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2014-08-18T13:20:18Z

AaliyahMaple:

{{Wikify|date=January 2012}}

{{Refimprove|Date|date=August 2011}}
{{Orphan|Date|date=August 2011}}

The '''T-matrix method''' is a computatational technique of [[light scattering]] by nonspherical particles originally formulated by [http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/mmishchenko/t_matrix.html P. C. Waterman] (1928-2012) in 1965.<ref>M. I. Mishchenko, L. D. Travis, and D. W. Mackowski, T-matrix computations of light scattering by nonspherical particles: A review, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 55, 535-575 (1996).</ref> The technique is also known as null field method and extended boundary technique method (EBCM). In the method, matrix elements are obtained by matching boundary conditions for solutions of [[Maxwell equations]].

== Definition of the T-Matrix ==

The incident and scattered electric field are expanded into spherical vector wave functions (SVWF), which are also encountered in [[Mie scattering]]. They are the fundamental solutions of the vector [[Helmholtz equation]] and
can be generated from the scalar fundamental solutions in spherical coordinates, the spherical [[Bessel functions]] of the first kind and the spherical Hankel Functions. Accordingly, there are two linearly independent sets of solutions
denoted as <math>\mathbf{M}^1,\mathbf{N}^1</math> and <math>\mathbf{M}^3,\mathbf{N}^3</math>, respectively. They are also called regular and propagating SVWFs, respectively. With this, we can write the incident field as

<math>\mathbf{E}_{inc}= \sum_{n=1}^\infty \sum_{m=-n}^n a_{mn} \mathbf{M}^1_{mn}+ b_{mn} \mathbf{N}^1_{mn}.</math>

The scattered field is expanded into radiating SVWFs:

<math>\mathbf{E}_{scat}= \sum_{n=1}^\infty \sum_{m=-n}^n f_{mn} \mathbf{M}^3_{mn}+ g_{mn} \mathbf{N}^3_{mn}.</math>

The T-Matrix relates the expansion coefficients of the incident field to those of the scattered field.

<math>\begin{pmatrix} a_{mn}\\ b_{mn}\end{pmatrix} = T \begin{pmatrix} f_{mn} \\ g_{mn} \end{pmatrix}</math>

The T-Matrix is determined by the scatterer shape and material and for given indcient field allows to calculate the scattered
field.

== Calculation of the T-Matrix ==

The standard way to actually calculate the T-Matrix method is the Null-Field Method, that relies on the Stratton-Chu equations <ref>J.A. Stratton & L.J. Chu: Diffraction Theory of Electromagnetic Waves Phys. Rev., American Physical Society, 56 (1939)</ref>. They basically state that the electromagnetic fields outside a given volume can be expressed as integrals over the surface enclosing the volume involving only the tangential components of the fields on the surface. If the observation point is located inside this volume, the integrals vanish.

By making use of the boundary conditions for the tangential field components on the scatterer surface
<math>\mathbf{n} \times (\mathbf{E}_{scat} + \mathbf{E}_{inc}) = \mathbf{E}_{int}</math> and <math>\mathbf{n} \times (\mathbf{H}_{scat} + \mathbf{H}_{inc}) = \mathbf{H}_{int}</math>, where <math>\mathbf{n}</math> is the normal vector to the scatterer surface, one can derive an integral representation of the scattered field in terms of the tangential components of the internal fields on the scatterer surface. A similar representation can be derived for the incident field.

By expanding the internal field in terms of SVWFs and exploiting their orthogonality on spherical surfaces, one arrives at an expression for the T-Matrix. Numerical codes for the evaluation of the T-Matrix can be found online [http://www.scattport.org/index.php/light-scattering-software/t-matrix-codes/list].

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:T-matrix method}}
[[Category:Computational physics]]
[[Category:Electromagnetism]]
[[Category:Electrodynamics]]
[[Category:Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)]]

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2014-08-18T09:31:54Z

AaliyahMaple:

The '''OMEGA''' process (''only mono ethylene glycol advanced process'') is a process of the [[Royal Dutch Shell]] to produce [[ethylene glycol | Mono-ethylenlglycol]] from [[ethylene oxide]], [[carbon dioxide]] as [[catalyst]] and water with high [[selectivity]].

== Process ==
The traditional process of [[monoethylene glycol]] (MEG) production is by reaction of ethylene oxide with water. The product of the first reaction stage, MEG, reacts with ethylene oxide on to [[di-|diethylene glycol]] and [[triethylene glycol]], which makes a [[distillation]] work-up necessary. The selectivity to MEG is about 90%.

In the OMEGA process, the ethylene oxide is first converted with [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) to [[ethylene carbonate]] to then react with water in a second step to selectively produce [[monoethylene glycol]]. The carbon dioxide is released in this step again and can be fed back into the process circuit. The carbon dioxide comes in part from the ethylene oxide production, where a part of the [[ethylene]] is completely [[oxidation|oxidized]].

(1) <math>{C_2H_4O + CO_2 \longrightarrow C_3H_4O_3}</math>
: Ethylene oxide reacts with carbon dioxide to ethylene carbonate.

(2) <math>{C_3H_4O_3 + H_2O \longrightarrow HO{-}C_2H_4{-}OH + CO_2}</math>
: ethylene carbonate reacts with water to (mono) ethylene glycol and carbon dioxide .

The selectivity to MEG is approximately 99.5%.

MEG is mainly used for the production [[polyethylene terephthalate]] and is also used a [[corrosion inhibitor]] in refrigerants.

A large-scale plant with 750,000 tonnes annual capacity was put in operation in 2009. <ref> [http://marketpublishers.de/lists/6226/news.html shell starts up MEG plant in Singapore]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shell.com/static/globalsolutions-en/downloads/knowledge_centre/pres_speeches_papers/2006/techpersptv_eijsberg.pdf description of Shell OMEGA process]

[[Category:Chemical processes]]

[[de:OMEGA-Prozess]]

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