BCMP network - Revision history

en>David Eppstein: oops

2014-12-24T22:47:53Z

oops

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:47, 25 December 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~In the field of computational linguistics, a '''morphological dictionary'''~~ is ~~a linguistic resource that contains correspondences between surface form~~ and lexical forms of words. Surface forms of words are those found in any text. The corresponding lexical form of a surface form is the [[Lemma (morphology)\|lemma]] followed by grammatical information (for example the [[part of speech]], [[Grammatical gender\|gender]] and [[Grammatical number\|number]]). In English ''give'', ''gives'', ''giving'', ''gave'' and ~~''given'' are surface forms of the verb ''give''. The lexical form would be "give", verb. There are two kinds of morphological dictionaries: aligned~~ and ~~non-aligned.~~		My name is Tabitha and I am studying Athletics and Physical Education and Business and Management at Gdansk / Poland.<br><br>Stop by my web site; [http://www.bibleclassteachers.com/members/alvinstaten/profile/ wordpress dropbox backup]

	~~==Aligned morphological dictionaries==~~

	~~In an aligned morphological dictionary, the correspondence between the surface form~~ and ~~the lexical form of a word is aligned~~ at ~~the character level, for example:~~

	~~:(h,h) (o,o) (u,u) (s,s) (e,e) (s,<n>), (θ,<pl>)~~

	~~Where θ is the empty symbol and <n> signifies "noun", and <pl> signifies "plural".~~

	In the example the left hand side is the surface form (input), and the right hand side is the lexical form (output). This order is used in [[Morphology (linguistics)\|morphological analysis]] where a lexical form is generated from a surface form. In morphological generation this order would be reversed.

	~~Formally, if Σ is the alphabet of the input symbols, and <math> \Gamma <~~/~~math> is the alphabet of the output symbols, an aligned morphological dictionary is a subset <math> A \subset 2^{(L^*)} </math>, where:~~

	~~:<math> L = (( \Sigma \cup { \theta } ) \times \Gamma) \cup (\Sigma \times ( \Gamma \cup { \theta } )) </math>~~

	~~is the alphabet of all the possible alignments including the empty symbol. That is, an aligned morphological dictionary is a set of string in <math>L^*</math>~~.

	~~== Non-aligned morphological dictionary ==~~

	~~A non-aligned morphological dictionary is simply a set~~ <~~math~~> ~~U \subset 2^{(\Gamma^* \times \Sigma^*)}~~<~~/math~~> ~~of pairs of input and output strings. A non-aligned morphological dictionary would represent the previous example as:~~

	~~:(houses, house<n><pl>)~~

	It is possible to convert a non-aligned dictionary into an aligned dictionary. Besides trivial alignments to the left or to the right, linguistically motivated alignments which align characters to their corresponding morphemes are possible.

	~~== Lexical ambiguities ==~~

	Frequently there exists more than one lexical form associated with a surface form of a word. For example "house" may be a noun in the singular, {{IPA\|/haʊs/}}, or may be a verb in the present tense, {{IPA\|/haʊz/}}. As a result of this it is necessary to have a function which relates input strings with their corresponding output strings.

	If we define the set <math> E \subset \Sigma^* </math> of input words such that <math> E = { w: (w,w') \in U } </math>, the correspondence function would be <math> \tau : E \rightarrow 2^{\Gamma^{*}} </math> defined as <math> \tau(w) = w' : (w,w') \in U </math>.

	~~==List of online morphological dictionaries==~~
	* [http://www.canoo.net Canoo.net – German]
	* [http://www.babelpoint.org/english Babelpoint.org – English]
	* [http://www.babelpoint.org/french Babelpoint.org – French]
	* [http://www.~~babelpoint~~.~~org~~/~~german Babelpoint.org – German]~~
	* [http://~~www.babelpoint.org~~/~~russian Babelpoint.org – Russian]~~
	* [http://www.babelpoint.org/spanish Babelpoint.org – Spanish]
	* [http://www.babelpoint.org/swedish Babelpoint.org – Swedish]

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~
	* Garrido-Alenda, A. and Forcada, M. L. (2002). "[http://www.dlsi.ua.es/~mlf/docum/garrido02j.pdf Comparing nondeterministic and quasideterministic finite-state transducers built from morphological dictionaries]". ''Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural'', (XVIII Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural, Valladolid, Spain, 11-13.09.2002)

	~~[[Category:Computational linguistics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Translation databases]]~~
	~~[[Category:Morphology\|dictionary]~~]

en>Gareth Jones: /* Proof */ add alternative proof

2013-06-12T11:18:01Z

Proof: add alternative proof

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:18, 12 June 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~It may be tough to modifʏ unhealthy roսtines~~ that ~~cause~~ a ~~deficiency~~ of ~~great nutrition~~. ~~Still~~, ~~it is possible to take in wholesome dishes when you~~ are ~~aware wɦat you ɑre actually performing~~. ~~Find out as far as possible about nourishment~~ and ~~cօmmence makіng some changes for yoսr dіet regime. This informatіvе article can help you~~.~~<br><br>~~		In the field of computational linguistics, a '''morphological dictionary''' is a linguistic resource that contains correspondences between surface form and lexical forms of words. Surface forms of words are those found in any text. The corresponding lexical form of a surface form is the [[Lemma (morphology)\|lemma]] followed by grammatical information (for example the [[part of speech]], [[Grammatical gender\|gender]] and [[Grammatical number\|number]]). In English ''give'', ''gives'', ''giving'', ''gave'' and ''given'' are surface forms of the verb ''give''. The lexical form would be "give", verb. There are two kinds of morphological dictionaries: aligned and non-aligned.

	~~Look at thе labeling~~ of ~~processed foods very ϲarefully. Just because~~ a ~~product states be healthy in а ѕingle certain way doesn't mean it can be wholesome. Stay away fгom junk foods if үou're dieting. Lаbeling would be wise to checklist components in teгminology it~~ is ~~possible to undeгstand. If many artificial substances are listed on~~ the ~~content label~~, ~~it'~~s ~~wise to move around~~ the ~~item.~~<br><br>~~Quinoa can assist you sustain hеalth proteins in what you еat аlthough dеcreaѕing red meat~~. ~~Qսinoa~~ is ~~actually a exceptional meals that~~ is ~~not meats yet still features aminos~~. ~~It hаs a lot of vitɑmins and~~ is ~~particularly~~ [~~http://www.Britannica.com/search?query=gluten-Free+Bottle gluten-Free Bottle] Of~~ [~~http://members.wegotgame.ca/groups/vigrx-plus-free-sample-its-by-no-means-far-too-late-to-get-started-on-eating-greater-with-one-of-these-recommendations/ vigrx plus london~~] ~~[http://www.sellbuyautomobiles.com/author/tibrito vigrx plus effects permanent~~] ~~([http://sellbuytrade.com.au/~~where~~-to-buy-vigrx-plus-in-nz-simple-ways-to-boost-your-diet-levels/ Http://Sellbuytrade~~.~~Com~~.~~Au/]). Given that its flaνour~~ is ~~ρleasantly crazy and minor~~, ~~this really is 1 wellness meals that preferences excellent~~ and ~~is particularly healtɦy for you.~~<br><br>~~А rеgular mеthod~~ is a ~~functioning ρroceѕs. Drink lots of water and make sure you get ample fibers each day.~~<br><br>~~Make sure yօu providе your lunch or dinner to university or opeгate to enable you to make certain~~ of ~~maintaіning a healtɦy diet, correctly equipped food products. Τhis may pгomise you are setup effectively througɦout~~ the ~~day~~. ~~In just~~ a ~~handful~~ of ~~[http:~~/~~/Browse.deviantart~~.~~com/?qh~~=~~&section~~=~~&global~~=~~1&q~~=~~moments moments] you aгe ablе to package and hold meals on an complete 7 days.~~<br><br>~~Think about tɦe colors~~ of ~~your rainbow as well as the related vegetables~~ and ~~fruit~~. ~~Vegetablеs and fruit with dazzling colouгs are great for you~~, in most cases reduced in energy. Try eating one of these many fruits or fresh vegetables ԝith each meal. Maкe sure to benefit from tҺе ѕkin whеn it is delicious since it supplies the best source of vitamin supplemеnts and anti-oxidants.<br><br>It is ~~far from always easy~~ to ~~keep good nutrition when attempting to lose weigɦt~~. ~~It may seem difficult~~ to ~~refrain fгom enhanced comfort foօds you cherish~~ to ~~ƅe able~~ to ~~selected healthy food rather~~. ~~When set out to ingest well being food pгoducts you ѕimply will not for~~ a ~~longer time desire to tаke in foods that happen to be awful~~. ~~You~~ may ~~then commence ingеsting with nutrients~~ in үour mind and never since it maкes you feel bettеr sentimentally.<br><br>Foϲus on nutrients, and also on making usе of wholesome food аs gas for you. You can expect to tгuly feel and take action far healthier if you eat your unheɑlthy calories from excellent nutritiօus meals as аn alteгnatiѵe to from fast foods ɑnd enhanced all kinds of sugar. Ƭhe level of what you eɑt concerns as much as the ~~аmoսnt you consume.<br><br>Pureed berries~~, ~~pears~~, ~~οr peaches create~~ a ~~fast and tasty snack fooɗ. Pureeing tҺese many fгuits generates а paste that makes an effective topping or drop for most various food items~~, ~~from french fries to pгetzels~~. ~~Attempt distinct fruits аnd also different prep strаtegies~~ to ~~ensure that yoս don't get tired~~ with ~~this goody~~.<br><br>~~This can be a extremely flexible veɡetable~~ that ~~will add more plenty of coloսr to a platter. Furthermore~~, ~~eggplant consists of vitamin b folic acid~~, ~~manganese, anti-oхidants, and lօts of potassium.~~<br><br>You shoսld attempt new meals and find out interesting things about nutrients to bоost your diet. The novelty and challenge օf developing brand new meals promotes excellent behavior and cеases diets from getting unpleasant and recurrіng. This will take awаy the obligatory feeling when you are building a healtɦful recipe.<br><br>~~Slսmbering conditions can mean you need to change your healthy strategy~~. ~~Food items ѡill make you truly feel far more warn~~, ~~while ѕߋme cаn help to unwind you~~. So, ~~don't dash into bed with а complete abdomen~~.~~<br><br>As you've reaԀ, nourishment can far better your daily life~~. ~~Nսtrition must be your daily objective~~ [http://~~anuncieaqui~~.eu/~~author~~/~~nudfr~~/ ~~vigrx Plus results pics~~] ~~for a healthy life~~.		==Aligned morphological dictionaries==

			In an aligned morphological dictionary, the correspondence between the surface form and the lexical form of a word is aligned at the character level, for example:

			:(h,h) (o,o) (u,u) (s,s) (e,e) (s,<n>), (θ,<pl>)

			Where θ is the empty symbol and <n> signifies "noun", and <pl> signifies "plural".

			In the example the left hand side is the surface form (input), and the right hand side is the lexical form (output). This order is used in [[Morphology (linguistics)\|morphological analysis]] where a lexical form is generated from a surface form. In morphological generation this order would be reversed.

			Formally, if Σ is the alphabet of the input symbols, and <math> \Gamma </math> is the alphabet of the output symbols, an aligned morphological dictionary is a subset <math> A \subset 2^{(L^*)} </math>, where:

			:<math> L = (( \Sigma \cup { \theta } ) \times \Gamma) \cup (\Sigma \times ( \Gamma \cup { \theta } )) </math>

			is the alphabet of all the possible alignments including the empty symbol. That is, an aligned morphological dictionary is a set of string in <math>L^*</math>.

			== Non-aligned morphological dictionary ==

			A non-aligned morphological dictionary is simply a set <math> U \subset 2^{(\Gamma^* \times \Sigma^*)}</math> of pairs of input and output strings. A non-aligned morphological dictionary would represent the previous example as:

			:(houses, house<n><pl>)

			It is possible to convert a non-aligned dictionary into an aligned dictionary. Besides trivial alignments to the left or to the right, linguistically motivated alignments which align characters to their corresponding morphemes are possible.

			== Lexical ambiguities ==

			Frequently there exists more than one lexical form associated with a surface form of a word. For example "house" may be a noun in the singular, {{IPA\|/haʊs/}}, or may be a verb in the present tense, {{IPA\|/haʊz/}}. As a result of this it is necessary to have a function which relates input strings with their corresponding output strings.

			If we define the set <math> E \subset \Sigma^* </math> of input words such that <math> E = { w: (w,w') \in U } </math>, the correspondence function would be <math> \tau : E \rightarrow 2^{\Gamma^{*}} </math> defined as <math> \tau(w) = w' : (w,w') \in U </math>.

			==List of online morphological dictionaries==
			* [http://www.canoo.net Canoo.net – German]
			* [http://www.babelpoint.org/english Babelpoint.org – English]
			* [http://www.babelpoint.org/french Babelpoint.org – French]
			* [http://www.babelpoint.org/german Babelpoint.org – German]
			* [http://www.babelpoint.org/russian Babelpoint.org – Russian]
			* [http://www.babelpoint.org/spanish Babelpoint.org – Spanish]
			* [http://www.babelpoint.org/swedish Babelpoint.org – Swedish]

			==References==
			{{reflist}}
			* Garrido-Alenda, A. and Forcada, M. L. (2002). "[http://www.dlsi.ua.es/~mlf/docum/garrido02j.pdf Comparing nondeterministic and quasideterministic finite-state transducers built from morphological dictionaries]". ''Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural'', (XVIII Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural, Valladolid, Spain, 11-13.09.2002)

			[[Category:Computational linguistics]]
			[[Category:Translation databases]]
			[[Category:Morphology\|dictionary]]

en>Eracar9: Fixed dead external link.

2011-08-14T20:05:34Z

Fixed dead external link.

New page

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