-Up of a 15 A Feed
			\|-
			\| 1 ms
			\| 10 ms
			\| 100 ms
			\| 1 s
			\|-
			! ''v'' = 28 V
			\| style="background:yellow; color:black" \| 310 A
			\| style="background:lime; color:black" \| 31 A
			\| style="background:lime; color:black" \| 3.1 A
			\| style="background:lime; color:black" \| 0.31 A
			\|-
			! ''v'' = 610 V
			\| style="background:red; color:black" \| 6710 A
			\| style="background:red; color:black" \| 671A
			\| style="background:yellow; color:black" \| 67A
			\| style="background:lime; color:black" \| 7A
			\|-
			\|}

			{\| BORDER="0" class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
			\|+ Color Key:
			\|-
			\|<span style="background:red; color:red">'''___'''</span> = High Risk of Tripping the Breaker
			\|-
			\|<span style="background:yellow; color:yellow">'''___'''</span> = Careful Selecting the Breaker Rating
			\|-
			\|<span style="background:lime; color:lime">'''___'''</span> = Good
			\|-
			\|}
			</center>

			Consider an example where a high voltage source powers up a typical electronics control unit which has an internal power supply with 11000 µF input capacitance. When powered from a 28 V source, the inrush current into the electronics unit would approach 31 amperes in 10 milliseconds. If that same circuit is activated by a 610 V source, then the inrush current would approach 670 A in 10 milliseconds. It is wise not to allow unlimited inrush currents from high voltage power distribution system activation into capacitive loads: instead the inrush current should be controlled to avoid power-up stress to components.

			== Definition of a pre-charge function==
			[[Image:Precharge.jpg\|thumb\|right\|500px\|Precharging a high voltage DC power distribution line can control the inrush current into capacitive components, reducing stress and supporting a long component life.]]

			The functional requirement of the high voltage pre-charge circuit is to minimize the peak current out from the power source by slowing down the ''dV''/''dT'' of the input power voltage such that a new “pre-charge mode” is created. Of course the inductive loads on the distribution system must be switched off during the precharge mode. While pre-charging, the system voltage will rise slowly and controllably with power-up current never exceeding the maximum allowed. As the circuit voltage approaches near steady state, then the pre-charge function is complete. Normal operation of a pre-charge circuit is to terminate pre-charge mode when the circuit voltage is 90% or 95% of the operating voltage. Upon completion of pre-charging, the pre-charge resistance is switched out of the power supply circuit and returns to a low impedance power source for normal mode. The high voltage loads are then powered up sequentially.

			The simplest inrush-current limiting system, used in many consumer electronics devices, is a [[thermistor\|NTC resistor]]. When cold, its high resistance allows a small current to pre-charge the [[reservoir capacitor]]. After it warms up, its low resistance more efficiently passes the working current.

			Many [[active power factor correction]] systems also include [[soft start]].

			If the example circuit from before is used with a pre-charge circuit which limits the ''dV''/''dT'' to less than 600 volts per second, then the inrush current will be reduced from 670 amperes to 7 amperes. This is a “kinder and gentler” way to activate a high voltage DC power distribution system.

			== Benefits of pre-charging==

			The primary benefit of avoiding component stress during power-up is to realize a long system operating life due to reliable and long lasting components.

			There are additional benefits: pre-charging reduces the electrical hazards which may occur when the system integrity is compromised due to hardware damage or failure. Activating the high voltage DC system into a short circuit or a ground fault or into unsuspecting personnel and their equipment can have undesired effects. [[Arc flash]] will be minimized if a pre-charge function slows down the activation time of a high voltage power-up. A slow pre-charge will also reduce the voltage into a faulty circuit which builds up while the system diagnostics come on-line. This allows a diagnostic shut down before the fault is fully realized in worst case proportions.

			In cases where unlimited inrush current is large enough to trip the source [[circuit breaker]], a slow precharge may even be required to avoid the nuisance trip.

			Pre-charging is commonly used in [[battery electric vehicle]] applications. The current to the motor is regulated by a ''controller'' that employs large capacitors in its input circuit. Such systems typically have ''contactors'' (a high-current [[relay]]) to disable the system during inactive periods and to act as an emergency disconnect should the motor current regulator fail in an active state. Without pre-charge the high voltage across the contactors and inrush current can cause a brief [[Electric arc\|arc]] which will cause pitting of the contacts. Pre-charging the controller input capacitors (typically to 90 to 95 percent of applied battery voltage) eliminates the pitting problem. The current to maintain the charge is so low that some systems apply the pre-charge at all times other than when charging batteries, while more complex systems apply pre-charge as part of the starting sequence and will defer main contactor closure until the pre-charge voltage level is detected as sufficiently high.

			==Applications in high voltage power systems==
			*[[High-voltage direct current]]
			*[[Battery Electric Vehicles]]
			*[[Hybrid Vehicle]]
			*[[Future Combat System]]
			*[[Motorized bicycle]]
			*[[Electric power-assist system]]

			== References ==
			* [http://www.ametherm.com/Inrush_Current/ Ametherm - Inrush Current Limiters] NTC Thermistors - Application Notes and Inrush Energy Calculator

			==Notes==
			{{reflist}}

			[[Category:Electrical engineering]]
			[[Category:Electronic engineering]]
			[[Category:Electric power transmission systems]]
			[[Category:Electrical power control]]

en>ChrisGualtieri: /* References */Typo fixing, typos fixed: , → , using AWB

2012-07-22T05:05:06Z

References: Typo fixing, typos fixed: , → , using AWB

New page

[http://bogangsa.com/board_avHE75/389128 over the counter std test] title of the writer is Numbers. My working day occupation is a meter reader. To gather cash is a thing that I'm completely addicted to. South Dakota is exactly where I've usually been residing.